Effect of laser characteristics on the weld shape and properties of penetration laser weld of BT20 titanium alloy

The laser beam welding of BT20 titanium alloy was conducted to investigate the weld shape, microstructures and properties. The full penetration weld characteristics produced by CO2 laser and by YAG laser were compared. The results show that the full penetration weld of YAG laser welding closes to “X” shape, and weld of CO2 laser welding is “nail-head” shape.Those result from special heating mode of laser deep penetration welding. The tension strength of CO2 laser and YAG laser joints equal to that of the base metal, but the former has better ductility. All welds consist mainly of the acicular a phase and a few β phase in microstructure. The dendritic crystal of CO2 laser weld is a littlefiner than YAG laser weld. According theresearch CO2 laser is better than YAG laser for welding of BT20 titanium alloy.     

工业纯钛光纤激光-MIG复合焊接工艺及性能

采用光纤激光与熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊(MIG焊)复合焊接工业纯钛,分别对激光焊、MIG焊和复合焊接头的焊缝表面成形、横断面进行了观察,并进行了激光焊和复合焊接头的拉伸试验及杯突试验.结果表明,复合焊的电弧稳定性比MIG焊显著提高,焊接速度可提高7倍;复合焊与激光焊接头的抗拉强度高于母材;复合焊接头的杯突值优于激光焊接头的杯突值,这是因为复合焊焊缝的微观组织有利于接头的塑性.因此,采用光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊接方法很好地实现了工业纯钛的高速焊接,焊缝成形良好,接头的塑性优于单一激光焊的塑性.

Abstract：

Fiber laser-metal inert gas (MIG) arc hybrid welding was used to weld the commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti). The weld appearance, cross section, tensile strength, Erichsen value and microstructure of the CP-Ti welded joints were studied. The results show that the arc stability is substantially improved and the welding speed can be increased to 7 times by fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding. The welded joints by laser welding and the hybrid welding exhibit the higher ultimate tensile strength than those of the base metal. In addition, the welded joint by the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding has higher Erichsen values than that by laser joints. The difference in plasticity is attributed to the microstructure changes in the welded joint of hybrid welding. Thus, the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding of CP-Ti can be carried out suecessfully at higher welding speed with a good combination of weld bead appearance and plasticity.     

In-situ weld-alloying plasma arc welding of SiCp/Al MMC

Plasma arc welding was used to join SiCp/ml composite with titanium as alloying filler material. Microstructure of the weld was characterized by an optical microscope. The results show that the harmful needle-like phase Al4C3 is completely eliminated in the weld of SiCp/Al metal matrix composite（MMC） by in-situ weld-alloying/plasma arc welding with titanium as the alloying element. The wetting property between reinforced phase and Al matrix is improved, a stable weld puddle is gotten and a novel composite-material welded joint reinforced by TiN, AlN and TiC is produced. And the tensile-strength and malleability of the welded joints are improved effectively because of the use of titanium.     

Joint performance of CO2 laser beam welding 5083,H321 aluminum alloy

Laser beam welding of aluminum alloys is expected to offer good mechanical properties of welded joints. In this experimental work reported, CO2 laser beam autogenoas welding and wire feed welding are conducted on 4 mm thick 5083- H321 aluminum alloy sheets at different welding variables. The mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of the welds are evaluated through tensile tests, micro-hardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Experimental results indicate that both the tensile strength and hardness of laser beam welds are affected by the constitution of filler material, except the yield strength. The soften region of laser beam welds is not in the heat-affected zone （ HAZ ）. The tensile fracture of laser beam welded specimens takes place in the weld zone and close to the weld boundary because of different filler materials. Some pores are found on the fracture face, including hydrogen porosities and blow holes, but these pores have no influence on the tensile strength of laser beam welds. Tensile strength values of laser beam welds with filler wire are up to 345.57 MPa, 93% of base material values, and yield strengths of laser beam welds are equivalent to those of base metal （264. 50 MPa）.     

激光辅助活性焊接法

提出了激光辅助活性焊接的方法,研究了焊接参数对激光熔化处理后TIG焊接熔深、熔宽的影响.首先,使用极小功率激光在氧气保护下熔化焊件表面,使焊缝表面的氧含量增加.然后使用普通的TIG焊接,覆盖激光焊缝,达到增加熔深的目的.利用此方法,不使用活性剂就可以使TIG焊焊接熔深增加约2倍,与A-TIG焊相比没有表面熔渣,表面成形较好.小功率激光处理后焊缝中O元素含量增加,熔池表面张力温度系数由负变正,导致激光辅助活性焊熔深增加.

Abstract：

On the bases of the study for the mechanism of the increasing of A-TIG welding penetration, a new method of activating TIG welding, the laser aided activating TIG welding was proposed. At first, the surface of weld was melt by the mini power laser protected by oxygen. As a result, the oxygen content increases in the weld pool surface. Then the conventional TIG welding was used to cover the weld. The oxygen could change the direction of fluid flow in molten pool, which leads to the weld beads with narrower width and deeper penetration. Without the activating flux, the penetration can be increased by 2 times. There is no slag in the surface of weld and the appearance is good. The oxygen can change the temperature dependence of surface tension gradient from a negative value to a positive value; and cause the significant changes in the weld penetration. Fluid flow could be inward along the surface of the weld pool toward the center and then down. This fluid flow pattem transfers heat to the weld root and produces a relatively deep and narrow weld efficiently. This change is the main cause to increase the penetration.     

Study on diffusion welding SiCp/ZL101 with Cu interlayer

Through the vacuum diffusion welding SiCp/ZL101 aluminum with Cu interlayer,the effect of welding parame-ter and the thickness of Cu on the welded joint property was investigated,and the optimal welding parameters were putforward at the same time.The microstructure of joint was analyzed by means of optical-microscope,scanning electron mi-croscope in order to study the relationship between the macro-properties of joint and the microstructure.The results showthat diffusion welding with Cu interlayer could be used for welding aluminum matrix composites SiCp/ZL101 successfully.     

Dendritic Boundary Corrosion of AA2198 Weld Using Fiber Laser Welding with Al–Cu Filler Wire

The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of AA2198–T851 alloy and weld were analyzed under corrosive conditions.Weld was formed using an innovative fiber laser welding process with AA2319 Al–Cu filler wire. The metallurgic morphology and distribution of the chemical compositions were determined using imaging techniques such as optical micrograph, scanning electron micrograph, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Corrosion was evaluated using an immersion test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature. Results indicate that the parent alloy suffered from pitting corrosion during the initial 4-h immersion which was caused by the inhomogeneous distribution of its chemical components and the different intermetallics formed during the rolling process. The weld experienced dendritic boundary corrosion under the same conditions due to the addition of the Al–Cu filler and rapid solidification during laser welding, which led to the precipitates Cu enrichment along the grain boundary. When a welding joint was immersed in the solution for 5 days, a big crack was observed across the center of the weld. In comparison, there was good corrosion resistance in the heataffected zone with a compact protective film.     

Weldability evaluation and tensile strength estimation model for aluminum alloy lap joint welding using hybrid system with laser and scanner head

Aluminum welding using a hybrid system with a laser and scanner welding head was performed under various welding conditions to verify the feasibility of applying an aluminum alloy to a car body.The experimental material was 5J32 aluminum alloy,and the laser power,welding speed,and laser incidence angle were used as the control variables.The weld bead shape and the tensile shear strength were evaluated in order to understand the aluminum lap joint weld characteristics.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify the effect of the process variables on the tensile shear strength.Tensile strength estimation models using three different regression models were also suggested.The input variables were the laser power,welding speed,and laser incidence angle,and the output was the tensile shear strength.Among the models,the second-order polynomial estimation model had the best estimation performance,and the average error rate of this model was 0.058.     

THE INTERFACIAL BEHAVIORS OF ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITE IN DIFFERENT WELDING METHODS

Non-interlayer liquid phase diffusion welding (China Patent) and laser welding methods for aluminum matrix composite are mainly described in this paper.In the noninterlayer liquid phase diffusion welding,the key processing parameters affecting the strength of joint is welding temperature.When temperature rises beyond solidus temperature, the bonded line vanishes. The strength of joint reaches the maximum and becomes constant when welding temperature is close to liquid phase temperature. Oxide film in the interface is no longer detected by SEM in the welded joint. With this kind of technique, particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite Al2O3p/6061Al is welded successfully, and the joint strength is about 80% of the strength of composite(as-casted).In the laser welding, results indicate that because of the huge specific surface area of the reinforcement, the interracial reaction between the matrix and the reinforcement is restrained intensively at certain laser power and pulsed laser beam.The laser pulse frequency directly affects the reinforcement segregation and the reinforcement distribution in the weld, so that the weldability of the composite could be improved by increasing the laser pulse frequency. The maximum strength of the weld can reach 70% of the strength of the parent.     

Investigation on process and microstructure of Ti/Ni/Cu joints by electron beam welding

In this article, the electron beam welding of the Cu alloy （ QCrO. 8） with Ti alloy （TC4） sheet was processed and the joint microstructure as well as the welding process were studied. The results show that brittle reaction layer which was mainly composed of TiCu, Ti2Cu, Ti2Cu3 and TiCu2formed at the weld fusion line, regardless of welding on the middle or on the Cu side. The mechanical properties of the joint were severely deteriorated by the layer that tensile strength was only 89. 4 MPa for welding on the Cu side. The microstructure of the joint was improved with pure nickel as filler metal for the electron beam welding. The weld was mainly composed of solid solution. Intermetallic compound phase decreased signifwantly in fusion line compared with the joint without filler metal. The mechanical properties of the joint were obviously improved that the average tensile strength was 205.2 MPa and the bending strength was 413.3 MPa with O. 5 mm offset of electron beam on the Cu side.     

激光冲击电火花堆焊焊缝表面的有限元模拟

为了探究激光冲击强化对电火花堆焊表面应力状况的影响,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟电火花堆焊焊接过程,计算得出了焊接残余应力场的分布。在此基础上,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件、进行了激光冲击堆焊焊缝表面的有限元模拟。结果显示:焊缝区域、热影响区域和基体残余应力经激光冲击处理都有明显的改善,焊缝区残余拉应力有效减少或消除。模拟结果与实验结果相吻合,这为有限元软件对焊接修复及激光处理工艺参数的优化提供了可靠的依据。     

激光冲击消除焊接残余应力

对现有焊接残余应力的理论进行分析,讨论激光冲击处理消除焊接残余应力的可行性,认为短脉冲高峰值功率密度的激光冲击焊接接头产生的等离子体冲击波,可使焊接接头表面产生塑性应变,能有效消除焊接残余拉应力。文章设计了激光冲击强化12Cr2Ni4A钢焊接接头试验,通过选择不同焊接材料和焊接方式,设计了4种焊接状态,分别进行激光冲击强化。试验结果表明,激光冲击强化均能消除氩弧焊和等离子焊等焊接方式的焊接残余拉应力,改善焊接接头表面的力学分布,在选用NAK80焊材和等离子体焊方式时,形成的残余压应力幅值高达884MPa,极大提升了焊接接头的力学性能。     

电火花堆焊温度场、应力场的二维与三维数值模拟

国内有文献报道，用电火花表面堆焊技术精密修复失重型失效零部件，但对其表面堆焊温度场、应力场的模拟并未系统研究，本文运用有限元软件ANSYS对电火花堆焊的温度场、应力场分别建立二维与三维模型，进行焊接过程模拟，并计算出了温度场、残余应力场的分布及残余变形的状况。二维计算得到的应力数值范围是-9MPa～57．5MPa，三维计算得到的应力数值范围是-12MPa-52MPa，并对二维模型进行残余变形分析，计算得到最大变形为0．861E-6m，证明了电火花堆焊这种精密修复工艺的优良性。     

激光冲击强化对焊缝组织性能影响的研究进展

激光冲击强化(LSP)是一种典型的非弹丸撞击式表面强化技术,可有效提高金属材料的抗疲劳能力、抗腐蚀能力、金属耐磨性能和使用寿命,具有应变率高、效率高、强化效果好等优点。焊缝质量直接影响了焊接件的合格率,而焊缝强化一直是一个比较难的挑战。首先,介绍了激光冲击强化的加工原理,总结了激光冲击强化的影响参数及条件,包括激光功率密度、约束层和吸收层、激光冲击次数、光斑搭接率以及激光脉宽。控制强化工艺参数可以使焊缝显微硬度提升50%、残余压应力提升65%以上,大幅度提升抗拉强度,降低疲劳裂纹扩展。其次,综述了国内外研究人员运用激光冲击强化技术对不同材料焊缝强化的研究与应用,重点论述了激光冲击强化对焊缝力学性能和显微组织的显著强化效果,与未强化试样对比,强化后试样的各项性能明显提升。其中针对力学性能,详细分析了显微硬度、残余应力和疲劳裂纹扩展的变化情况,结合残余应力的理论研究、仿真分析、试验论证以及显微组织变化情况,认为激光冲击强化导致马氏体组织发生了碎化,提高了硬度,产生了残余压应力,引起了晶粒细化,进而有效控制了疲劳裂纹扩展,阻止了裂纹产生,提升了疲劳寿命。通过激光冲击强化不同工艺参数的协同作用,可以获得较高的残余压应力和硬度,引起动态再结晶、晶粒细化等微观组织演变以及位错运动,使焊缝力学性能和显微组织产生相互影响。分析认为,激光冲击强化技术是焊缝强化的有效焊接后处理工艺。最后,展望了激光冲击强化技术在焊缝强化领域中的应用前景。     

激光冲击处理对焊接接头力学性能的影响（Ⅱ）

上文对GH3 0、1Cr18Ni9Ti焊缝进行了激光冲击处理 ,试验发现激光冲击处理提高GH3 0焊接接头强度 12 % ,但对疲劳寿命影响不明显 ;冲击提高 1Cr18Ni9Ti焊接接头强度仅为 5 % ,但提高疲劳寿命 3 0 0 %以上。为作进一步分析 ,本文测试了两种金属焊缝在有无激光冲击处理条件下的表面显微硬度分布和残余应力状态 ,并对GH3 0试件疲劳断口进行扫描电镜分析。经分析发现 ,激光冲击处理能明显提高GH3 0焊缝表层的显微硬度 ,也可以提高抗拉强度并获得较高的表面残余压应力 ,因此强化区域能抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展 ,降低裂纹扩展速率 ;但由于焊缝较宽 ,激光冲击光斑未能完全覆盖焊缝及热影响区 ,部分未冲击区域影响了疲劳寿命的提高。 1Cr18Ni9Ti在等离子焊接过程中产生相变马氏体 ,减弱了激光冲击处理产生形变马氏体对提高显微硬度的作用 ,因此对抗拉强度影响不大 ,但激光冲击处理可以使焊缝表面获得较高的表面残余压应力 ,因此能明显提高疲劳寿命。     

激光冲击强化对不锈钢焊接接头拉伸性能的影响

利用激光冲击强化对12Cr2Ni4A不锈钢焊接接头进行处理,比较了激光冲击一次和二次前后焊接接头拉伸性能、显微硬度和表面残余应力.结果表明,12Cr2Ni4A 焊接试件经过二次激光冲击强化后,显微硬度提高了50%,抗拉强度由818.5 MPa提升至863.8 MPa,并且断裂区域由焊接热影响区转移至基体处,焊接试件的拉...     

增强相含量对SiCp/3003Al复合材料闪光对焊焊接性的影响

用连续闪光对焊方法在同种焊接规范下分别对增强相含量为0％、15％、30％的SiCp／3003Al复合材料进行了连接，利用光学显微镜、SEM、AG-25TA型电子拉伸试验机对焊缝组织及性能进行分析，结果表明：含15％、30％SiCp的复合材料焊缝成型良好，含30％SiCp的复合材料接头强度最高。分析表明：随着SiCp含量的增加．复合材料的电阻率增大、热导率降低、线膨胀系数降低，而这些物理性能的变化使得焊接过程中产热更多，热量更集中于焊缝，闪光过程连续、稳定、激烈，自保护作用更好，焊后接头应力减少，即闪光对焊焊接性变好。     

牙轮钻头牙掌焊接和热处理产生的裂纹分析

运用扫描电子探针对三牙轮钻头牙掌堆焊和热处理后产生的裂纹特征进行了分析，并采用X－射线衍射仪测定了牙试件的残余应力。结果表明，堆焊层与基体的界面缺陷是裂纹形成的主要原因。裂纹扩展方式为穿晶断裂。而堆焊层面拉应力导致裂纹的进一步产生与扩展。建议在堆焊工艺和热处理工艺中采取措施可能减少应力。     

Laser Shock Processing of Metal Sheet and Welded Joints

LASER shock processing uses tense pulse laserinduced the impulsive wave to generate strainhardening,which show dislocation and twin in thesurface of metal in microscope and improvement ofhardness and residual compress stress.LSP can gainmore highly and more deep compressive residualstress layer than those in the case of conventionalpeening,LSP can also keep the smooth surface,whichis more benefit for the improvement of fatigueproperties.With the shocked zone controlled by laser spot,LSPhav…     

Influence of Inter-Pass Temperature on Residual Stress in Multi-Layer and Multi-Pass Butt-Welded 9%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel PipesEI北大核心CSCD

9% Cr heat-resistant steels have been abundantly used in boilers of modern thermal plants. The 9% Cr steel components in thermal plant boilers are usually assembled by fusion welding. Many of the degradation mechanisms of welded joints can be aggravated by welding residual stress. Tensile residual stress in particular can exacerbate cold cracking tendency, fatigue crack development and the onset of creep damage in heat-resistant steels. It has been recognized that welding residual stress can be mitigated by low temperature martensitic transformation in 9% Cr heat-resistant steel. Neverthe-less, the stress mitigation effect seems to be confined around the final weld pass in multi-layer and multi-pass 9% Cr steel welded pipes. The purpose of this work is to investigate the method to break through this confine. Influence of martensitic transformation on welding stress evolution in multi-layer and multi-pass butt-welded 9% Cr heat-resistant steel pipes for different inter-pass temperatures (IPT) was investigated through finite element method, and the influential mechanism of IPT on welding residual stress was revealed. The results showed that tensile residual stress in weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ), especially the noteworthy tensile stress in WM at pipe central, was effectively mitigated with the increasing of IPT. The reasons lie in two aspects, firstly, there is more residual austenite in the case of higher IPT, as a result, lower tensile stress is accumulated during cooling due to the lower yield strength of austenite; secondly, the higher IPT suppresses the martensitic transformation during cooling of each weld pass, thus the tensile stress mitigation due to martensitic transformation was avoided to be eliminated by welding thermal cycles of subsequent weld passes and reaccumulating tensile residual stress. The influence of IPT on welding residual stress relies on the combined contribution of thermal contraction and martensitic transformation. When the IPT is lower than martensite transformation finishing temperature (M-f), thermal contraction plays the dominant role in the formation of welding residual stress, and tensile stress was formed in the majority of weld zone except the final weld pass. While, compressive stress was formed in almost whole weld zone due to martensitic transformation when the IPT is higher than martensite transformation starting temperature (M-s).