考虑金属蒸汽的定点活性钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧与熔池交互作用三维数值分析

建立包括钨极、电弧和阳极的定点活性钨极惰性气体保护(Activating tungsten inert gas,A-TIG)焊电弧熔池交互作用统一数学模型。通过麦克斯韦方程组、连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和组分输运方程的耦合求解,得到了电弧和熔池的温度、等离子体运动速度、熔池流动速度、电弧压力、电势、电流密度和金属蒸汽分布等结果。因为在A-TIG焊中,熔池的内向流动造成了大量的热被传入到熔池底部,热量的利用率更高,导致焊接熔池的表面温度比TIG焊的表面温度要高,从而引起了金属蒸汽浓度的增加,所以考虑金属蒸汽的A-TIG焊的电弧等温线较考虑金属蒸汽的TIG焊的电弧等温线有一定程度收缩。结果表明,考虑金属蒸汽对A-TIG焊熔深的模拟结果具有一定的影响,熔深减小约6%,该结果与有关试验研究结果吻合良好。     

氦弧与氩弧电弧特性对比研究

相对于氩弧焊而言,氦弧焊能够获得更大的熔深、熔化效率和更高的焊缝质量,在航天产品铝合金的焊接中表现出更为良好的作用。为比较两种热源电弧热力特性,采用高速摄像观测不同弧长下氦弧和氩弧电弧形态,采用电弧压力传感器测量电弧压力径向分布曲线,并采用分裂阳极法测量氦氩电弧阳极电流密度分布。结果表明,氦弧在阳极附近收缩明显,随弧长的增加氦弧由球形形态逐渐转变为梨形形态。氦弧和氩弧电弧压力均随电流的增大而增加,在相同的电流条件下,氦弧的电弧压力明显小于氩弧。相对于氩弧而言,氦弧阳极电流密度更集中,峰值电流密度也较大。更为集中的阳极电流密度和较高的电弧电压,使得氦弧具有更高的能量和分布更集中的阳极功率密度,有利于增加焊缝熔深,提高焊缝深宽比,实现较厚工件的焊接。     

交变磁场作用下的GTAW非稳态电弧数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件Fluent,建立钨极惰性气体保护焊(Gas tungsten arc welding,GTAW)电弧非稳态三维数值模型,研究交变磁场作用下的非稳态电弧特性,为交变磁场在磁控焊接技术中的应用提供理论支撑。计算获得了外加交变轴向磁场作用下GTAW焊接电弧的温度场、速度场和压力场等结果,揭示了等离子体最高温度、阳极表面压力分布、阳极表面电流密度分布与时间的关系。对比分析磁场方向改变前后的计算结果发现,当外加磁场方向改变时,在反向旋转力作用下等离子体最大加速度能够达到6×10~7 m/s~2,在此加速度作用下,距离钨极较近的等离子体迅速改变旋转方向,而远离钨极的等离子体则来不及改变方向。当外加磁场磁感应强度为0.03 T、频率小于100 k Hz时电弧均能实现正反往复旋转,且阳极表面压力及电流密度分布不再是单一的双峰分布而是呈现单/双峰交替的周期性变化。试验中采用高速摄像系统拍摄了磁场方向改变后的电弧形态,焊接电弧先收缩后扩张,与模拟结果一致。     

TIG焊接电弧与熔池统一模型有限元分析

根据磁流体动力学理论以及焊接的实际情况，建立了三维TIG焊接电弧与熔池的统一数学模型，避免了对电弧以及熔池界面条件的假定，使得对焊接电弧与熔池行为的分析与实际情况更近了一步。运用该数学模型对TIG焊接电弧和熔池的流场和热场进行了有限元分析。采用等效比热法来确定液相分数，假定固液相等同区来解决工件熔化区与非熔化区的移动边界。结果表明：用数学模型模拟出的电弧行为特征以及熔池形状与试验结果相吻合。     

TIG焊电弧-熔池传热与流动数值模拟

针对钨极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊,采用一组满足整个求解域的偏微分方程组和合理的边界条件,建立包括钨极、电弧和母材的三维瞬态统一模型。以SUS304不锈钢为母材,求解获得电弧-电极(熔池)的温度场、流场、压力、电流密度、电磁力等结果,并与已有的试验结果和其他相关的研究结果做对比。在此基础上,通过分析阳极热输入,求得焊接热效率为86.3%。重点比较浮力、电磁力、等离子流拉力和Marangoni剪切力单独作用下的熔池流动特性,并将计算结果和格拉晓夫数Gr、磁雷诺数Rm和表面张力雷诺数Ma相结合,分析了这几种驱动力的相对作用大小,将计算结果和Peclet数Pe相结合强调了熔池热对流与热传导的相对作用。结果表明,与等离子拉力和Marangoni剪切力相比,浮力和电磁力对熔池对流的作用较小;等离子拉力和Marangoni剪切力处于同一数量级,而Marangoni剪切力大于等离子流拉力,两者共同作用使熔池表面金属由内向外流动。与热传导相比,熔池金属这种向外流动导致的热对流主导传热过程,是造成TIG焊宽而且浅的焊缝形貌的本质原因。     

外加稳态磁场作用下的焊接电弧数值仿真

为了揭示外加静态磁场对焊接电弧形态及传热传质的影响规律,建立了焊接电弧的数值模型,对比分析了普通熔积、外加纵向磁场作用以及横向磁场作用下的电弧传热传质过程。结果显示:相比普通熔积,外加纵向磁场作用下,靠近基板的位置电流密度和温度减小,电弧的温度和压强峰值减小,中心处出现负压;外加横向磁场作用下,电弧整体偏向一侧,电弧中心的电流密度、温度和电弧压强都小于未施加外加磁场情况。外加磁场对电弧形态及传热传质的改变,将导致电弧和金属之间的热和力相互作用改变,从而使得熔池的传热传质过程相应的发生改变。     

新型变极性等离子弧横焊热-力特性及成形研究

针对铝合金穿孔型等离子弧横向焊接,开展新型变极性等离子电弧热-力特性及横焊成形研究。通过设计变极性等离子弧喷嘴,控制电弧热-力特性来提高横焊穿孔稳定性。对不同热-力特性进行研究,比较三种喷嘴的电弧形态、电弧力和电弧阳极电流密度的数值与分布,分析认为新型电弧的热-力特性在横焊穿孔成形稳定性方面具有优势。依据电弧压力波形稳定性和穿孔稳定性进一步验证新型等离子电弧的作用效果,验证得出新型等离子电弧瞬间电弧压力波动较小,背面穿孔形状似圆形,且穿孔面积变化较小。通过分析穿孔熔池宏观轮廓,得到新型热-力特性对熔池行为的直接影响。利用高速摄像捕捉横焊穿孔熔池的稳定形成过程,证明较高电弧能量、较低电弧压力相配合更有利于穿孔熔池形成和稳定;同时观察到横焊熔池的稳定流动过程,并对熔池金属进行受力分析,认为新型热-力特性容易满足横焊熔池金属在流动过程中达到受力平衡,最终实现了8 mm铝合金穿孔等离子弧横焊稳定成形。     

超声振动电弧复合焊接特性研究

介绍一种超声振动-电弧复合焊接方法。焊接时对电弧直接施加超声振动,通过电弧将超声波压力传递到熔池中。试验表明,焊接电弧压力在施加超声振动后有明显提高,并且使电弧压力分布发生有益改变。用超声振动电弧复合焊方法对304奥氏体不锈钢进行堆焊实验,结果显示该方法能够改变焊缝熔化形式,增加熔深。     

双频调制脉冲TIG打底焊电弧-熔池行为分析

为提高中厚板核容器焊接制造效率、质量稳定性及满足无衬板打底单面焊双面成形的工艺新要求,设计小角度、大钝边Y型坡口平板对接焊接结构,建立双频调制脉冲TIG焊接试验控制系统,开展多组低频脉冲和双频调制脉冲焊接工艺对比试验,获得坡口角度60°、钝边5mm的试板对接可靠打底单面焊双面成形焊缝。进一步研究分析双频调制脉冲电弧、熔池动态行为变化及熔池表面温度场的演化规律,探究讨论双频调制脉冲电流作用下焊缝熔深增加的原因。结果表明,双频调制脉冲电弧因高频脉冲电磁压缩作用具有更高的能量密度和更强的电弧穿透力,使熔池底部极易形成液态金属薄膜并穿透形成熔孔;同时,双频调制脉冲电弧减弱了熔池顶底部液态金属能量波动,增强熔池热惯性,有效降低熔池凝固速率,增加了焊缝熔深,为熔池单面焊双面成形提供良好的热力动态平衡条件。     

摇动电弧窄间隙FCAW立焊流体流动数值分析模型

目前关于摇动电弧窄间隙药芯焊丝气体保护焊(Fluxed-cored arc welding, FCAW)的研究较少涉及熔池内部物理现象,缺乏对其成形机理的深入认识,从而影响了焊接质量的稳定性,因此利用数值模拟方法对熔池动态行为进行研究,利于焊接参数的优化及质量可靠性的提高。基于FLUENT软件,建立了适用的摇动电弧窄间FCAW立焊熔池流体流动数值分析模型,将电弧热输入视为双椭圆平面热源,并同时考虑了电弧移动路径、移动方向和接头几何特征对电弧热流分布的影响,将金属和熔渣填充过程视为液体金属和熔渣从熔池上部流入过程;假定两者流速相同,并通过对流速施加时间脉冲函数表征过渡频率。此外,模型还考虑了导电杆折弯角度对电弧力的影响。利用FLUENT软件对药芯焊丝摇动电弧窄间隙立焊熔池动态行为进行模拟计算。结果表明,模型能够合理地描述药芯焊丝窄间隙立焊熔池液体金属和熔渣的流体动力学特征,计算结果和试验结果吻合较好。熔池纵截面中部区域出现涡流,熔渣向坡口中间部位聚集;向上的电弧应力分量和熔渣有助于抑制熔池下淌。     

Experimental study and numerical modeling of arc and weld pool in stationary GTA welding of pure aluminum

In this study, a 2D mathematical model was developed for both arc and weld pool in stationary GTA welding. In arc model, current continuity equation has been solved in both arc and cathode regions without any assumption of fixed current density on the cathode surface which was essential in most previous works. The results of arc model were presented for both copper and aluminum anodes to investigate the effect of anode material on arc properties. It was seen that aluminum anode has lower maximum anode current density and heat flux but the distributions are wider than copper anode. Furthermore, shear stress on anode surface is higher in the case of aluminum anode. Also, calculated results of this study were compared with other available theoretical and experimental results. It has been shown that the agreement between calculated and experimental results was fairly good. The necessary information to simulate the weld pool, including the anode current density and heat flux to the workpiece were taken from the arc model. In this model, due to high thermal conductivity of pure aluminum, fluid flow into the weld pool was ignored. Effects of arc variables, i.e., arc length, applied current and welding time on the shape and size of the weld pool were investigated as well. In order to check the validity of the weld pool model, a comparison between calculated results and the results of our experimental tests was conducted. Generally, these comparisons reveal an acceptable agreement between calculated results and experimental data.     

Gas Pool Coupled Activating TIG Welding Method with Coupling Arc Electrode

Gas pool coupled activating TIG(GPCA?TIG) welding put forward in?house can dramatically enhance weld penetration of TIG welding through introducing active element oxygen to reverse the Marangoni convection flow in the molten pool. In order to further improve the welding productivity, the normal solid tungsten electrode is replaced by a kind of coupling arc electrode. The changes of arc pressure distribution along anode surface and the weld appearance were evaluated. On this basis, the dependences of weld shape characterized with weld depth, width and undercut on the main welding parameters were discussed. The results indicate, the substitution of coupling arc electrode can lead to an obvious decrease of arc pressure. Compared to hollow tungsten electrode and twin tungsten electrodes, the coupling arc electrode is much easier to manufacture and has more compacter structure. Combined with the symmetric distribution of arc pressure in di erent directions, this electrode has extensive adaptability. In the GPCA?TIG welding with coupling arc electrode, both the substitution of coupling arc electrode and the introduction of outer active gas oxygen can reduce the possibilities of producing humping bead and undercut. Their joint action makes this welding method have the capability of realizing high travel speed and deep penetration welding.     

活性剂增加铝合金交流A-TIG焊熔深机理研究

采用多组元活性剂AF305进行铝合金交流A-TIG焊时,熔深达到传统TIG焊的3倍以上。进行了交流、直流正接和直流反接A-TIG焊,发现极性不同时活性剂对熔深的影响也不同。研究了强制电弧收缩对交流焊熔深的影响,发现弧根整体收缩并不是AF305增加交流A-TIG焊熔深的主要机理,熔深显著增加主要与焊渣成片分布有关。对焊渣进行了SEM形貌观察和EDS成分分析,并采用氦弧焊证实了焊接过程中焊渣在熔池表面成片分布,电弧斑点极大收缩。向AF305活性剂中添加铝粉改变焊渣分布,研究焊渣分布与熔深的关系,证实了焊渣成片分布能增加焊接熔深。认为焊渣成片分布使得电弧斑点极大收缩,斑点压力以及电弧和熔池内的Lorentz力增强,最终焊接熔深显著增加。     

表面活性剂对TIG焊电弧现象及焊接熔深的影响

在变动焊接电流下检测电弧电压,考察A-TIG焊电弧收缩及活性剂的影响。采取适当的试验方法研究A-TIG焊活性剂对电弧现象及活性剂涂敷量对焊接熔深增加的作用。结果表明,A-TIG焊电弧是否产生收缩与所使用的活性剂有关,即使在电弧未产生收缩情况下,表面活性剂仍然对焊接熔深的增加有较大的作用。     

Study of mechanism of activating flux increasing weld penetration of AC A-TIG welding for aluminum alloy

When multi-component flux AF305 is used as surface activating flux for an aluminum alloy, the weld penetration of activating flux-tungsten inert-gas (A-TIG) welding is over two times more than that of conventional TIG welding. Using A-TIG welding with the modes of alternating current (AC), direct current electrode negative (DCEN) and direct current electrode positive (DCEP), respectively, the flux differently affects weld penetration when the polarity is different. After studied the effect of compelled arc constriction on weld penetration of AC welding, it is believed that the constriction of the whole arc root is not the main mechanism that flux AF305 dramatically improves weld penetration. The penetration has a relationship with the separate distribution of slag on the weld surface. Then, an observation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an electronic data systems (EDS) analysis of slag were performed respectively. The separate distribution of slag on the weld pool during welding and the great constriction of arc spots were confirmed by TIG welding with helium shielding gas. The relationship between slag distribution and weld penetration was studied by adding aluminum powder into flux AF305 to change the distribution of slag. During welding, the separate distribution of slag on the weld pool results in the great constriction of arc spots, an increase in arc spot force, and an increase in Lorentz force within the arc and weld pool. Finally, the weld penetration is increased. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(5): 45–49 [译自: 机械工程学报]     

TIG焊接熔透熔池形状和表面变形的数值模拟

利用建立的三维TIG焊接熔池瞬时行为数值分析模型,对移动热源作用下不锈钢薄板全熔透时熔池动态行为进行了数值分析。结果表明,同时采用电弧热流和电弧压力的双椭圆分布模式,相对于高斯分布模式,计算出的熔池形状和表面变形与试验结果吻合得更好。给出运动电弧作用下熔池表面变形的动态演变,分析了与固定电弧焊接时的异同,为运动电弧作用下TIG焊接的数值模拟与智能控制提供了理论依据和试验数据。     

TIG-MIG双面对称焊焊缝成形机理研究

就纯铝中薄板,通过单面TIG、MIG和TIG-MIG双面对称焊工艺试验对比,利用ANSYS有限元计算软件进行了TIG-MIG双面对称焊熔池的数值模拟,研究了TIG-MIG双面对称焊的熔池特征及焊缝成形规律。研究表明,TIG-MIG双面对称焊的热源静态累积效应和动态热阻效应使得此焊接方法熔深大大增加,TIG、MIG熔池在焊接过程中发生交汇并在电弧力、熔池表面张力和重力等作用下达到平衡,并由此形成焊缝反面成形。TIG-MIG交汇熔池的稳定性决定焊缝的反面成形特征。     

变极性等离子弧焊接熔透信息的检测与分析

通过对铝合金3003变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊熔池振荡行为的研究,发现熔池振荡频率与焊接熔透之间的内在规律。在变极性电流的作用下,焊接熔池产生振荡,可以通过对电弧电压频谱分析获得熔池固有振荡频率。分别建立变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊未熔透及完全熔透熔池模型,并分析焊接电流的变化对熔池固有振荡频率的影响,发现焊接电流大小对其影响很小,可以忽略。为了验证该模型的准确性,进行理论与实测分析,结果表明,理论值与实测值相吻合。熔池固有振荡频率主要取决于熔池宽度、深度及材料密度等参数,而其他焊接参数对其没有直接影响。因此,熔池振荡频率可间接反映焊接熔透信息,为焊接质量自动控制提供了理论支持。     

Numerical modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in hybrid laser–TIG welding of aluminum alloy AA6082

This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical model based on finite volume method to simulate heat transfer and fluid flow in laser–tungsten inert gas (TIG) hybrid welding process. To simplify the model and reduce the calculation time, keyhole dynamics are not considered; instead, a new modified volumetric heat source model is presented for the laser source to take into account the effect of the keyhole on the heat transfer into the workpiece. Due to the presence of arc current, an appropriate electromagnetic model based on the Maxwell equations are also solved to calculate electromagnetic forces in the weld pool. The results of computer simulation, including temperature, current density, electromagnetic, and melted material velocity field, are presented here. Furthermore, several dimensionless numbers are employed to recognize the importance of fluid flow driving forces in the weld pool. It is deduced that the fluid flow has an important effect on the weld pool shape. It is also founded that among the driving forces, Marangoni force is dominant fluid force in the weld pool. Besides, calculated results of hybrid welding process are compared with those of TIG and laser welding processes. The weld pool depth is relatively the same, but the width of the weld pool is highly larger in hybrid welding than lone laser welding. Eventually, the presented model is validated by comparison between calculated and experimental weld pool shape. It is founded that there is a good agreement as the capability of this model can be proved.