中国大豆工业当前形势及展望

叙述了中国大豆资源情况。由于国内需求的迅速增长 ,必须扩大大豆种植面积和提高产量 ,并且增加国外进口数量。中国传统大豆制品业历史悠久 ,大豆工业经过 5 0多年的发展已具一定规模 ,文章对中国大豆工业的现状进行了叙述。预计未来 5年 ,中国大豆加工量将迅速增长 ;大豆油厂的规模和布局将逐渐趋于合理 ;将更加注重大豆蛋白产品的功能特性 ,积极采用功能特性修饰技术 ,开发出更多种类的功能性、专用性大豆蛋白产品 ;同时将更加注重大豆资源的综合利用 ,在制油和生产大豆蛋白产品的同时 ,从大豆所含植物化学成分中开发出附加值更高的新产品。     

High-speed bichromatic inspection of wheat kernels for mold and color class using high-power pulsed LEDs

High-speed optical sorting of seeds in commercial processing is routinely practiced for removal of discolored seeds, seeds from volunteer plants, and non-seed objects. Sorters are conventionally based on monochromatic or bichromatic light from broad wavebands in the visible and near-infrared regions of energy. A particular challenge for these devices has been the recognition and removal of wheat kernels that have been damaged by the mold caused by the fungal disease Fusarium Head Blight. Previous research using an off-the-shelf bichromatic design on Fusarium-damaged wheat kernels demonstrated that approximately half of damaged kernels were positively detected. The research described herein examines an alternative design for bichromatic lighting and applies this design to two scenarios: sound vs. Fusarium-damaged wheat and red vs. white wheat. The new design utilizes two high-power (HP) LEDs and one silicon photo diode detector. The LEDs are flashed in alternating sequence at high frequency (2,000 Hz), such that during the half-cycle time period (0.25 ms) that each LED is on, reflected energy readings at a 10× sampling frequency are captured from a kernel in flight. This permits the capture of approximately 20 cycles of pulsed light during the time the free-falling kernel passes through the field of view of a fiber optic probe. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification algorithm was applied that used two values derived from the reflected energy readings. Based on the new design, the accuracy of sound vs. Fusarium-damaged classification was 78% on average; for red vs. white wheat classification, the average accuracy was 76%. Although these accuracy values are not at the level as that obtained from LDA models that utilize reflected energy readings at two wavelengths from stationary kernels (95% and 92% for sound vs. Fusarium-damaged and red vs. white, respectively), the new design offers an improvement over conventional bichromatic designs. Mention of trade names or commercial products is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the USDA.     

Color image based sorter for separating red and white wheat

A simple imaging system was developed to inspect and sort wheat samples and other grains at moderate feed-rates (30 kernels/s or 3.5 kg wheat/h). A single camera captured color images of three sides of each kernel by using mirrors, and the images were processed using a personal computer (PC). Real time image acquisition and processing was enabled on an ordinary PC under Windows XP operating system using the IEEE 1394 data transfer protocol, DirectX application software, and dual-core computer processor. Image acquisition and transfer to the PC required approximately 17 ms per kernel, and an additional 1.5 ms was required for image processing. After classification, the computer could output a signal from the parallel port to activate an air valve to divert (sort) kernels into a secondary container. Hard red and hard white wheat kernels were used in this study to test and demonstrate sorter capability. Simple image statistics and histograms were used as features. Discriminant analysis was performed with one, two, or three features to demonstrate classification improvements with increased numbers of features. The sorter was able to separate hard red kernels from hard white kernels with 95 to 99% accuracy, depending on the wheat varieties, feed-rate, and number of classification features. The system is an economical and useful instrument for sorting wheat and other grains with high accuracy.     

Soybean seeds surface‐coated with depolymerised chitins: chitinase activity as a predictive index for the harvest of beans in field culture

The chitinase activity of soybeans was 200% higher than that of the control in the callus culture of soybeans and in their seed germination period on treatment with depolymerised chitins (DP 2–8). In the field culture of soybean seeds surface‐coated with a thin layer of depolymerised chitins, the soybean harvest was 118% higher than that of the control. The seed‐coating treatment was thus effective in enhancing the bean harvest, and the chitinase activity of soybean seeds during their germination period was usable as a predictive index for the harvest of beans in field culture. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国大豆蛋白加工产业现状及发展趋势

随着人民日益增长的美好生活需要和科学技术的快速发展,我国食品行业,尤其是大豆蛋白加工产业的发展登上了新的台阶。为更好地引导大豆蛋白加工产业的健康可持续发展,对大豆蛋白加工产业的现状及发展趋势进行综述。从原料、产业链、加工企业及市场需求等4个方面,介绍了我国大豆蛋白原料供需、加工企业规模、产品结构等方面情况,分析了大豆蛋白产业亟须解决的问题及发展趋势。国产非转基因大豆在大豆蛋白加工产业中存在竞争优势,提高我国非转基因大豆的自给能力,研发高附加值的大豆蛋白产品,有利于形成与进口大豆错位竞争、相互补充的格局,从而促进我国大豆蛋白产业长期高质量发展。     

A nutritional, chemical and sensory evaluation of lupin (L. angustifolius) tempe

Tempe, a traditional Indonesian food, is usually made by the fermentation of soybeans. the substitution of soybeans with lupin seed kernels at levels of 50, 75 and 100% was investigated. Organoleptic evaluation using Australian (n = 17–22) and Indonesian panellists (n = 5–8) showed no significant difference ( P > 0.05) for taste, texture and overall acceptability between the samples. the process of soaking, boiling and fermenting the soybeans reduced the content of phytate (17%), protease inhibitors (98%) and oligosaccharides (77%). For lupin seed kernels the reductions were 60%, negligible and 86%, respectively, and for alkaloids 71%. the protease inhibitor content of lupin tempe was only one-fifth that of soy tempe.
Negligible changes in the protein quality of soybeans and lupins were observed. the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was 2.30 for the boiled soybeans and 2.19 for soybean tempe. Cooked (boiled) lupins had a lower protein quality (PER = 0.84) which was not significantly altered by processing into tempe (PER = 0.91). the apparent digestibility of the cooked lupin (88.1%) and lupin tempe (88.4%) were similar to that of cooked soy (87.3%) and soy tempe (88.5%).
These results suggest good prospects for substituting lupin seed for soybeans in tempe production in cases where protein is not limiting and where the lower levels of antinutrients would be of nutritional benefit.     

基于图像处理和神经网络的小麦不完善粒识别方法研究

为了实现图像处理技术对小麦不完善粒的准确快速识别,研究了一种基于小麦不完善粒图像特征和BP神经网络的不完善粒识别方法。采集小麦不完善粒图像,对图像进行中值滤波、形态学运算、图像分割等处理后,针对每个小麦籽粒,提取其形态、颜色和纹理共3大类54个特征参数,采用主成分分析法提取8个主成分得分向量作为模式识别的输入,建立BP神经网络模型,实现对小麦不完善粒的检测识别。结果表明,该模型对完善粒、破损粒、病斑粒、生芽粒和虫蚀粒的判别正确率分别为93%、98%、100%、90%和85%,平均判别正确率达到93%,可有效对小麦不完善粒进行检测识别。     

基于大数据对3个储粮生态区大豆品质指标的变化分析

为了探究我国3个储粮生态区的大豆存储质量变化周期,指导不同储粮生态区大豆保质技术措施,收集了相关储存库点2014—2016年大豆品质数据,考察了大豆储存过程中粗脂肪酸值、蛋白质溶解比率的变化,分析了大豆品质指标与粗脂肪酸值、蛋白质溶解比率的相关性。结果发现：区域储存温度对大豆粗脂肪酸值影响较为明显,对蛋白质溶解比率影响较弱;在第五区中温高湿区储存大豆,其粗脂肪酸值增长与损伤粒、热损伤粒的增加及储存时间的延长有一定关系,蛋白质溶解比率与热损伤粒有一定的关系。综上,合理控制大豆的损伤粒、热损伤粒比例,对于控制其粗脂肪酸值和蛋白质溶解比率有较明显作用。     

Influence of different non-grain commodities on the population growth of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

We investigated the population growth of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on seven groups of commercially available non-grain commodities. Six powdered spices were used in the first group of experiments: black pepper, clove, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon and turmeric. The second group of the tested commodities included seven animal products: powdered cow milk, powdered pork zelatin, sheeps’ wool, goat’s skin, ducks’ feathers, dry dog food and dry cat food. The third group of commodities was consisted of six herbs: oregano, spearmint, basil, coriander, laurel and marjoram. The fourth group of commodities contained ten pulses: chickpeas, lentil, split peas, black-eyed peas, beans, soybean flour and whole kernels, lima beans, mung bean, and broad beans. The fifth group comprised six dried fruits: Corinthian currants, sultanas, banana chips, melons, apricots and figs. The sixth group was consisted of five non-grain commodities: cottonseed cake, tobacco, black tea, Turk kahvesi and potato flour. The seventh group included seven nuts: sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, pistachios, roasted chickpeas (yellow), almonds, hazelnuts and walnuts. Finally, six cracked containment categories (0% cracked kernels, 5% cracked kernels and 95% intact kernels, 10% cracked kernels and 90% intact kernels, 25% cracked kernels and 75% intact kernels, 50% cracked kernels and 50% intact kernels and 100% cracked kernels) from five pulses were tested: chickpeas, black-eyed peas, mung bean, soybean and split peas. The highest progeny production (3.01 individuals per vial) was recorded on powdered cow milk. On pistachios, split peas, sunflower seeds, soybean flour, pumpkin seeds, walnuts, almonds and coriander, T. granarium built high population densities rapidly, while on roasted chickpeas, cottonseed cake, hazelnuts, chickpeas, dog food and lentils, its population growth was much less. Broad beans, melons, figs, lima beans, beans, Corinthian currants, pork zelatin and potato flour were less suitable diets for the development of this species. On black pepper, clove, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon, turmeric, sheeps’ wool, goat’s skin, ducks’ feathers, cat food, sultanas, banana chips, apricots, tobacco, black tea, Turk kahvesi, oregano, spearmint, basil, laurel and marjoram, no progeny production was recorded. The proportion of 100% cracked black-eyed peas or mung beans was more suitable for the population growth of T. granarium. Also, the percentages of 50% cracked chickpeas or 10% cracked soybeans enhanced the development of the species, in comparison with the whole kernels of each pulse. Our study indicated that several non-grain commodities are beneficial for the population growth of T. granarium, a fact that should be seriously taken into account in international trade, as this pest may utilize them as “vehicles” of expansion.     

Legume lipids

The storage lipids of legume seeds are a major source of dietary fat. As a result of their importance in the food industry, much is known about lipid composition, chemistry, flavor, off‐flavor development, and their technological implications in foods of dry, oil‐rich seeds such as soybeans and peanuts. Lipids from green pea have also been investigated to some extent. Other food legume lipids have not been studied in any great detail because of their low lipid content and limited or negligible use for oil purposes. Literature on the biochemical, nutritional, and toxicological aspects of lipids from these other legumes is scanty, compared to published reports of seed lipids from soybean and peanuts. Lipids of soybean, peanut, and green pea are reported in this article. Their chemistry, interactions with other constituents, role in flavor development, as well as alterations due to processing and removal of off‐flavors are reviewed. The nutritional and toxicological implications of legume lipids from soybean, peanuts, and other food legumes are also discussed.     

微波去除大豆抗营养因子的研究

为探讨微波技术在大豆干法加工中应用的可行性,考察微波功率、处理时间对大豆中的抗营养因子胰蛋白酶抑制剂、脲酶及蛋白质溶解性的影响。结果表明：在微波功率3400W处理120s的条件下,胰蛋白酶抑制剂及脲酶钝化率达到80%以上,可有效去除大豆抗营养因子;同时测得蛋白质溶解度约为40%,该处理条件下的豆粉可以作为大豆即时冲调饮品专用原料加以利用。     

后熟期间大豆籽粒油脂组成和品质特征的变化规律

通过测定新收获的国产大豆在后熟期间油脂的粗脂肪含量、酸价、过氧化值和脂肪酸组成来探究后熟期间大豆籽粒中脂肪的变化规律。结果表明：在后熟过程中,大豆的粗脂肪含量呈逐渐上升趋势,度过后熟期则逐渐下降,粗脂肪含量从初始的19.25%升高至21.30%,在30 d达到最大值后缓慢下降;大豆酸价及过氧化值均为上升趋势,且大豆酸价及过氧化值均与大豆油脂肪酸的比值呈负相关;油酸和亚油酸的相对含量呈负相关,亚油酸和亚麻酸的相对含量呈正相关。通过研究发现后熟期间大豆籽粒脂肪含量有了显著升高,对于生产实际有很好的指导作用。     

Chromatographic fingerprints and quantitative analysis of isoflavones in Tofu-type soybeans

Tofu-type soybeans can differ from conventional soy varieties in seed size, seed composition, flavour and nutrition. Using HPLC coupled with ESI-MS and PDA detection, a total of 19 isoflavones were detected and identified from Tofu-type soybean seeds, more than previously reported forms from many other soybeans. An HPLC/UV fingerprint study was performed for qualitative evaluation, which enabled the isoflavone profile of Tofu-type soybeans to be characterised and differentiated from other vegetative soybeans by similarity comparison. To meet the frequent quantitative application for isoflavone contents, a simple, precise and reliable method using HCl hydrolysis during sample extraction and LC/UV for the detection was developed and validated to quantitate total isoflavones in soybeans, and then applied to determine the total isoflavone contents of different Tofu-type soy varieties grown in different field locations over two growing seasons. A range of total isoflavone contents for Tofu-type soybeans was established to confirm the use of this analytical approach for quality control applications.     

基于高光谱成像技术与GBDT的大豆品种无损鉴别

大豆的品种直接关系到大豆制品的质量和出油率,目前主要采用对大豆中蛋白质及脂肪等含量的检测来实现对大豆品种的鉴别。这种鉴别方式破坏了大豆本质,并且存在检测费用高、效率低、精度差的问题。本文基于高光谱成像技术和机器学习理论,研究了大豆品种无损快速鉴别方法。采集并建立了4个品种(每个品种200粒,共计800粒)大豆的高光谱原始图像及光谱数据集。研究了利用归一化、均值中心化、小波变换、S-G平滑滤波以及矢量归一化对采集到的高光谱数据进行滤波去噪预处理,建立了基于KNN、RF及GBDT的大豆种粒无损检测模型。实验对比得出,利用主成分分析结合GBDT的检测模型精度最高,识别准确率可达99.58%,结果表明,利用高光谱成像技术结合主成分分析的GBDT 算法模型能够有效消除噪声干扰的影响,实现对大豆种粒快速、准确的无损检测,并对其他农作物的品种检测具有一定的参考意义。     

Life history of Plodia interpunctella Hübner on sunflower seeds: Effects of seed qualitative traits and the initial seed damage

Sunflower seeds are regularly infested by Plodia interpunctella during storage. Although this pest prefers damaged seeds, in practice it can infest undamaged seeds as well. This research assessed the influence of the sunflower seed type (oil, protein for human consumption and bird-feed) and the initial seed damage during post-harvest processing (dehulled kernels, 10, 20, 30% of damaged seeds and undamaged seeds) on development of P. interpunctella (larval mortality, larval development, mean developmental duration, adult emergence and fecundity). Biochemical analysis of seeds, kernels and hulls detected the highest content of phenols in the seed and hull and tocopherols in the kernel of the oil type hybrid. The antioxidative activity was the highest in the seed, kernel and hull of the protein type for bird feed. The shortest development (39.5 days) and the highest fecundity (91.3) were on the oil type seeds, while the longest development (42.1 days) and the lowest fecundity (68.1) were on the seeds of the protein type for bird feed. The highest mortality of larvae was on the undamaged seeds of the protein type for bird feed and human consumption (21.3% and 14.0%, respectively). The type of sunflower and the level of initial damage affected larval mortality, developmental duration and fecundity. The mean developmental duration and the number of emerged adults were dependent only on the initial seed damage. Principal component analysis detected strong positive correlation between mortality and development with the tocopherol content on the undamaged seeds while fecundity was associated with the state of kernel and the amount of tannins, proteins and oil content in the seed. The undamaged seeds of the protein type for the bird feed were the least suitable for the development of this pest, while the oil type kernels were the most suitable.     

Protein degradation in rumen and amino acid absorption in small intestine of lactating dairy cattle fed heat-treated whole soybeans

Four lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae and T-type cannulae in proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to measure protein degradation in the rumen and amino acid flow and absorption in the small intestine. Soybean meal, whole soybeans, and whole soybeans extruded at 132 and 149 degrees C provided 50% of the protein in diets that contained 51% grain, 36% corn silage, and 13% alfalfa hay (dry matter). Spot samples of digesta were collected from duodenum and ileum during 96 h, and lanthanum was an indigestible marker to estimate flow and digestibility of nutrients. With diaminopimelic acid as a microbial marker, apparent degradations of dietary crude protein in the rumen were 73, 80, 66, and 60% for diets containing soybean meal, whole soybeans, and whole soybeans extruded at 132 and 149 degrees C. Because of the extensive degradation of protein with the raw soybean diet, less total amino acids reached the duodenum, and because of decrease of availability, absorption from the small intestine (g/day) was lowest with this diet. Feeding diets containing extruded whole soybeans increased availability of total essential amino acids in the small intestine compared with diets containing soybean meal and whole soybeans. Absorption from the small intestine (g/day and percent entering) of individual amino acids was generally higher for extruded whole soybean diets.     

Feeding heat-treated full fat soybeans to cows in early lactation.

Forty-six multiparous Holstein cows were fed one of three total mixed diets from 15 to 119 d postpartum with alfalfa silage as the only forage. Each diet contained 50% forage and 50% concentrate on a DM basis. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous by replacing corn and solvent soybean meal with raw soybeans or heat-treated soybeans. The proportion of protein supplement in the diet on a DM basis was 10% soybean meal, 13% raw soybeans, or 13% heat-treated soybeans. The soybeans were heat-treated to maximize the amount of available lysine passing to the small intestine. The soybean meal diet was fed to all cows during wk 1 and 2 postpartum for covariate adjustment of DMI and milk production. Intake of DM was similar across treatments. Feeding heat-treated soybeans supported more milk (4.5 kg/d), 3.5% FCM (4.0 kg/d), and milk protein (.09 kg/d) than soybean meal or raw soybeans. Milk fat percentage was not altered by treatments. However, milk protein percentage was depressed in cows fed heat-treated soybeans compared with soybean meal (2.85 vs. 2.99%, respectively). Milk production response of cows fed properly heat-treated soybeans compared with soybean meal with alfalfa silage as the sole forage is thought to be related primarily to improved supply of undegraded intake protein.     

Unsound kernel identification using linear colour charge‐coupled device

Wheat is one of the most consumed grains in the world. The identification of wheat based on surface characteristics is important for the market. This study is aimed at identifying unsound kernels (Triticum durum Desf), including 710 black germ kernels, 627 broken kernels and 1169 sound kernels from several seed distributors in China. The system is mainly composed of a liner charge‐coupled device for image capture and a software package for extracting various morphological, colour and texture features. The models built by partial least squares discriminate analysis, support vector machine discrimination analysis (SVMDA) and principal component analysis‐artificial neural networks for identifying the unsound kernels have been explored. After comparisons of these three methods, it has been found that SVMDA got the best accuracy: 95.1%, 96.0% and 98.3% (black germ kernels, broken kernels and sound kernels). Obviously, the experimental results have shown that SVMDA is the most feasible and effective choice for the identification.     

Nondestructive determination of herbicide-resistant genetically modified soybean seeds using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to differentiate the herbicide-resistant genetically modified (GM) and non-GM soybean seeds. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) were used to classify soybeans with different genes into two groups: genetically modified organisms (GMO) and non-GMO. Calibrations were developed using PLSDA regression with cross-validation. Differences between GM and non-GM soybeans do exist, and excellent classification can be obtained after optimising spectral pretreatment. The PLSDA model using the second derivative pretreatment of the raw spectra had the best calibration and prediction abilities, with 97% accuracy. The results of the present study show that NIRS, together with chemometrics techniques, can be used to identify GM soybeans, thus circumventing time-consuming, costly and laborious chemical and sensory analyses.