12Cr1MoV钢组织转变与剩余寿命预测

12Cr1MoV钢是国内电站锅炉等高温部件广泛采用的钢种.研究表明,对于在高温条件下运行的12Cr1MoV钢来说,由于组织的劣化,导致持久性能的下降,这一过程可用Larson-Miller法表示为:10-3·T·(20 lgtr)=Z-blgσ-cσ,其中b,c是常数,Z是用于表征由于组织劣化而产生的组织变化参数.通过关联数种不同组织状态的12Cr1MoV材料的持久性能数据,研究了组织、持久性能与组织变化参数之间的关系,为高温构件剩余寿命的预测提供了一种新的分析方法.     

Z参数法及其在耐热钢寿命预测中的应用

基于石化和发电装置常用的20钢、1Cr5Mo和12Cr1MoV三种珠光体耐热钢,提出用Z参数法来表征持久性能曲线P=Z0-Z+C1logσ+G2σ.其中Z0、C1、C2为常数,Z0确定了材料无劣化时性能曲线的位置,C1、C2确定了曲线的变化趋势;参数Z是反映了曲线偏移主曲线的位置,同时表征了相关材料持久性能的变化.进一步得到了Z参数与组织劣化程度-珠光体球化等级E之间的线性关系,并以12Cr1MoV钢为例根据其组织劣化等级定量预测了其剩余寿命.     

珠光体耐热钢在高温时效中的材料弱化

采用了11种实验室模拟工艺(650～750 ℃、1.5～873 h),利用TEM、SEM、OM等考察了珠光体耐热钢12Cr1MoV高温长时间加热后成分、组织结构与性能的变化.研究表明,试验用钢在高温时效后其组织结构明显退化,固溶体内合金元素Cr、Mo、V严重贫化(其中Mo的降幅为2/3),发生晶粒长大(～70%),碳化物向晶界的聚集粗化,以及相变位错密度显著降低和位错胞尺寸变大及消散等,同时基体硬度下降30%.多层次结构综合分析表明,12Cr1MoV耐热钢高温时效中,由于组织结构的退化,引起其性能的劣化,导致材料的弱化(老化).     

FES-DP系统及Z参数法评定Cr5Mo钢的剩余寿命

珠光体耐热钢是石化装置常用的炉管材料,针对其在高温服役中的安全评估问题,研究开发了FES-DP高温管线安全评估决策支持系统,并介绍了FES-DP系统的基本结构.针对常用的耐热钢Cr5Mo介绍了寿命评估的基本策略,提出用P=29.608-Z-5.0851gσ表征平行于Cr5Mo钢持久性能主曲线的曲线族,其中Z=0.203(E-1),参数Z表征了持久性能退化程度,E为球化等级.由此可以通过对构件组织的评定来定量预测构件的剩余寿命.     

Cr12MoV钢焊接区表面高频淬火后的超塑性焊接

对Cr12MoV钢进行表面高频淬火后超塑性焊接,选用的工艺参数为:加热温度为800℃,焊接时间t=5min,预压应力σ0=56.6MPa,初始应变速率ε0=2.5×10-4s-1。对接头组织进行了观察和分析。试验结果表明,焊接区局部高频淬火后的Cr12MoV钢在其超塑变形温度及应变速率范围内,经短时间超塑焊接,其接头抗拉伸强度可以达到母材值。     

大型火力发电机组高温螺栓的现场理化检验分析

本文从现场监督检验的角度进行分析研究,对常见高温螺栓钢种的理化检验分别展开了讨论,对25Cr2MoV钢、2Cr12NiMo1W1V钢、20Cr1Mo1VNbTiB(争气1号)、R26(Ni-Cr-Co合金)型合金、GH4145型合金等高温螺栓的金相组织进行了对比分析,同时结合一些典型的高温螺栓失效原因展开分析讨论,希望能为大型火力发电机组的高温螺栓现场理化检验提供一些参考。     

12Cr1MoV钢过热器爆管的显微组织和力学性能

以电站锅炉12Cr1MoV钢高温过热器爆管为研究对象,通过宏观观察、金相检验、硬度测试、化学成分分析等方法分析了爆管背烟侧及迎烟侧管材的显微组织及力学性能差异。结果表明:该过热器管材有明显劣化现象,爆管背烟侧和迎烟侧显微组织和力学性能存在明显差异;爆管迎烟侧组织老化现象较为严重,珠光体呈4.5级球化,常温拉伸性能和硬度明显低于背烟侧的,表明炉内长期高温烟气冲刷对高温过热器管迎烟侧材质劣化影响更为明显。     

12Cr1MoV高温时效过程的动力学研究

对低碳低合金耐热钢12Cr1MoV在高温时效过程中,合金元素贫化以及从晶内向晶界扩散迁移、晶粒长大和脱溶沉淀的碳化物粒子粗化等成分、组织结构变化进行了研究,运用扩散理论、相变热力学和动力学理论对这些转变的规律进行分析和处理,并获得与实验相符合的结果.结果表明,合金元素的贫化和晶粒长大分别符合ΔC=K.t3/2和Dt=C.t1/2规律;通过Larson-Miller(P=T(C+lgt)热强参数的统一描述,指出了12Cr1MoV钢高温时效是持续而又缓慢的成分和组织结构逐渐变化(退化)的过程.     

Cr12MoV钢表面化学热处理的研究进展

Cr12MoV钢是国内使用最广泛的高碳高铬莱氏体型冷作模具钢,优良的表面处理工艺是保证其高强度高寿命的前提,本文概述了Cr12MoV钢的渗氮、渗硼、渗钒表面化学热处理工艺,以及不同工艺处理下Cr12MoV钢的微观组织结构和性能的改变,阐述了Cr12MoV钢化学热处理的研究现状及发展趋势。     

热处理工艺对12Cr1MoV钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

通过热模拟试验对12Cr1MoV钢进行了不同工艺的正火+回火热处理,研究了热处理工艺对该钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:12Cr1MoV钢正火+回火后的正常显微组织为回火贝氏体+铁素体或回火贝氏体+铁素体+珠光体或铁素体+珠光体;如果回火温度过高或正火冷却速率不足,则分别会导致钢中出现两相区组织黄块马氏体和钒的碳化物沿晶界及晶内聚集长大的情况,显著降低钢的力学性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.