乳糖/水二元溶液的热历史和塌陷现象分析

该文利用冻干显微镜系统和差示扫描量热法研究乳糖溶液的塌陷现象和热历史的性质,将两种测量结果结合确定冷冻浓缩状态下的玻璃化转化温度Tg′和塌陷温度Tc 的变化规律,以及分析不同降温速率对乳糖溶液Tg′及Tc的影响,观察干燥过程中干燥层出现的缺陷,并分析溶液冻结特性对升华过程的影响,确定塌陷温度Tc 的变化规律。结果表明,由乳糖溶液升温过程的热流-温度曲线中出现低温和高温两个阶梯性转变,冻干显微镜系统测定的Tc 在两个转变之间,确定低温转变为Tg′,且降温速率对Tg′影响较小,过冷度越小冰晶成核率越低,但利于冰晶生长,干燥时效果较好,可以有效促进水分升华。通过研究可知在冻干过程中,降温速率为20 ℃/min 和30 ℃/min 时,干燥效果较好,仅出现裂化现象,其他降温速率均有塌陷出现。     

草莓玻璃化转变温度的DSC测量

在测量溶液的部分玻璃化转变温度时,往往无法直接测得溶液在最大冻结浓缩状态下的部分玻璃化转变温度(Tg’),而是测得部分结晶玻璃化转变温度(Tgf)。本文用差示扫描量热仪,采用不经过退火处理的连续扫描法、分步扫描法对草莓打浆液、榨汁草莓经抽滤的草莓汁液和浓缩掉三分之一水分的浓缩草莓汁进行了玻璃化转变温度的测量。研究发现,用同一种方法测得的三者的玻璃化转变温度相差不大。在-48℃以下退火,玻璃化转变温度随着退火温度的增大而增大,在-48℃以上退火,玻璃化转变温度随着退火温度的增大而减小,并有很好的线性关系,从Tgf确定Tg’的新方法是两侧Tgf的交点对应的温度为Tg’。得到草莓的Tg’为-52.8℃。     

冻干怀山药贮藏条件研究

通过试验获得了冻干怀山药得到在不同温度范围(5℃~35℃)的等温吸湿特性曲,引入了几个典型模型(GAB、BET和Smith模型)来对冻干怀山药的等温吸湿特性进行了模拟,结果表明Smith方程可准确拟合冻干怀山药的水分活度和平衡含水率的关系。使用差示量热扫描仪(DSC)测定了不同含水率条件下怀山药的玻璃化转变温度,Gordon-Taylor方程可较为准确地预测怀山药玻璃化转变温度与含水率的关系。在怀山药的水分活度和玻璃环转变温度构建的状态图指导下,可根据其贮藏温度条件精确选择关键贮藏水分活度和含水率。     

超细纤维合成革玻璃化温度影响因素的探讨

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对超细纤维合成革的各个组分进行测试,探讨了尼龙-6、聚氨酯PU含量和表面活性剂及其它助剂对超细纤维合成革玻璃化温度(Tg)的影响。试验结果表明:尼龙-6对合成革的Tg影响最大,聚氨酯也有一定影响,其它成分影响不明显,研究结果为改善超细纤维合成革的Tg和使用性能,提供一定的理论依据。     

不同变性淀粉对冷冻面团热力学特性的影响

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究4种不同种类变性淀粉对冷冻面团热力学特性(玻璃化转变温度、冰晶融化特性和可冻结水含量)的影响。结果表明,冷冻面团的玻璃化转变温度在-30℃左右,不同变性淀粉对冷冻面团玻璃化转变基本无明显影响;添加5%马铃薯羟丙基淀粉、木薯羟丙基淀粉和木薯醋酸酯淀粉可以显著降低冷冻面团冰晶融化范围,面团中形成的冰晶大小更加均匀;冷冻面团可冻结水含量随着马铃薯醋酸酯淀粉和马铃薯羟丙基淀粉添加量的增加呈降低趋势,添加10%木薯羟丙基淀粉时,面团可冻结水含量显著低于空白组,而木薯醋酸酯淀粉对面团可冻结水含量无显著影响。     

仿真丝共聚酯的合成及性能研究

在常规聚酯(PET)合成过程中加入间苯二甲酸(IPA)、聚乙二醇(PEG)进行共聚改性,制备仿真丝共聚酯(SPET)。探讨了改性剂的加入对共聚酯的熔点(Tm)、特性黏度(ηsp)的影响,用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重分析仪(TGA)分析了SPET及PET的热力学性能和热稳定性。结果表明:与PET相比,SPET的玻璃化温度(Tg)下降,结晶温度(Tc)升高,熔点降低;SPET在350℃以下有良好的热稳定性,但在350℃以上SPET的热失重比PET明显。研究所制备的SPET可以用来制备仿真丝长丝。     

脱脂乳粉非酶褐变影响因素的实验研究

在食品、饮料、营养品、医药等行业广泛涉及非晶态粉体产品,这些粉体产品的非酶褐变,会严重影响产品质量。本文对脱脂乳粉的非酶褐变特性进行了实验研究;考查了水分活度、贮藏温度、储藏时间和玻璃化转变温度等参数对脱脂乳粉非酶褐变的影响。结果表明:随着水分活度、贮藏温度、贮藏时间以及贮藏温度T与脱脂乳粉的玻璃化转变温度Tg间的差值(T-Tg)的增加,脱脂乳粉非酶褐变指数显著增大;脱脂乳粉应在较低水分活度(例如0.3以下)和较低温度(例如40℃以下)下贮藏,以延长其货架寿命。     

DSC和脉冲NMR研究食品的玻璃化和玻璃化转变温度

介绍了食品的玻璃态及玻璃化转变,综合国内外的研究结果,介绍了运用DSC和脉冲核磁共振(PulseNMR)来研究食品体系的玻璃化转变和测定玻璃化转变温度的情况,并列举了一些实际应用的例子。     

醇溶玉米蛋白膜的玻璃态转变及表面结构研究

醇溶玉米蛋白膜的差热分析结果表明其玻璃化转变温度为１７１℃，热分解温度为２６２℃根据热重分析，温度为８１℃时，失重率为２．３％，主要是乙醇及水分子的蒸发，２６２￣３５５℃为产品急剧分解阶段，与差热分析结果相吻合，电镜扫描结果表明高于玻璃化温度的薄膜热处理，能部分修饰表面缺陷，其次还讨论了薄膜形成条件对蛋白膜形态结构的影响。     

乳液聚合物类纺织助剂T_g测试的影响因素探讨

从样品预处理、样品的热历史、取样质量、测试条件(样品盘的类型、升温速率、载气流速)、计算方法、积分范围等各种因素进行了理论分析和试验数据比较,提出了乳液聚合物类纺织助剂玻璃化转变温度(Tg)测试条件的建议,对乳液聚合物类纺织助剂的热分析获得更加精确的结果提供了有效的支持.     

Sorption isotherms and the state diagram for evaluating stability criteria of abalone

Water adsorption isotherms and the state diagram of abalone were developed to further investigate the connection between the two distinct criteria of food stability. The isotherms were measured at 23, 40 and 60 °C using an isopiestic method and they were treated with appropriate models available in the literature. The state diagram was developed using freezing points, as derived by the cooling curve method, and glass transition temperatures were measured by dynamic oscillation on shear. The limited glass transition process of the abalone network necessitated derivation of the mechanical glass transition temperature, since the transition could not be detected using MDSC. Results indicate that there is a considerable discrepancy in the temperature-related stability criteria predicted by the concepts of water activity (a_w) and the glass phenomenon (T_g). In contrast to the progressive deviation between a_w and T_g with increasing molecular weight reported earlier for a homologous family of materials, the effect of rising temperature produces a constant index of comparison between the two concepts.     

Frozen State Transitions in Freeze-Concentrated Lactose-Protein-Cornstarch Systems

Differential scanning calorimetry study of frozen state transitions of mixtures of lactose, proteins, cornstarch, and water revealed that maximum freeze-concentration was achieved by annealing at temperatures T′_m-1. The onsets of glass transition of maximally freeze-concentrated solids, T′_g, were lower and onsets of ice melting, T′_m, were higher for mixtures of proteins and polysaccharide than those of lactose. The established state diagrams showed solids concentrations C′_g, of the maximally freeze-concentrated systems of, 82, 78, 78, 78, and 75% for lactose, lactose/albumin, lactose/gelatin, lactose/cornstarch, and lactose/cornstarch/gelatin solutions, respectively. The state diagrams established with experimental and predicted T_g values are useful in characterization of thermal phenomena and physical state of the systems at various water contents and in the freeze-concentrated state.     

Frozen State Transitions of Sucrose-Protein-Cornstarch Mixtures

ABSTRACT: State transitions of solutions of mixtures of sucrose, albumen, gelatin, and cornstarch were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and state diagrams were established. Maximum freeze concentration was achieved by annealing of solutions at a temperature T'_m of⁻¹°C. The onset temperatures of glass transitions of maximally freeze-concentrated solutes, T'_m, were lower and onset temperatures of ice melting, T'_g, were higher for mixtures of sucrose, proteins, and cornstarch when compared with those of pure sucrose. Solute concentrations in the maximally freeze-concentrated phase, C'_g, were 80% and 81% for sucrose and sucrose/albumin, respectively. The C'_g of sucrose/gelatin, sucrose /cornstarch, and sucrose/cornstarch/gelatin was 76%. The state diagrams established with experimental and predicted T_g values are useful for characterization of thermal phenomena and physical state of carbohydrate-protein mixtures at various water contents.     

基于LFNMR及成像技术分析牛肉贮藏水分含量变化

为研究牛肉贮藏水分含量变化,基于低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)技术测定牛肉横向弛豫时间T₂、峰面积,运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定玻璃化转变温度(T_g)。结果表明,肉样中存在4种不同水分群,-10℃贮藏牛肉T₂明显降低,自由水含量显著下降,在-14、-18、-22℃贮藏牛肉T₂未发生明变化。冷却过程中不易流动水(pT₂₂)前期呈下降趋势,后期较稳定,说明随贮藏时间的延长,不易流动水逐渐转移为自由水。自由水(pT₂₃)先减小后增大后又极显著降低(p<0.01)。通过对牛肉品质指标与核磁共振参数T₂的相关性分析,发现蒸煮损失与T₂₀、T₂₂、pT₂₃显著相关(p<0.05),相关系数分别为0.777、0.745、0.783,因此可根据T₂₂、pT₂₃表征牛肉在贮藏过程中保水性的变化。通过核磁成像实验发现,在-10℃贮藏牛肉,干耗现象严重、肉的保水性差,不利于牛肉的长期贮藏。     

Thiamin Stability in Solids as Affected by the Glass Transition

The stability of thiamin was evaluated in solid polyvinylpyrrolidone model systems as a function of water activity (a_w) and the glass transition. In the glassy state, thiamin degradation rate constants correlated with the glass transition temperature (T_g), decreasing as T_g increased. Above a_w 0.4, rate constants correlated better with a_w rather than T_g. However, rate constants decreased in the rubbery state above a_w 0.4, which could be attributed to glass transition-induced structural collapse. Glass transition effects (mobility considerations, collapse) have a larger effect on thiamin stability than a_w, which should be recognized during the development of fortified food products.     

小麦淀粉老化动力学及玻璃化转变温度

采用差示扫描量热法研究不同温度及储藏时间下小麦淀粉不同组分(小麦总淀粉、小麦A淀粉、小麦B淀粉)的老化动力学及最大冷冻浓缩状态下玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature of the maximally freezeconcentrated state,T_g’)。测定小麦淀粉各组分于-18、-5、4、22℃储藏3~21 d的老化度、T_g’及非冻结水含量。结果表明,不同淀粉组分在-18℃下储藏未发生老化,而在-5、4、22℃条件下储藏会发生老化,且4℃时的老化度最大,22℃时的老化度最小,-5℃时的老化度居两者之间;小麦B淀粉的T_g’比A淀粉的T_g’高。小麦淀粉不同组分老化动力学存在差异,小麦A淀粉的老化度较总淀粉及B淀粉大;非冻结水的含量对不同组分小麦淀粉T_g’有很大影响。     

Effects of Annealing on Freeze-Dried Lactobacillus acidophilus

ABSTRACT: During a fast freeze, the high viscosity of the trehalose-phosphate solution limits ice crystal formation. Annealing of frozen samples at a temperature above T_g increases ice formation and improves the efficacy of subsequent drying processes. By varying the annealing temperature and time, one can dictate the extent of ice crystal formation and resultant residual moisture content in the freeze–dried product. For Lactobacillus acidophilus , the optimal moisture content of 5 wt% results in 30% recovery after 3 mo of storage at 37 °C. The morphology of the freeze-dried product containing 5 wt% moisture showed evidence of localized collapse, but it remains white and readily soluble after storage at 37 °C for 3 mo.     

Physical Aging of Amorphous Fructose

ABSTRACT: Physical aging of amorphous anhydrous fructose at temperature 5 °C and at 22 °C was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dynamic glass transition temperature, T_g0 for unaged samples was 16 °C and 13.3 °C for heating rate of 10 °C/min and 1 °C/min, respectively. The fictive temperature, T_f0 for unaged samples calculated by Richardson and Savill method was 12 °C, which is close to the dynamic value obtained from the lower DSC heating rate. The fictive temperature T_f of the aged fructose glasses at temperatures both below and above the transition region was fitted well by a non-exponential decay function (Williams-Watts form). Aging above the transition region (22 °C) for 18 d increased both the dynamic glass transition temperature T_g and the fictive temperature T_f. However, aging below the transition region (5 °C) for 1 d increased the dynamic glass transition temperature T_g but decreased the fictive temperature T_f.     

Physical Properties, Sensory Attributes, and Consumer Preference of Pear Fruit Leather

ABSTRACT: Pear fruit leathers were prepared by drying a mixture of pear juice concentrate, pectin, corn syrup, and water at 70°C for 8 h. The effects of ingredients on texture, color, microbial growth, moisture content (MC), water activity (a_w), glass transition temperature (T_g), and sensory attributes were investigated. Pectin was the most significant independent variable that affected the properties of interest. This was followed by initial moisture content and corn syrup. Glass transition temperature (T_g) was not useful for predicting microbiological attributes but had strong correlations with instrumental and sensory hardness and chewiness. The results from partial least squares analysis (PLS) indicate instrumental hardness, chewiness, and cohesiveness could be used to predict their corresponding sensory attributes. The consumer liking of pear fruit leather could be increased by raising their fruit aroma, sweetness, tartness, and shininess.     

干燥温度与助剂类型对喷雾干燥桑葚粉理化特性的影响

本文研究了进口、出口温度、助剂类型及其质量分数对喷雾干燥桑葚粉理化特性的影响规律,优化了桑葚汁最适的喷雾干燥参数。结果表明,随着进口温度升高,回收率(R_p)、水分活度(a_w)、水溶性指数(WSI)、总酚含量(TPC)、清除自由基能力逐渐降低;随着出口温度升高,R_p逐渐增加,a_w、TPC、清除自由基能力逐渐降低,而WSI无显著变化。进料溶液中助剂类型和质量分数对桑葚粉理化指标影响显著(P<0.05)。随着菊糖质量分数增加,R_p逐渐降低,a_w逐渐增加、TPC先降低后增加,而WSI无显著变化。随着海藻糖质量分数增加,R_p逐渐降低,a_w、TPC、自由基清除能力逐渐增加,而WSI无显著变化。随着阿拉伯胶质量分数增加,a_w、TPC、自由基清除能力逐渐降低,R_p、WSI逐渐增加。桑葚汁喷雾干燥最适参数为:进口温度130℃、出口温度75℃,桑葚汁:麦芽糊精:乳清分离蛋白:海藻糖固形物质量分数比为65:8.5:1:25.5,此条件下,桑葚粉回收率(59.08%±2.86%),总酚含量(1209.47±40.37)mg GAE/100 g,自由基清除能力(0.62±0.06)mg/mL。