Milling behavior of hulled barley and its thermal and pasting properties

Eight commonly grown Indian hulled barley cultivars were studied for their dehusking, pearling, physico-chemical, β-glucan, pasting and thermal behavior. Milling of the hulled barley at 14% moisture significantly lowered the dehusking and pearling time as compared to milling at 10% moisture content. The extraction rate ranged from 55.05% to 62.35% and significantly (p < 0.05) differed among the cultivars. Particle size distribution of flours was significantly different among the cultivars with flour from RD-2552 and RD-2035 cultivars having the most even particle size distribution. The colour difference (ΔE) was not significantly different among cultivars. The extractable β-glucan content varied from 1.93% to 3.81% among the cultivars and was highest in PL-172. The final pasting viscosity was significantly different among cultivars while the pasting temperature did not vary significantly. The enthalpy (ΔH) of gelatinization of barley flour varied from 4.45 to 7.08 J/g and gelatinization temperature (T_p) varied from 64.23 to 66.26 °C.     

Chemical characterisation and ruminal nutrient degradability of hulled and hull-less oats

The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical and ruminal nutrient degradability characteristics of two hulled (Calibre and AC Mustang) and one hull-less (AC Belmont) oat varieties. Ruminal nutrient degradability characteristics of the oat varieties were determined relative to barley using one ruminally fistulated cow. Neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre levels were higher (P < 0·05) in hulled than hull-less oats. Hulled AC Mustang had higher (P < 0·05) NDF and ADF content than hulled Calibre. Starch content was higher (P < 0·05) in AC Belmont (590 g kg⁻¹) than Calibre (457 g kg⁻¹) and was higher in Calibre than AC Mustang (415 g kg⁻¹). Crude protein was higher (P < 0·05) in hull-less than hulled oat. Both hulled varieties had similar CP content (average 124 g kg⁻¹). Estimated digestible energy value was highest (P < 0·05) for AC Belmont (16·94 MJ kg⁻¹), intermediate for Calibre (14·18 MJ kg⁻¹) and lowest for AC Mustang (13·34 MJ kg⁻¹). Ruminal dry matter and NDF degradability were higher (P < 0·05) in hull-less than barley and was higher in barley than hulled oats. Ruminal starch degradability exceeded 900 g kg⁻¹ for all tested feeds and had the order AC Belmont = barley > Calibre = AC Mustang. It was concluded that oat varieties used in this study varied considerably in their chemical composition and ruminal degradability. When compared with barley, hulled oats had lower while hull-less oats had higher ruminal degradability. © 1998 SCI.     

Preparation and analysis of dietary fibre constituents in whole grain from hulled and hull-less barley

Sixteen different barley samples (7 of which were hull-less; H-L) were milled and subjected to pre-extraction with ethanol and hexane. Water soluble materials (WSM-TP-AI), containing mostly β-glucans, were purified from the hot water extracts by the use of heat-stable amylase. Crude arabinoxylans were extracted by an alkali solution (WUM-B-S) and purified by the use of β-glucanase and amyloglucosidase, giving AX. Finally insoluble fibre residues were obtained (WUM-B-R). GC and NMR analyses revealed no marked quantitative and qualitative differences of β-glucans or the water-soluble arabinoxylans in WSM-TP-AI between the H-L and the hulled (H) varieties. Significant differences among the two barley types were found in the Ara/Xyl ratio of the starting materials as well as the alkali soluble material (WUM-B-S) and the alkali insoluble residue (WUM-B-R). For alkali soluble AX the H samples had the lowest arabinose content. A single-tube preparative isolation procedure for starch-free barley fibre was used. Combined with NMR and GC this is a tool to produce defined fibre fractions for biological testing.     

Anti-oxidant activities of mung bean starch and starch gels prepared from whole and hulled seeds

Anti-oxidant activities of ethanol extracts from whole and hulled mung bean starches (WMS and HMS) isolated using distilled water, and gels (WMSG and HMSG) were investigated. Total chlorophyll contents of WMS and WMSG were 4.61 and 2.14 μg/mL, respectively. WMS at 0.29 mg of gallic acid/g of MS and 0.54 mg of quercetin/g of MS had higher total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents than HMS at 0.11 mg of gallic acid/g of MS and 0.28 mg of quercetin/g of MS. Total phenolic contents of WMSG and HMSG increased by 2.14x and 1.64x, respectively. Total flavonoid contents decreased by 0.98x and 0.57x. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging activities and reducing powers of WMS and WMSG were higher than for HMS and HMSG. Cheongpomuk made using WMS exhibits increased anti-oxidant activities of gels and is a good food for improvement in health functionality.     

Changes in physicochemical properties of organic hulled rice during storage under different conditions

Effects of packaging materials, storage temperatures and time on physicochemical properties of organic hulled red fragrant rice cv. Hom Daeng were investigated. The samples were vacuum-packed in oriented polypropylene/aluminium/linear low-density polyethylene or nylon/linear low-density polyethylene pouches and stored at ambient temperature or 15 °C for up to 12 months. Results from differential scanning calorimetry indicated that onset and peak temperature of gelatinisation of the aged rice samples increased after the 6th month while enthalpy of gelatinisation initially increased and then decreased after the 8th month. Measurements from the Rapid Visco Analyzer revealed that peak viscosity and breakdown of the rice pastes increased within the first 2 months, then decreased after the 6th month, whereas setback gradually increased during storage. Swelling power, at 70 and 90 °C, of the aged samples, tended to decrease after the 4th month. Lower storage temperature retarded those changes while packaging materials did not influence the changes. Changes in thermal and pasting properties of the aged samples were reversed after adding 2-mercaptoethanol. Hence, an increase in disulphide linkages of oryzenin during storage could play a crucial role in altering those properties. Sensory evaluation indicated a significant increase in hardness of the cooked rice prepared from the longer-aged samples (p ? 0.05). However, the cooked rice samples, deriving from the samples stored at ambient temperature for up to 12 months, were still acceptable for Thai consumers.     

Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of some hull less and hulled barley cultivars grown in India

Three hull less and nine hulled barley cultivars were grown during 1995-96 at Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India and were used for chemical analysis such as nutritional and antinutritional parameters. Dolma, a hull less barley cultivar had higher contents of protein, fat, starch, in vitro digestibility of protein and starch, in vitro availability of Ca, Fe and Zn. Hulled cultivar BH-331 showed higher values of phytic acid (925 mg/100 g), polyphenols (625 mg/100 g) and amylase inhibitor activity (169 AIU) which might have contributed towards poor in vitro digestibility of Ca, Fe and Zn. Phytic acid and polyphenols manifested significantly negative correlation with in vitro availability of Ca, Fe and Zn and protein digestibility. Whereas amylase inhibitor activity showed significant and negative correlation (-0.992) only with starch digestibility.     

Dietary fibre fractions in hulled and naked winter oat grain: effects of cultivar and various agronomic factors

The dietary fibre fractions in two winter cultivars each of hulled oats and naked oats grown on three sites under different agronomic conditions in two years were studied. Overall, soluble non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) represented some 540 g kg⁻¹ of total NSP, and this did not vary greatly among cultivars. There was a significant (P < 0.001) positive relationship between total and soluble NSP. Within cultivars there was much greater variability in the concentrations of β‐glucans than in soluble NSP, and overall there was no relationship between the concentrations of the two related fractions. Oat cultivar and factors such as year and site where grown significantly (P < 0.01) affected soluble NSP contents. There were some indications that environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall and sunshine hours may have been responsible for the apparent effects of site and year. On a dehulled basis, traditional hulled cultivars contained significantly (P < 0.05) more β‐glucans than the naked types, and the results suggest that selection of oats for dietary or plant‐breeding purposes should be based on β‐glucan rather than soluble NSP concentrations. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Technical note: In situ ruminal starch disappearance kinetics of hull-less barley,hulled barley,and corn grains

The objective of this study was to compare ruminal starch disappearance rates of hull-less barley, hulled barley, and corn grains. Five different genotypes were used for each of the 2 barley types. In addition, each of these genotypes was grown in 2 different locations and years, resulting 10 independent barley samples for each of the 2 barley grain types. Five different genotypes of corn grain were obtained from a commercial seed company. After being ground to pass through a 4-mm screen of a cutter mill, 3.6 g of each grain was placed into a porous bag, which was then incubated in the rumen of 2 ruminally cannulated cows for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Corn grains had greater instant ruminal starch disappearances than barley grains (22.4 and 8.2%, respectively). Instant ruminal starch disappearances did not differ between hulled and hull-less barley grains. Ruminal starch fractional disappearance rates were greatest for hulled barley grains, moderate for hull-less barley grains, and lowest for corn grains (15.3, 13.9, and 7.1%/h, respectively). Ruminal starch half-life was shortest for hulled and hull-less barley grains (4.4 h) and longest for corn grains (6.6 h). Ruminal starch half-life did not differ between hulled barley and hull-less barley grains. In conclusion, using a holistic experimental design and statistical analysis, this study showed that starch from hull-less barley grains has a ruminal half-life similar to that of hulled barley grains and shorter than that of corn grains.     

Evaluation of In vitro antioxidant properties of roasted hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The antioxidant properties of roasted hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were tested using in vitro assays, including the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Hulled barley was roasted at 0, 170, 210, and 250°C for 20 min. The effects of the aqueous heating time at 100°C from 0 to 60 min and the blending ratio of barley and water from 1:2 to 1:5 in aqueous solutions were evaluated. p-Coumaric and ferulic acid contents were analyzed. The highest antioxidant activities were observed in 250°C roasted samples, although the p-coumaric and ferulic acid contents were high at 210°C. The highest antioxidant capacity in aqueous solution was observed at 60 min of extraction and in samples with a 1:2 blending ratio.     

不同品种皮大麦与裸大麦的营养及功能活性成分差异比较及相关性分析

选取全国具有代表性的5种皮大麦和7种裸大麦,采用国标等检测方法测定灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉和脂肪酸等营养组分,β-葡聚糖、黄酮和多酚等功能活性成分的含量,对比分析皮大麦和裸大麦之间营养组分及功能活性成分的差异,并对营养组分及功能活性成分进行相关性分析。结果表明：皮大麦中的灰分和粗蛋白含量均高于裸大麦,但差异不显著(p>0.05),而粗脂肪含量显著高于裸大麦(p<0.05);皮大麦中的总淀粉、快消化淀粉及抗性淀粉含量均高于裸大麦,慢消化淀粉含量低于裸大麦,但均无显著性差异(p>0.05);皮大麦中除硬脂酸和油酸含量显著(p<0.05)高于裸大麦外,其余脂肪酸含量均无显著性差异(p>0.05)。在功能组分含量方面,皮大麦与裸大麦的多酚、黄酮含量无显著性差异(p>0.05),而β-葡聚糖含量皮大麦显著(p<0.05)低于裸大麦;不同品种大麦,除脂肪酸和淀粉外,主要营养组分和功能活性成分含量之间不具有相关性。     

Effect of feeding corn, hull-less or hulled barley on fermentation by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms

Increased demands for corn grain warrant the evaluation of alternative grain types for ruminant production systems. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hulled and hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays L.) as an alternative grain type on fermentation in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Three continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between 2 feedings) consisting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay pellets (40% of dry matter) and 1) ground corn, 2) hulled barley, or 3) hull-less barley concentrate (60% of dry matter) in each fermentor. Following an adaptation period of 5 d, culture samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on d 6, 7, and 8 of each period for analysis. A second run of the fermentors followed the same treatment sequence to provide replication. Culture pH was reduced with corn (5.55) and did not differ between barley cultivars (average pH 5.89). Total volatile fatty acid concentration and acetate to propionate ratio were not different across grain type or barley cultivar with the exception of greater total volatile fatty acid concentrations with hull-less barley. Corn produced less methane (14.6 mmol/d) and ammonia-N (7.3 mg/100 mL) compared with barley (33.1 mmol/d and 22 mg/100 mL, respectively); methane was greater with hull-less barley but ammonia-N concentration was similar between the 2 barley cultivars. Hull-less barley had greater digestibility compared with hulled barley, and corn had reduced digestibility compared with barley. Concentrations of C18:0 were greater and those of C18:1 and C18:2 lesser in cultures fed hulled and hull-less barley compared with corn. Our data indicate that grain type and barley cultivar have an impact on ruminal fermentation. The lesser starch concentration of barley minimized the drop in culture pH and improved digestibility.     

Detection and quantification of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cow milk by near‐infrared spectroscopy

This work investigated the potential of NIR technology to be applied in the dairy industry for the detection of micro‐organisms. To this end, two types of cow milk samples were studied, one in which only bacterial biomass was considered and the other in which bacteria were cultured and grown in milk for 24 h. The study was carried out using two micro‐organisms Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both types of samples with different counts of both micro‐organisms were analysed by a NIR analyser in the range 10 000–4000 cm^?1 based on transmittance measurements. Multivariate models indicated that a better discrimination between micro‐organisms was attained in those milk samples in which micro‐organisms have been grown.     

Effects of altering total mixed ration conservation method when feeding dry-rolled versus steam-flaked hulled rice on lactation and digestion in dairy cows

We evaluated the effects of different methods of conserving the total mixed ration (TMR) and processing hulled rice (Oryza sativa L.) on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (126 ± 19 d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. The experimental diets used fresh TMR and ensiled TMR containing either dry-rolled (DR) hulled rice or steam-flaked (SF) hulled rice. The fresh TMR was prepared every morning. The ensiled TMR was prepared by baling fresh TMR and then sealing it with a bale wrapper; this was stored outdoors at 10 to 30°C for >4 mo. The method of grain processing did not affect the dry matter (DM) intake. The DM intake tended to be greater for ensiled TMR than for fresh TMR. Apparent total-tract DM digestibility and milk yield were increased by feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR and by replacing DR with SF. An interaction effect between the TMR conservation method and the grain processing method was detected for DM digestibility and milk yield; replacing DR with SF increased the DM digestibility and milk yield in cows fed fresh TMR, but this did not affect the cows fed ensiled TMR. The milk fat and lactose contents did not differ among dietary treatments. The milk protein concentration was higher for the cows fed SF processed hulled rice than those fed DR, but it was not influenced by the TMR conservation method. The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher for the cows fed ensiled TMR compared with those fed fresh TMR, but it was not affected by the grain processing method. The molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased by feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR and by replacing DR with SF. The concentrations of rumen ammonia N and plasma urea N were higher for the cows fed ensiled TMR than fresh TMR and were lower for SF than DR. Feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR increased the cows' urinary N excretion and decreased the retention N. Replacing DR with SF decreased the urinary N excretion, increased the milk N secretion, and then improved the nitrogen efficiency. These results show that feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR has an adverse effect on N utilization, but it increases digestion and milk production. Replacing DR with SF also increases digestion, milk yield, and milk protein content, and the improvement of milk yield by replacing DR with SF was prominent in the cows fed fresh TMR.     

Formation and dispersal of biofilms in dairy substrates

The formation and dispersion of biofilms in the dairy industry is a problem because it increases cross‐contamination, affecting the shelf life of the products and their safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different dairy substrates (cows’ milk and whey protein) on the formation and dispersion of Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in two biofilm systems (mono‐species and multi‐species) on stainless steel at 25 °C. The dominant behaviour of E. faecalis occurred in most of the tests on mono‐species and multi‐species biofilms. A greater dispersion of biofilm cells was observed in skimmed milk.     

Nutritional composition and sensory attributes of Alaskan flatfishes compared to plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)

Proximate composition, fatty acids profiles and other nutritional values were evaluated for fillets of Limanda aspera (yellowfin sole), Lepidopsetta bilineata (southern rock sole) and Lepidopsetta polyxystra (northern rock sole) and compared to North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Additional information is given on the composition of fillets from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias). Plaice (0.8% lipid) and Alaska soles (1.0–1.2% lipid) can be classified as lean species, resulting in low 0.3–0.5 g ∑EPA+DHA/100 g muscle, although the fatty acid profiles of the extracted lipids were characterised by high amount of n‐3 fatty acids (33.2–47.3%). Arrowtooth flounder belong to the medium‐fat species (4.3%). Taurine was the most prevalent free amino acid; mean values ranging between 221 mg100 g^?1 and 247 mg100 g^?1 wet weight. The selenium content varied between 130 and 310 μg kg^?1 ww. Sensory attributes of Southern and Northern rock sole were comparable to plaice.     

Detection of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica,Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. by real‐time multiplex PCR using amplicon DNA melting analysis and probe‐based assay

Syto9 and probe‐based multiplex real‐time PCR assays for simultaneous detection of a group of foodborne pathogens (named SYLC group), targeting Salmonella spp. (invA gene), Yersinia enterocolitica (ystA gene), Listeria monocytogenes (hly gene) and Campylobacter spp. (rrna gene), have been developed. The Syto9 assay generates amplicon DNA melting curve with four peaks of 86.5 ± 0.5, 84 ± 0.5, 81.5 ± 0.5 and 90.5 ± 0.5 °C corresponding Salmonella spp., Y. enterocolitica, L. monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. targets, respectively. The sensitivities of the Syto9 and TaqMan assays in artificially inoculated chicken wing rinses were in a range of 3.2 × 10² to 3.1 × 10⁴ and 9.8 × 10² to 1.9 × 10⁴ colony‐forming units per millilitre, respectively, depending on the pathogen. All tested target strains (n = 100) were correctly detected by the both assays, whereas nontarget strains (n = 100) demonstrated no cross‐reactivity representing 100% specificity. The assays are suitable for application in qualitative and quantitative detection of SYLC group pathogens in food matrices.