Adaptive harmonic steady‐state control for rejection of sinusoidal disturbances acting on a completely unknown system

This paper presents an adaptive harmonic steady‐state (AHSS) controller that addresses the problem of rejecting sinusoids with known frequencies that act on a completely unknown asymptotically stable linear time‐invariant system. We analyze the stability and closed‐loop performance of AHSS for multi‐input multi‐output systems that are square (ie, the number of controls equals the number of performance measurements). In this case, we show that AHSS asymptotically rejects disturbances, that is, the performance measurement tends to 0. We also present a numerical study of the steady‐state and transient performance of AHSS for square and nonsquare systems.     

Transient performance improvement in indirect model reference adaptive control using perturbation‐based extremum seeking identifier

One of the main drawbacks of model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is the weakness of its transient performance. The key reason of this imperfection is parameter's estimation error convergence. For many cases in the closed‐loop control, the plant input signal cannot satisfy the persistence of excitation (PE) condition which yields poor parameters estimation error convergence. In this paper, we use a fast perturbation‐based extremum seeking (PES) scheme without steady‐state oscillation as the parameter identifier in indirect MRAC. The estimated parameters through the PES identifier contain the additive sinusoidal signals with distinct frequencies in the transient, which satisfy the PE condition of the plant input. Therefore, convergence of the parameters estimation error to zero will be guaranteed that results in improvement of transient performance for indirect MRAC. Also, the contrary effects on the steady‐state behaviour is eliminated since the sinusoidal excitation signals amplitude exponentially converge to zero and reinitiate with every change in the unknown parameters. Simulation results for a second order example have been presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Robust fault tolerant control for a class of networked control systems with state delay and stochastic actuator failures

This paper is concerned with the robust fault tolerant controller design of networked control systems (NCSs) with state delay and stochastic actuator failures. By utilizing the input delay approach, an equivalent continuous‐time generalized time delay system in both state and input is obtained. By applying a delay decomposition approach, the information of the delayed plant states can be taken into full consideration, and new delay‐dependent sufficient conditions that ensure the asymptotic mean‐square stability of NCSs with stochastic actuator failures are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). It is realized by employing a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii function in the decomposed integral intervals and directly handle the inversely weighted convex combination of quadratic terms of integral quantities with reciprocally convex combination technique. Moreover, the proposed approach involves neither slack variable nor any model transformation. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and less conservatism of the proposed method.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

永磁同步电机瞬时功率控制

基于对电机输入瞬时有功无功功率的分析，提出一种新的永磁同步电机瞬时功率控制方案。分析表明，输入瞬时有功功率决定了定子侧磁场幅值变化速率，而输入瞬时无功功率则决定了定子侧磁场旋转速率，可以通过控制电机输入瞬时有功无功功率来控制电机磁场和输出转矩，以获得快速的转矩动态响应和稳定的稳态转矩。在Simulink中进行了此永磁同步电机瞬时功率控制方案仿真，包括动态和稳态运行仿真，在仿真结果的基础上，分析了瞬时功率对磁场和输出转矩快速性和稳定性的影响，仿真结果表明瞬时功率控制方案是一种高性能的控制方案。     

一种新的电压型PWM整流器无源控制器设计

为克服现行电压型PWM整流器无源控制器存在的缺点(如负载变化、电源不平衡时存在较大的直流电压稳态误差,系统的响应速度不理想等),基于整流器在两相同步旋转dq坐标系中的欧拉一拉格朗日EL(Euler-Lagrange)数学模型和无源性,通过阻尼注入方法,提出了一种由状态期望稳定平衡点x*、状态x及状态误差xe设计无源控制器的新方法.采用新方法设计的电压型PWM整流器无源控制器,可实现整流器有功电流和无功电流的解耦,使整流器具有更好的动、静态性能,对电源相位、负载扰动具有强的鲁棒性.仿真实验结果表明用新方法设计的电压型PWM整流器无源控制系统性能(如输入电流总谐波扰动THD、直流电压稳态误差、直流电压动态误差、直流电压上升时间及功率因数)优于现行的电压型PWM整流器无源控制系统.     

Updating stochastic model coefficients for prediction of arc furnace reactive power

The time varying nature of electric arc furnace (EAF) gives rise to voltage fluctuations which produce the effect known as flicker. The ability of static VAr compensator (SVC) in flicker reduction is limited by delays in thyristor ignition. To improve SVC performance in flicker compensation, EAF reactive power can be predicted for a half-cycle ahead, by using appropriate autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models. This paper uses huge field data collected from ac arc furnaces, and demonstrates that the EAF reactive power models coefficients are different from one data record to another and do not follow any specific law. Therefore, it is necessary to update the model coefficients for prediction purposes. For this purpose, two major adaptation algorithms, the least mean square (LMS) and recursive least square (RLS) are used to determine online the prediction relationship coefficients. By applying the methods to the data records and using some indices such as newly defined indices based on concepts of flicker frequencies and power spectral density, the transient and steady state performances of the methods are studied in EAF reactive power prediction. A simulation example on the application of the predictive models in a SVC control system is presented.     

无刷双馈电机控制策略的研究

为扩大无刷双馈电机的稳定运行范围,本文提出利用电机的瞬态模型研究电压跟踪频率的关系,并根据电机的稳态模型以电机性能最佳为条件优化计算出控制电压与频率的单值关系.并与电压频率比恒定控制作了比较,结果表明采用本文提出的方法能有效地扩大电机的转速运行范围和获得良好的运行性能.本文提出的无刷双馈电机控制策略,为系统地进行无刷双馈电机电气传动系统和变速恒频风力发电系统的设计与控制奠定了基础.     

Time domain and steady‐state sensitivity of periodic switched networks to element changes

Switched periodic networks are widely used in power engineering and sensitivities of their steady‐state to element changes are of interest to the designers. The paper develops a method to obtain steady‐state sensitivities for networks in which semiconductor and other switching devices are modelled as ideal short circuits without additional elements. Such modelling has the advantage that switching transients need not be calculated and correct initial conditions after switching are obtained with only four integration steps. It is also shown that sensitivities need not be calculated during the process of reaching the steady‐state. Once the steady‐state is available, integration over two additional periods is sufficient to provide time domain steady state sensitivity to the element changes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synchronized Phasor and Frequency Measurement Under Transient Conditions

Synchronized phasor measurements are becoming an important element of wide area measurement systems used in advanced power system monitoring, protection, and control applications. The recently issued revised standard C37.118 for synchrophasors has facilitated interoperability of phasor measurement units (PMUs) from different manufacturers. This standard defines performance for compliance when the input signals are in steady state. The performance of PMUs under transient conditions is not considered by the standard at this time, although clearly PMUs will be subjected to inputs under transient conditions. This paper is an attempt to provide the authors' views on how one may approach the question of standardizing PMU response under transient conditions.      

Power system damping enhancement using unified power flow controller (UPFC)

The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) can inject voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with a transmission line. It can also generate or absorb controllable reactive power. UPFC is expected to be able to damp power system oscillations more effectively than power electronics devices such as SVG and TCSC. In this paper, a control system design of a UPFC for power system damping enhancement based on the eigenvalue control method is proposed. It is made clear that the best design method for the power system damping enhancement is to determine steady‐state values of the UPFC control variables and the control parameters of the UPFC such as gains and time constants simultaneously, because the controllability of UPFC depends on the steady‐state values of UPFC and the power flow condition. The effectiveness of the proposed control system taking into account UPFC inverter ratings is verified by digital time simulation. Furthermore the effects of the input signals to the UPFC controller on small‐signal stability and transient stability enhancement are studied, and it is made clear that UPFC controllers using global information are more effective for power system damping enhancement than those using local information because global information has stronger observability for power system oscillations than local information. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 35–47, 2000     

城市配电环网中的高温超导轻型直流联络线方案研究

为了阐明在城市配网中综合应用高温超导直流电缆与轻型直流输电技术构成闭环运行模式的方案的可行性及优势,建立了基于电力系统计算机辅助设计/电磁暂态仿真程序PSCAD/EMTDC的系统仿真模型,并在此基础上仿真对于城市配网稳态与暂态特性的影响进行仿真,其中包括110 k V母线的电压幅值变化和110 k V变电站负荷的功率传输特性等。仿真结果表明,该方案不仅能够增加110 k V线路的供电冗余度,提升变电站110 k V母线的电压幅值,还能够在交流供电线路发生故障、故障被切除和系统恢复供电这一动态过程中,降低110 k V母线电压和负荷功率的振荡幅度和振荡时间。     

Filter proportionate normalized least mean square algorithm for a sparse system

In this paper, the proportionate normalized least mean square (PNLMS) and its modifications, such as improved PNLMS (IPNLMS) and μ‐law PNLMS (MPNLMS) algorithms, developed for a sparse system, are analyzed for a compressed input signal. This analysis is based on a comparative study of the steady‐state error and convergence time for the original signal and the compressed signal. Further, in this paper, a filter PNLMS (FPNLMS) algorithm that is a modification of the IPNLMS algorithm is proposed. The FPNLMS algorithm uses a step size varying in time to adapt to the sparse system. Simulations are carried out to compare the proposed FPNLMS algorithm for different signal‐to‐noise ratio for a compressed input signal with existing algorithms, ie, PNLMS, MPNLMS, and IPNLMS algorithms. The FPNLMS algorithm achieves a better steady‐state and convergence time compared with other existing algorithms in both low and high SNRs. The FPNLMS algorithm is further simulated for a real transfer function to show its robustness compared with existing algorithms.     

伊敏-冯屯可控串补控制策略的RTDS实验研究

采用RTDS实时仿真工具验证了我国东北电网伊敏－冯屯500 kV交流输电架空线路可控串联补偿控制器的各项控制性能,检验了可控串联补偿装置的稳态运行特性,研究了可控串联补偿装置的阻抗阶跃特性和运行模式转换特性,最后通过三相故障的工况验证了可控串联补偿装置提高系统暂态稳定性尤其是阻尼低频功率振荡的作用。     

Time‐domain simulation of power transients in Raman fibre amplifiers

We study power transients in Raman fibre amplifiers (RFA). Transients are defined as the output signal power response to abrupt change in the number of signal channels at the input to the RFA (channel addition/removal). The simulations are based on application of a large signal numerical model which incorporates time variation effects, downstream propagation of multiple signals, upstream propagation of pump and both downstream and upstream propagation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). System of coupled non‐linear differential equations describing the propagation of the signal, pump and ASE waves along the RFA and their evolution in time represents a two‐boundary value problem. Due to the backward propagating ASE and counter‐directional pumping, an iterative forward and backward solution of propagation equations must be used in order to achieve a steady‐state distribution of signals, pumps, and ASE powers along the RFA. We have used either the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta routine, or an alternative average power analysis (APA) approach to obtain the steady‐state optical power distribution along the fibre. Direct integration is used to obtain time evolution of optical powers as a response to channel addition/removal. Stability of the numerical solution depends on the relation of discretization steps in space and time. Gain locking of the RFA via electronic feedforward pump control derived from a monitoring channel output power has been introduced in the model to study the possibility of suppressing the surviving channel power fluctuations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含静止无功补偿器的电力系统混合仿真新算法研究

传统的机电暂态仿真对HVDC和其它FACTS电力电子装置采用准稳态模型,因而不能仿真它们的瞬变电压、电流特性.而电磁暂态仿真程序(例如EMTP)受计算规模的限制,一般要对研究对象的外部电力系统进行等值化简,因此不能反映系统机电暂态过程对电磁暂态过程的影响.本文介绍的混合仿真算法为弥补上述两种方法的不足,对电力网络采用准稳态模型,而对待研究的电力电子装置(例如SVC)使用电磁暂态模型,两种仿真的结合使用了本文发展的考虑系统频率偏移影响的接口技术.本文介绍的混合仿真算法为研究HVDC和FACTS等电力电子装置及其控制系统的动态性能提供了一种有力的工具.     

Rapid calculation of the periodic steady state for electronicallyswitched, time varying power system loads

The periodic steady state of power distribution system loads is studied for electronically switched, time varying cases. Many loads of this type appear on contemporary power systems as energy saving and controllable demands. Several alternative methods of calculating the periodic steady state are discussed and a new method is proposed based on the frequency modulation property of the discrete Fourier transform. The new method is termed the gain-shift formula (GSF) because the format of the technique entails adding frequency shifted terms which represent the parameter to be calculated. An example of a triac-switched load on the distribution system is given. The main advantages of the GSF are: rapid calculation of the periodic steady state; and efficient calculation of the frequency spectrum of voltages and currents in the periodic steady state     

Average inversion level, modeling, and physics of erbium-dopedfiber amplifiers

We present a detailed study of a set of models for characterizing the gain, the input and output powers of single erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and networks of EDFAs. The time dependent gain is described by a single ordinary differential equation for the average inversion level of an EDFA with arbitrary number of signal channels with arbitrary power levels and propagation directions. In steady state, this ordinary differential equation becomes a transcendental equation from which many important parameters are derived. Through perturbation analysis of the time dependent model, the output perturbation can be expressed explicitly in terms of the input perturbations, which is useful for tone calculations. Therefore, this set of models can be applied to the steady state, and to large- and small-signal transient states in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical communication networks with EDFAs. The models are applied to analyze fast power transients in networks of EDFAs     

基于高频数据V-I特性的延时反馈负荷在线快速辨识算法

研究了一种基于V-I特性的延时反馈非侵入负荷在线快速辨识算法,该算法根据用电设备负荷容感性不变原理,在相同电压背景下,提取每次暂态发生前电路中的稳态周期电流,利用信号一维加减得到上一次投切的用电设备稳定运行时的周期电流,结合居民用户的用电设备操作习惯对目标函数施加约束,缩小可能进行投切的用电设备的组合范围,优化求解确定用电网络中的负荷状态。此外,引入延时反馈识别投切负荷,避免负荷暂态过程对稳态特征提取的影响。利用公开数据集对该方法的有效性进行验证,通过延迟负荷识别可在短时间内准确高效地判断各用电设备的启停时刻。     

PMSM Sensorless Control Based on Position Estimation Correction Using All‐Pass Filters

This paper proposes a novel flux estimation method for the position sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). In general, the stator flux linkage for position estimation in PMSMs is obtained using the pure integration of voltages. The infinite dc gain of the pure‐integrator, however, causes numerical drifts in the obtained stator flux linkage due to the dc offset in the input of this integrator. To address this problem, a quasi‐integrator is often substituted instead of the pure integrator to restrict the dc gain, leading to another problem in which the phase characteristics vary according to the operating frequency. As a result, the ideal phase characteristics (?90° constant) cannot be held, and the position estimation performance deteriorates. Therefore, this paper proposes a phase characteristic correction method for quasi‐integrators using all‐pass filters, which achieves extremely precise estimation under transient conditions as well as in steady state.     

Online energy management strategy of a hybrid fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor vehicular power system

A hybrid power system based on a fuel cell (FC) and an energy storage system appears to be very promising for satisfying the high energy and high power requirements of automotive applications in which the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. This paper deals with the use of a hybrid energy storage system with the battery (BAT)/ultracapacitor (UC) as ancillary power source in FC electric vehicles. The energy management strategy (EMS) is one of the most important issues for the efficiency and performance of such systems. The designed EMS uses a splitting method, allowing a natural frequency decomposition of the power demands. It takes into account the slow dynamics of FC and the state of charge of the UC and BAT. A simulation is conducted using MATLAB/SIMULINK software in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. It confirms the performance of the control method and also demonstrates the robustness and stability of the control strategy with good tracking response (transient performance), low overshoot, zero steady‐state error, and control flexibility during a power demand cycle. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.