塔筒钢在模拟海洋环境下的慢应变拉伸性能研究

模拟在海洋环境下,采用慢应变速率拉伸试验研究海上风电机组塔筒钢Q345钢在不同应变速率、不同浓度NaCl溶液和不同温度条件下的应力腐蚀行为。实验结果表明:随着拉伸速率的减小,Q345钢在NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性基本呈单调增加的趋势,当拉伸速率为4×10-7s-1时,试样已发生应力腐蚀开裂;环境介质的存在使得该材料的抗拉强度、总应变和断裂能大大降低,且随NaCl溶液浓度的增加,Q345钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增加。温度对材料的应力腐蚀行为的影响较大,随着温度的升高,塑性指标下降明显,敏感性指数增加明显,当温度为50℃时,具有明显的应力腐蚀倾向。     

汽轮机低压转子的应力腐蚀寿命预测

汽轮机低压转子长期工作在湿蒸汽环境下,在高拉伸应力作用下,局部区域容易发生应力腐蚀损伤,这会影响低压转子的服役寿命。分析了转子应力腐蚀的损伤机制,基于腐蚀坑及裂纹的演化特征,建立了低压转子的应力腐蚀全寿命预测模型,并以某核电低压焊接转子为研究对象,对其各通流级的蒸汽特性、温度及应力分布进行了分析,采用全寿命预测模型对部分区域的应力腐蚀进行了全寿命预测,结果表明即便转子内存在腐蚀坑及短裂纹,由于其应力腐蚀寿命高于低压转子的设计寿命,转子也可以满足长寿命服役要求;而当低压转子中存在长裂纹时,转子的设计寿命不能得到保证。最后根据预测结果给出了相应的建议,以保障低压转子在全寿命周期内的完整性。     

42%MgCl_2沸腾溶液中Super304H应力腐蚀特性的研究

通过固溶和敏化两种状态下Super304H奥氏体不锈钢在42%MgCl_2沸腾溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性的试验,对固溶和敏化两种状态试样的应力腐蚀敏感性进行了评价,分析了不同状态下的应力腐蚀裂纹及断口的形态以及在42%MgCl_2沸腾溶液中发生应力腐蚀的机理。得出了敏化和固溶两种状态下,Super304H奥氏体钢在42%MgCl_2应力腐蚀中发生穿晶的解理+准解理开裂,开裂机理符合滑移溶解理论。     

10Cr转子钢的低周疲劳特性试验研究

对国产转子钢14Cr10NiMoWVNbN和国外同种转子钢TOS107的拉伸性能及低周疲劳特性进行了试验研究,将国产和国外转子钢的循环特性、循环应力-应变特性及应变寿命特性进行了对比.结果表明:在室温及600℃下,国产和国外转子钢的拉伸强度无明显差异;国外转子钢的低周疲劳强度略优于国产转子钢.根据593℃下国产转子钢低周疲劳寿命的试验结果,通过虚拟应力转换并选取合适的安全系数,得到了10Cr转子的疲劳设计曲线,该曲线可用于估算10Cr钢制转子的疲劳寿命.     

汽轮机转子的应力腐蚀

本文叙述了转子应力腐蚀的概况与破坏机理,井结合国内外汽轮机转子应力腐蚀实践与试验研究情况,讨论了影响因素和提出了防止措施。     

喷丸对红套转子应力腐蚀失效概率的影响

分析与计算了喷丸对汽轮机红套转子在应力腐蚀环境下失效概率的影响.采用ABAQUS软件计算了汽轮机红套转子结构的应力场和温度场,进而针对进口第1级轮盘叶根槽处应力状况,通过建立腐蚀失效概率模型,计算了叶根槽处的失效概率,对比分析了在有和无喷丸作用情况下失效概率随时间发展的趋势,从而获得喷丸对红套转子腐蚀失效概率的影响.分析结果显示,相比于无喷丸的情况,有喷丸情况下的转子失效概率最大下降15％,喷丸对降低红套转子的应力腐蚀失效概率有重要作用.     

GCr15钢在高应力状态下的氢脆及应力腐蚀断裂研究

本文通过分析研究GCr15钢高应力件由于其组织、应力和杂质的不均匀而在酸性、碱性及某些催化剂的作用下产生腐蚀电化学作用,直至产生氢脆及应力腐蚀断裂的原因和机理,提出了防止GCr15钢在高应力状态下的氢脆及应力腐蚀断裂的7项工艺措施.     

308L不锈钢堆焊层在含氯介质中的腐蚀行为研究

通过开展室温及高温条件下腐蚀浸泡试验,对308L不锈钢堆焊层在含氯介质中的腐蚀性能进行研究。研究表明,在室温条件下,308L不锈钢没有发生任何腐蚀。在高温条件下,低于1mg/LCl-浓度时308L不锈钢对点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀不敏感;随着Cl-浓度提高,308L不锈钢对点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀的敏感性显著增加。     

汽轮机转子钢热脆性的非破坏性检测法的开发

分析了长期运行的汽轮机转子钢热脆化产生的机理,指出转子钢热脆化的非破坏性检测法的应用价值及其存在的问题,并详细阐述了电化学分析法和化学腐蚀法这两种非破坏性检测法的开发过程,最后提出了提高化学腐蚀法检测精度的见解。     

GCr15钢在高应力状态下的氢脆及应力腐蚀断裂研究

本文通过分析研究GCr15钢高应力件由于其组织、应力和杂质的不均匀而在酸性、碱性及某些催化剂的作用下产生腐蚀电化学作用，直至产生氢脆及应力腐蚀断裂的原因和机理，提出了防止GCr15钢在高应力状态下的氢脆及应力腐蚀断裂的7项工艺措施。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。