需求信息不对称下的双渠道供应链合作广告投资决策分析

研究制造商主导的Stackelberg 博弈下双渠道供应链的合作广告策略, 分析信息不对称及双渠道对供应链合作广告投资决策的影响. 研究表明, 零售商在具有需求信息优势时会谎报需求信息, 并且在一定条件下其谎报决策会降低制造商的利润, 但能提高供应链的利润, 这种情况下制造商无法通过激励合同促使零售商共享信息. 另外, 在最优合作广告策略下, 当直销渠道与分销渠道所占市场份额的分配比例小于一定值时, 制造商采取双渠道会使供应链参与者均受益.

     

Ordering,wholesale pricing and lead-time decisions in a three-stage supply chain under demand uncertainty

This paper develops a game theoretic model of a three-stage supply chain consisting of one retailer, one manufacturer and one subcontractor to study ordering, wholesale pricing and lead-time decisions, where the manufacturer produces a seasonal/perishable product. We explicitly model the effects of the lead-time and the length of selling season on both demand uncertainty and inventory-holding costs. We present the equilibrium outcome of the decentralized supply chain. When the lead-time increases, we find that the retailer increases the order quantity, the manufacturer offers a lower unit-wholesale price and the subcontractor decreases its unit-wholesale price if the manufacturer subcontracts part of the retailer’s order. In the endogenous lead-time setting, we illustrate the effects of some factors such as unit holding cost and capacity on the equilibrium outcome. We find that a higher unit holding cost implies a lower optimal lead-time and order quantity while higher unit-wholesale prices; the basic demand uncertainty increases the optimal lead-time and order quantity while decreases the unit-wholesale prices. The effects of distribution form on equilibrium outcome/profits are investigated by employing a numerical example. The profit loss of decentralization decreases (increases) with the basic demand uncertainty and manufacturer’s capacity (mean demand).     

Pricing and return product collection decisions in a closed-loop supply chain with dual-channel in both forward and reverse logistics

This paper deals a closed-loop supply chain with two dual channels – forward dual-channel where a manufacturer sells a product to customers through traditional retail channel and e-tail (internet) channel, and reverse dual-channel where the used items are collected for remanufacturing through the traditional third party logistics and e-tail channel. We derive analytically the pricing and return product collection decisions for the supply chain under five different scenarios viz. centralized, decentralized (Nash game), and manufacturer-led, retailer-led and third party-led decentralized scenarios. We also demonstrate the proposed model through a series of data sets. It is observed from the numerical study that the retailer-led decentralized scenario provides more profit than other decentralized scenarios.     

再制造率随机的闭环供应链产品差别定价策略

考虑闭环供应链的差别定价问题, 制造商回收废旧产品, 并生产新产品和再制造产品, 再制造率随机. 采用Stackelberg 博弈方法, 研究集中决策和分散决策下相应产品的最优定价, 给出供应链各成员的最优利润. 结果表明:若制造商对产品延迟定价, 则集中决策下回收价格高于分散决策, 而销售价格均低于分散决策; 当零售商的保守利润不低于一定值时, 集中决策下总利润不低于分散决策, 制造商可以采用改进的两部定价契约协调供应链.

     

限额与交易下考虑战略顾客行为的供应链决策与协调

研究由一个受限额与交易政策约束的制造商和一个面临同质战略顾客的零售商组成的两级供应链决策与协调问题. 分别研究得到了限额与交易政策下一体化(包括理性预期均衡和数量承诺两种情形) 和分散化供应链最优决策和最大期望利润, 并与不考虑限额与交易政策的情形进行对比分析, 发现限额与交易政策使得供应链最优产量降低、最优价格升高、碳排放量减少. 最后, 以数量承诺情形为基准, 基于收益分享合同设计了供应链协调策略.

     

不同风险偏好下双渠道供应链定价决策

为了探讨风险偏好对双渠道供应链决策的影响, 基于条件风险值(CVaR) 准则建立双渠道供应链定价决策模型, 并给出了模型的求解方法和最优解. 研究表明, 根据不同风险偏好程度, 供应链成员会采取不同定价策略; 当制造商风险偏好程度确定、零售商风险规避度增加时, 最优零售价降低, 最优批发价升高, 直销价不减; 当零售商风险偏好度确定、制造商风险规避度增加时, 各最优价格均降低; 风险偏爱的影响则与风险规避相反.

     

低碳环境下双渠道供应链线上线下广告策略的微分博弈分析

以一个由绿色制造商与零售商组成的双渠道供应链为研究对象,基于微分博弈分别比较分析集中式决策、采用竞争型广告策略的分散式决策与采用支持型广告策略的分散式决策模型下,双渠道供应链的最优均衡决策与最优利润.研究发现:集中式决策下的最优低碳水平、最优线上与线下广告水平均高于分散式决策,而产品最优销售价格可能高于、等于或低于分散式决策;分散式决策下,采用支持型广告策略的双渠道供应链的产品最优低碳水平、最优销售价格和最优线上广告投入水平与采用竞争型广告策略的双渠道供应链均衡策略一致;一定条件下,支持型广告策略使得分散式双渠道供应链得到Pareto改进,此时的最优线下广告投入水平优于竞争型广告策略下的最优线下广告投入水平.     

需求价格敏感下具有损失厌恶零售商的闭环供应链定价与协调

基于零售商回收模式,运用前景理论探讨了价格敏感随机需求下具有损失厌恶零售商参与的两级闭环供应链定价与协调问题。首先针对分散式决策,在两种批发价模式下推导和比较制造商和零售商的最优行为,分析损失厌恶程度对零售商定价和订货联合决策的影响;然后通过与集中式决策的对比验证了分散式供应链存在效率损失,进而设计收益共享契约对分散式供应链进行协调;最后通过算例验证了以上结论,并将回收率对最优决策和成员效用的影响进行了灵敏度分析。     

互惠偏好下的闭环供应链系统定价决策分析

研究制造商和零售商互惠偏好行为下的最优定价策略和利润, 以及这种互惠偏好对决策行为和渠道效率的影响. 研究发现, 双方的互惠偏好程度对制造商废旧品回收比例呈正面影响; 零售商互惠偏好程度对制造商产品批发价格呈负面影响; 双方互惠偏好程度增加会导致零售商产品售价降低, 从而产品市场需求量增加; 系统成员的互惠偏好程度增加会导致自身收益减少和对方收益增加; 互惠偏好行为有利于闭环供应链系统收益和渠道效率的提高.

     

电商平台主导下的供应链推广策略研究

结合电商平台快速发展的时代背景,构建了电商平台主导、制造商跟随的两级电商供应链博弈模型,分别研究了集中决策与分散决策下的产品定价、服务水平和推广水平,分析了佣金率对最优决策和供应链成员利润的影响,并设计了"推广成本分摊"策略.结果表明:当佣金率较低时,集中决策下的产品定价和服务水平、推广水平高于分散决策下的最优决策;当...     

具有公平关切的零售商对双渠道供应链决策影响分析

针对市场需求信息不对称的双渠道供应链,考虑零售商具有公平关切心理,研究零售商的公平关切行为对供应链各成员决策及效用的影响.通过定义制造商判断市场需求规模的阈值,以获取零售商订单中所传递的市场需求规模信息,并得到零售商的最优订货量和制造商的最优直销量.研究发现,阈值随零售商公平关切程度的增加呈现递减趋势,且最终趋于常数. 数值实验结果表明,零售商的公平关切行为有利于增加自身的效用,但会损害制造商的利润.     

A cooperative advertising collaboration policy in supply chain management under uncertain conditions

Many industries are facing big challenges to design supply chains in a way to maximize the profit and meet the heightened expectations of the customer. This new era entirely relies on the dynamic advantages of competition and the role played by the collaboration policy. A global economy and increasing demand have put a huge pressure on supply chain partners to build a collaboration policy based on price, order quantity, and advertising. Companies are adopting the idea of ”shaking hands” to obtain more profit instead of taking risks through competition. Cooperative (co-op) advertising is a significant policy of centralized supply chain management (SCM) to boost the revenues generated by the supplier, manufacturer, and retailers. The uncertain costs associated with the supply chain management also create obstacles in economic analysis and feasibility. These uncertainties are associated with the basic costs of all supply chain partners, which are represented using a signed distance formula. This paper develops the concept of co-op advertising among the supplier, manufacturer, and retailers with a variable demand driven by selling price and advertising costs, where all basic costs are considered as fuzzy. The profit is optimized by considering variable cycle time, shipments, pricing and advertising costs for the decision support system of the supply chain management. The optimal results of the co-op advertisement ensured an increase in the revenue of whole supply chain.     

需求依赖减排水平和价格的供应链决策与协调机制

针对由一个低碳产品制造商与一个零售商组成的供应链, 考虑需求同时受减排水平和销售价格的影响, 分别研究寄售契约、收益共享契约以及收益共享与减排成本共担3 种契约下供应链企业的优化决策, 并进一步探讨当需求的确定部分为和式、随机部分服从均匀分布时的供应链系统的最优决策. 从理论上证明了制造商与零售商之间的合作利于促进减排水平的提升, 也利于供应链系统期望总利润的增加. 最后, 探讨了不同参数对协调供应链绩效的影响.

     

基于制造商促销的供应链战略库存协调模型

考虑由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的两周期供应链系统,在第一周期结束后零售商储存战略库存控制第二周期制造商批发价格的活动条件下,分别建立了集中式决策、分散式决策以及制造商促销的契约决策的供应链模型,并对三种情况下的决策变量进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：在零售商主导的情境下,零售商没有必要储存战略库存;在制造商主导的情境下,制造商通过简单的批发价格契约无法促进渠道的协调,而在制造商进行促销决策条件下,零售商的战略库存量减少,且制造商和零售商的最优利润均大于分散式决策时的最优利润。最后通过算例验证该模型的有效性。     

模糊闭环供应链的定价与销售努力决策

从期望利润最大化的角度研究了单周期两级模糊闭环供应链的定价与销售努力最优决策问题。分析了包含一个制造商和一个零售商的闭环供应链中的模糊不确定性及需求依赖于零售价格和零售商销售努力的性质,分别建立了集中式决策模型和零售商主导的Stackelberg 博弈模型并进行了求解。数值算例验证了模型的有效性,结论表明：考虑销售努力时产品的最优零售价格、批发价格分别高于不考虑销售努力情形下的相应价格;考虑销售努力时零售商和系统的最大期望利润分别大于不考虑销售努力情形下的最大期望利润。     

绿色供应链背景下互补品定价策略

考虑绿色供应链背景下由两个制造商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链定价策略问题,其中两个制造商生产两种互补品,且制造商1进行绿色制造投入.分别研究集中式、MS-Bertrand、MS-Stackelberg、RS-Bertrand和RS-Stackelberg五种模型.结论表明:1)绿色制造水平随着绿色投入系数的增加而减少,且绿色制造水平在集中式情形最高,分散式决策下产品1和产品2的最优零售价格高于集中决策;2)只有制造商1进行绿色制造时,绿色投入会影响其最终的收益,但是互补品的性质会使采取传统制造的制造商从中获利;3)在分散式决策情形下,产品1(产品2)的零售价格会随着产品1(产品2)的交叉价格敏感程度的增加而降低,而随着产品2(产品1)的交叉价格敏感程度的增加而升高.     

基于延迟定价策略的供应链分散与集中决策

针对消费者市场需求不确定性大的特征, 采用延迟定价策略应对需求波动和实现产品售罄. 基于供应商和零售商的两级供应链, 探讨最优零售价格的确立, 分别建立分散决策下的零售商利润函数模型和集中决策下的供应链系统利润函数模型, 通过函数单峰性分析证明最优订货量的存在性和唯一性, 并求得最优解. 比较和数值分析表明, 在分散决策下, 采用延迟定价策略虽然未必能达到集中决策时的供应链系统最优, 但相比固定售价, 可以显著提高供应链的总利润.

     

基于微分博弈的双渠道广告合作协调策略研究

研究在制造商开通网上和零售渠道的情形下, 供应链成员的广告合作和成本分担对双渠道协调的影响. 研究结果表明, 无论零售商的广告对品牌形象产生何种影响, 制造商分担零售商的部分广告费用均能使得双方的利润优于分散决策的情形, 但不能完全实现双渠道协调. 此外, 当零售商也分担制造商的部分广告费用时, 双方均可以实现完全的协调. 相比于零售商频繁促销产生负面影响的情形, 在不产生负面影响的情况下, 双方能够实现更多的价值.

     

基于碳排放限额和低碳销售努力的博弈模型分析及控制

以双渠道供应链为研究对象,在考虑碳排放限额和低碳销售努力的基础上,分别构建单周期静态博弈模型和多周期动态博弈模型,研究最优决策和系统稳定性问题.在静态模型中,给出集中决策和分散决策下的最优策略解析式;在动态模型中,探究博弈系统的局部渐近稳定性条件,讨论时滞等参数对系统稳定性的影响,并对失稳系统进行有效控制. 研究表明:提高碳排放限额能够增加供应链系统利润;随着低碳销售努力的增加,供应链系统利润和制造商利润均呈下降趋势;不合理的延迟策略将导致系统失去稳定.     

Disruption management for a dominant retailer with constant demand-stimulating service cost

In this paper, we consider coordination model of a one-manufacturer and multi-retailer supply chain with a dominant retailer’s sales promotion opportunity and possible demand disruption. An appropriate contractual scheme can be used to fully coordinate the supply chain even if the demand disruption occurs. In our study, we also analyze how the demand disruption affects the coordination mechanism. When the demand is disrupted, the manufacturer only needs to adjust the maximum variable wholesale price and the subsidy rate under the linear quantity discount scheme. For each case of the demand disruption, we find that the higher the market share of the dominant retailer, the lower its average wholesale price will be. Meanwhile, the higher service cost leads to the higher subsidy rate provided by the manufacturer. The optimal wholesale/retail price, order quantity and subsidy rate can be greatly influenced by the demand disruption. If the disrupted amount of demand is sufficiently small, however, the manufacturer needs to take some special measures to prevent the retailers from deviating the order quantity of the original plan. To demonstrate these findings, we illustrate our propositions by numerical examples.