主子阵约束下矩阵方程AX=B的对称最小二乘解

本文主要讨论主子阵约束下矩阵方程AX=B的对称最小二乘解．基于投影定理,巧妙的把最小二乘问题转化为等式问题求解,并利用奇异值分解的方法,给出了该对称最小二乘解的一般表达式．此外,文章还考虑了此对称最小二乘解集合对任一给定矩阵的最佳逼近问题,得到了最佳逼近解,并给出了相应的算法步骤和数值例子．     

超声逆散射成像方法研究

在研究奇异值分解、最小二乘法的基础上,采用空间域方法研究超声逆散射成像问题。通过脉冲基和点匹配的方法将泛函方程转换为代数方程,运用迭代算法解决方程的非线性问题。利用Picard准则判断方程的不适定程度,并采用均值处理和截断奇异值分解正则化2种方法对方程进行求解。实验结果证明,该方法可以较好地滤除噪声,提高重建图像的质量和可信度,减少迭代过程中的计算量。     

半奇异值算法的推导及其应用

奇异值分解是将一矩阵分解为一个对角矩阵和两个正交矩阵,奇异值分解有着非常好的性质。但在其部分应用中,如秩亏损的最小二乘问题,线性方程组的最小范数解中,并没有充分利用它的所有性质。提出了半奇异值分解A=USR,其中U为正交矩阵,S为对角矩阵,R为上三角矩阵。在经过文中所述的后期数学处理后,它能够非常好地利用在各个方面,比如最小二乘问题和线性方程组中。这种分解不仅保留了奇异值分解后所应有的性质,更大大地降低了计算复杂度。因为该算法有求极值的能力,所以它将在应用领域中发挥更大的作用。     

相关数据集的最小二乘处理方法

数据的最小二乘处理可以归结为求解线性方程组Ａｘ＝ｂ，不论在何种情形下（常定，超定或欠定），它都有最小二乘意义下的最优解．这要求数据矩阵Ａ的相关矩阵的逆矩阵存在，即欠定增况下的ＡＡＴ或超定情况下的ＡＴＡ是满秩的．对于降秩的ＡＡＴ或ＡＴＡ的情况，文中提出用奇异值分解的方法求其矩阵伪逆，使数据的最小二乘处理适应于相关数据集的处理．同直接对数据矩阵Ａ进行奇异值分解求ＡＸ＝ｂ的最小二乘解相比，本文提出的方法只需对阶数较低的对称方阵进行分解，可在微机上实现高维数据的处理．     

图像恢复的正则化混合GMRES(m)方法

为了充分利用广义极小化残量方法在处理大规模线性问题时的优势,将其同正则化技术相结合应用于图像恢复领域,提出了一种新的图像恢复方法。该方法基于Arnoldi过程,用一系列规模远小于原不适定问题的最小二乘问题来逼近原问题,并应用截断奇异值分解正则化技术保证稳定求解这些最小二乘问题。其中,根据图像恢复问题的具体特点,在确定截断奇异值分解的截断次数时,对传统的L-曲线准则进行了少许修改。数值试验结果表明,试验数据与肉眼观察恢复图像的清晰程度相吻合,说明新方法是有效的。     

从运动中恢复目标结构的改进因子分解法

因子分解法是从图像序列中恢复刚体目标几何结构的重要方法。针对传统因子分解法基本过程中存在的不足,及其容易失效的缺点,提出一种改进的因子分解法。该方法避开传统方法中求解修正矩阵的复杂过程,利用旋转矩阵的特性,直接修正由传统方法奇异值分解(SVD)得到的每帧图像的旋转矩阵,然后根据观测矩阵和得到的旋转矩阵,直接利用线性最小二乘法求解目标的结构矩阵。仿真和实测数据的实验结果表明,本文方法能够有效地从序列图像中恢复目标的几何结构,相比传统因子分解法,在稳定性上有较大的提升。     

二值分解压缩和Consensus算法

奇异值分解(SVD)是一种流行的用于高维数据压缩的方法,二值分解是奇异值分解的一种简化形式.实现二值分解的主要算法有两种:迭代启发式算法和贪婪算法.但这两种算法都不是很理想的算法:迭代启发式算法在很多情况下不能保证收敛性,贪婪算法不满足大型数值矩阵分解的需要.采用了一种新的算法来实现二值分解:Consensus的算法.Consensus算法可在渐进多项式时间内找到一般图中的极大二分团.对于某些二分图,该算法的复杂度是多项式时间的.实验结果表明,当迭代启发式算法不起作用时,Consensus算法是一种很好的求解二值分解的方法.该算法远比贪婪算法的效率高,且具有稳定收敛性.     

求解非线性最小二乘问题的实用型方法

１．引言对于非线性最小二乘问题其中,为残差向量且,这里是指通常意义下的范数,即二范数．目标函数的梯度和Ｈｅｓｓｅ矩阵为其中　矩阵, 求解非线性最小二乘问题（１．１）的最基本方法是Ｇａｕｓｓ－Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ法,迭代格式为其中ｄｋ为线性方程组的解,这． 当人为满秩矩阵时,线性方程组（１．５）有唯一解,即并且有如下不等式：其中　是矩阵　的最小特征值．当　人接近奇异时,因此有可能存在着 ｄｋ,使得,即某一步迭代的步长太大,导致 Ｇａｕｓｓ－Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ法迭代失败． 另外,当　为奇异矩阵时,线性方程组（１．５）…     

多视三角化的迭代算法

多视三角化是在给定测量点对应和摄像机投影矩阵的情况下,求解相应的空间点的过程.由于测量点存在测量误差,所以只能求解在某种准则下的最优空间点.文中提出一种新的优化准则:在空间平面矩阵最小奇异值为0的约束下最小化估计点到测量点的L2-范数距离.在此基础上,采用该准则约束的Sampson近似得到一种简单的迭代求解方法;通过空间平面矩阵最小奇异值单调递减的条件和共轭梯度方法得到另一种收敛性更好的迭代算法.实验结果表明,这2种迭代算法不仅迭代次数及运算时间明显少于黄金标准算法,而且能得到基本相同的计算精度.     

混合总体最小二乘的迭代解算算法

总体最小二乘估计能够同时顾及线性模型中系数矩阵[WTHX]A和观测向量L的 误差,平差理论相对更为严密。如果系数矩阵[WTHX]A[WTBZ]的部分元素没有误差,这种总体最小二乘模 型为混合总体最小二乘模型。针对混合总体最小二乘(Least squares total least squares, LS TLS)解算问题,应用测量平差中 的 原理和方法,推导了混合总体最小二乘的迭代逼近解算公式,通过与奇异值分解法分析比较 ,分析了两种解算方法具有等价性,最后通过实验数据分析得出迭代算法的有效性 和合理性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。