甲烷催化裂解制氢和碳纳米材料研究进展

甲烷通过催化裂解反应可生成不含碳氧化合物（CO_x）的高纯氢和碳纳米材料（如碳纤维或碳纳米管等）,对我国能源结构的调整及新材料的应用具有重要意义。与其他制氢工艺相比,甲烷催化裂解制氢工艺具有反应过程简单、产物清洁无污染、反应成本低等优点,因此该工艺具有重要的工业应用前景。本文重点阐述了催化剂（活性组分、催化剂载体、制备方法等）以及反应条件（催化剂还原条件、空速、反应温度等）对甲烷转化率、氢气产率和碳纳米材料（形貌和产量）的影响并对甲烷催化裂解反应机理、催化剂的失活与再生进行了概述。甲烷催化裂解反应目前仍处于实验室研究阶段,高效催化剂的研制以及流化床反应器的优化是该反应实现工业化应用的必要前提。     

玄武岩催化甲烷裂解制 C2 烃

以天然玄武岩为甲烷裂解催化剂,通过XRF、XRD、SEM及XPS对催化剂组成、结构、表面活性物种进行了研究。利用固定床反应装置考察了不同反应温度、空速条件下玄武岩催化甲烷裂解制C_2烃的效果。结果表明,在气体空速为4 L·h-1条件下,当反应温度为1 225 K时,甲烷的转化率为7.66%,C_2烃的选择性为33.64%;当反应温度升至1 325 K时,甲烷的转化率可达17.13%,同时C_2烃的选择性为27.21%。相同温度下,气体空速越大,乙烷的选择性越高,乙炔的选择性越低。催化剂活性因表面积炭的产生而降低,积炭类型为芳烃积炭。     

热解气氛与温度对褐煤半焦“一步法”甲烷化活性的影响

为提高褐煤热解多联产技术中半焦的利用效率,本文提出将低温热解半焦用于"一步法"制甲烷技术,考察了热解条件对半焦性质和一步甲烷化活性的影响。利用管式炉制备了不同气氛和温度的褐煤热解半焦,采用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射技术和固定床反应器,对半焦表面化学、微晶结构和甲烷化活性进行了表征。结果表明,与N2和H2氛围相比,褐煤在水蒸气氛围中进行热解,半焦表面含氧官能团受到保护而含量更高,同时石墨化程度因受阻而降低,甲烷化活性更高;在水蒸气氛围中,773~873K范围内,随着热解温度升高,褐煤裂解反应进行程度加深,半焦表面含氧官能团数量降低,石墨化程度增加,致使甲烷化活性降低。总之,在水蒸气氛围中,773K时热解形成了一步甲烷化反应活性最好的褐煤半焦,对于低阶褐煤热解过程与气化过程优化联产具有重要指导意义。     

半焦炭催化甲烷裂解及动力学特性

在平推流反应器上,考察了非催化和半焦炭催化条件下甲烷裂解.利用气相色谱分析研究了甲烷裂解的规律.结果表明,半焦对甲烷裂解具有明显的催化作用,不同种类的炭催化剂表现出相似的催化活性.半焦炭催化剂条件下,甲烷裂解转化率同时受两方面的影响:一方面甲烷裂解产牛的积炭沉积在半焦表面及孔内,覆盖大部分的活性位,同时堵塞半焦内的孔道阻碍甲烷向半焦孔内扩散,使甲烷的裂解率降低;另一方面甲烷裂解生成的新物种反过来又对甲烷的裂解起催化作用,促进甲烷裂解.研究还表明,半焦中的灰分对甲烷裂解没有明显的作用,甲烷裂解主要受温度控制.采用简单的平推流模型对甲烷热分解动力学参数进行了计算,计算得到甲烷非催化和半焦催化裂解的表观活化能分别为154.02 kJ/mol和82.06 kJ/mol.     

专利信息

一种甲烷催化裂解制氢或氢烷的方法一种甲烷催化裂解制氢或氢烷的方法 ,其特征在于 :甲烷在非氧化条件下催化裂解来生产氢或氢烷 ,反应产品气中只含有甲烷和氢 ;反应条件为 :反应温度 4 0 0～ 70 0℃ ,反应压力为 0 .0 5～ 1ＭＰａ ,甲烷空速为 0 .5～ 5 0ｈ- 1;所用催化剂的主活性组分为Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ中的一种或几种。与传统的制氢方法相比 ,本发明所提供的甲烷制氢、氢烷的方法更经济 ,更方便。公开号　ＣＮ135 0 977Ａ　　公开日　 2 0 0 2 .5 .2 9高硅β沸石及其制备方法一种β沸石 ,ＳｉＯ2 /Ａｌ2 Ｏ3为 6 0～ 80 ,红外酸度 ,总酸…     

水热沉淀法制备Ni-CaO/Al_2O_3复合催化剂工艺条件的考察

为制备具有大比表面积和高金属分散度的复合催化剂,研究了水热沉淀法制备Ni-CaO/Al2O3复合催化剂的工艺条件,实验考察了制备反应温度、尿素溶液溶度和焙烧温度对复合催化剂比表面积和Ni金属分散度的影响。结果表明,反应温度150℃、尿素溶液浓度3 mol/L、焙烧温度500℃时得到的复合催化剂有最大的比表面积134.4 m2/g和最高的Ni金属分散度9.45%。将该条件下制备的复合催化剂应用于固定床反应吸附强化甲烷水蒸气重整过程制氢评价,在0.1 MPa,600℃,H2O/CH4物质的量比为4,体积空速340 h-1条件下,得到氢气浓度为97.5%,甲烷转化率95.3%,均高于文献已报道水平。     

Cu-Mg-Al催化剂催化甲醇裂解制氢的研究

利用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同铜镁铝摩尔比的Cu-Mg-Al催化剂,并用于固定床上甲醇裂解制氢的研究。采用BET、XRD、H_2-TPR和CO_2-TPD等表征手段对催化剂的结构和物化性质进行表征,并分析其对甲醇制氢反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,以1∶2∶1的铜镁铝摩尔比制得的催化剂对甲醇裂解制氢反应具有较高的催化活性,可改善前驱体的结晶度,增大催化剂的比表面积,增强催化剂的可还原性和碱性,从而提高了甲醇裂解制氢的转化率和气体收率,并抑制了液相副产物的生成。使用该催化剂,在压力为1. 0 MPa、反应温度为280℃、体积空速为0. 5 h~(-1)的反应条件下,甲醇的转化率为99. 28%,气体收率为97. 75%,液相副产物质量分数为1. 25%,反应稳定运行180 h后催化剂未发现明显失活。     

生物质焦油裂解催化剂制备及其催化裂解性能

以萘为生物质焦油模型化合物 ,在以白云石为载体制备的 Ni基催化剂上进行了催化裂解实验研究 ,对催化剂的制备技术、活性、积炭失活性能和再生方式进行了实验分析。结果表明 :在 70 0℃的裂解温度、重量空速 0 .8L· h-1的反应条件下 ,萘的单程转化率可达 95 %,以饱和湿空气为再生气流 ,在程序升温的条件下烧碳 ,催化剂再生时间短 (<0 .5 h) ,与同温度的热裂解相比催化裂解更有利于萘的深度裂解 .     

半焦在富含甲烷气体转化制备合成气中的作用

用一个石英玻璃管反应器考察了700℃～1300℃下,半焦对甲烷的水蒸气和二氧化碳重整制备合成气的影响．实验发现,半焦的存在明显提高甲烷的转化率,降低甲烷的开始转化温度．通过对反应前后C原子和H原子的物料恒算,可以得出半焦的重量在甲烷的二氧化碳重整反应过程中几乎没有变化,半焦对重整反应的作用类似于“催化”过程．     

炭催化富CH4气CO2重整制合成气及动力学研究

以UGI煤气发生炉为基础，在实验室设备装置上模拟气化炉上吹阶段，通入模拟混合气制备合成气，开发了一套新的制备合成气工艺。通过实验研究发现，反应温度和半焦粒度对甲烷转化率具有重要影响。加入水蒸气可以提高炭材料催化剂的稳定性和甲烷转化率，这主要是由于加入水蒸气可以气化半焦表面生成的积碳，同时生成新的活性位给甲烷二氧化碳重整反应提供活性，从而促进甲烷和二氧化碳转化。另外，通过对水蒸气条件下富甲烷气二氧化碳重整动力学研究，得到了炭催化富甲烷气二氧化碳重整的表观活化能为199.7 kJ·mol^-1。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。