青稞淀粉和小麦淀粉的理化性质比较研究

研究了青稞淀粉的理化性质,包括淀粉的颗粒形态、粒度分布及淀粉糊透明度、溶解度、膨胀力和糊化特性,并与小麦淀粉性质进行比较。结果表明:青稞淀粉颗粒的平均粒径大于小麦淀粉颗粒的平均粒径,青稞淀粉颗粒大小和形状分布均匀;青稞淀粉糊透明度大于小麦淀粉糊,但在储藏过程中,青稞淀粉糊透光率变化显著;青稞淀粉的溶解度和膨胀力均大于小麦淀粉糊,这与小麦淀粉中小颗粒淀粉含量较多有关;与小麦淀粉的糊化相比,青稞淀粉成糊温度低,糊化容易,但峰值黏度低,衰减值大,热糊稳定性差,回生值大,冷糊稳定性差,易老化。     

不同品种绿豆淀粉的功能特性比较研究

以9个品种绿豆淀粉为研究对象,研究了绿豆淀粉的化学组成及糊化特性、溶解度、膨胀度和冻融稳定性等功能特性,并分析了直链淀粉含量与功能特性的相关性。结果表明,不同品种绿豆淀粉直链淀粉含量不同,其分布范围为33.10%~44.08%;不同品种淀粉糊化特性参数间有明显差异;潍绿4号和中绿1号绿豆淀粉峰值粘度显著高于其他品种(p0.05),安绿8号具有最低破损值(p0.05),毛绿豆和安绿092具有较低的回生值。绿豆淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度与温度有关,均随温度的增加而增大。不同品种绿豆淀粉糊经一次冻融后析水率均较高,随冻融循环次数的增加,析水率均逐渐增大。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量与淀粉糊的最终粘度和回生值之间存在显著正相关(r=0.674,r=0.725;p0.05),与膨胀度之间具有极显著负相关关系(r=-0.805,p0.01)。     

碱法提取青稞淀粉的理化性质研究

青稞是我国青藏高原地区特有的谷物资源,营养全面且富含功能性物质。本文利用碱法提取青稞淀粉,研究青稞淀粉的物理化学性质。结果表明:青稞淀粉颗粒光滑,大小分布均匀,其淀粉糊黏度随淀粉含量的增大而增大,随温度的上升、加热时间的延长而下降,受pH值的影响无规律性。在相同含量下,青稞淀粉的透光率大于小麦淀粉,并且具有更强的冻融稳定性;青稞淀粉的溶解度及膨胀度随温度的上升而变大。     

8个品种甘薯淀粉的理化性质及其相关性分析

以8个品种甘薯淀粉为研究对象,研究了甘薯淀粉的颗粒形态、粒径大小和结晶特性等结构特性,糊化特性、凝胶质构、溶解度、膨胀度和冻融稳定性等功能特性,并分析了甘薯淀粉结构与功能特性间的相关性。结果表明,不同品种甘薯淀粉的直链淀粉含量不同,其颗粒形态在不同品种间没有明显差异,均具有典型的A型衍射图谱;淀粉粒径大小和糊化参数在不同品种间差异明显。甘薯淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度与温度有关,均随温度的上升而增大。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量与回生值、硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、析水率均呈显著正相关（r=0.807,0.721,0.722,0.734,0.803,P<0.05）,与凝胶回复性呈显著负相关（r=-0.832,P<0.05）。平均粒径与内聚性、膨胀度呈显著负相关（r=-0.762,-0.775,P<0.05）。此外,甘薯淀粉糊的回生值与凝胶硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,而与内聚性呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。本研究结果可为甘薯淀粉的精深加工和具体应用领域的甘薯淀粉选择提供一定的科学依据。     

粳性和糯性糜子淀粉的理化性质

为揭示粳性、糯性糜子淀粉的理化特性及其差异,本文选用2个粳性糜子、2个糯性糜子品种为试验材料,以玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉为对照,研究比较了其淀粉的颗粒形态与大小、晶体结构、直链淀粉含量、透明度、冻融稳定性等理化性质。结果表明：粳性、糯性糜子淀粉颗粒形态均呈棱角圆滑的多面体形或球形,平均粒径分别为7.18 μm、6.04 μm,结晶构型均为A型;粳性糜子淀粉直链淀粉含量、冻融析水率高于糯性糜子淀粉,而透光率较低;粳性、糯性糜子淀粉的溶解度与膨胀度均随温度升高而增大,前者的溶解度、膨胀度较低;粳性糜子淀粉破损值低,热糊稳定性好,而糯性糜子淀粉的回生值低,冷糊稳定性好。因此,糜子淀粉可作为一种新型的淀粉资源应用于不同领域。     

粳性和糯性糜子淀粉的理化性质

为揭示粳性、糯性糜子淀粉的理化特性及其差异,选用2个粳性糜子、2个糯性糜子品种为试验材料,以玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉为对照,比较了其淀粉的颗粒形态与大小、晶体结构、直链淀粉含量、透明度、冻融稳定性等理化性质。结果表明,粳性、糯性糜子淀粉颗粒形态均呈棱角圆滑的多面体形或球形,平均粒径分别为7.18、6.04μm,结晶构型均为A型;粳性糜子淀粉直链淀粉含量、冻融析水率高于糯性糜子淀粉,而透光率较低;粳性、糯性糜子淀粉的溶解度与膨胀度均随温度升高而增大,前者的溶解度、膨胀度较低;粳性糜子淀粉破损值低,热糊稳定性好,而糯性糜子淀粉的回生值低,冷糊稳定性好。因此,糜子淀粉可作为一种新型的淀粉资源应用于不同领域。     

山西不同品种谷子淀粉的理化特性研究

从谷子主产区山西省选取8个具有代表性的谷子栽培品种作为供试材料,分析研究了其淀粉的颗粒形态及粒径大小、直链淀粉含量、碘蓝值与淀粉糊的透光率、冻融稳定性、糊化特性、溶解度与膨胀度及凝沉特性等理化性状。结果表明：小米淀粉颗粒均为单粒,外形规整,多数为多角形,少数为卵圆形,具有清晰可见的偏光十字,不同品种间淀粉颗粒形态差异明显。小米淀粉小颗粒的粒径为0.42~2.25 μm,大颗粒的粒径为3.42~29.26 μm,小米淀粉的粒径分布特征呈现出“三峰”型。8个品种的直链淀粉含量变幅为2.22~17.96%,碘蓝值变幅为0.586~0.872,透光率变幅为2.4~29.2%,析水率变幅为3.67~49.85%,糊化温度变幅为67.6~78.8 ℃,各品种间具有显著差异。此外,各品种淀粉的糊化特性、溶解度、膨胀势及淀粉糊的凝沉特性也有着明显的差异。因此,应根据不同的加工目的采用相适宜的品种。     

不同粉路中的小麦粉及其淀粉性质测定

研究了1T下、3M下、1Sf小麦粉及其淀粉的性质,测定了其淀粉、蛋白质、灰分、水分以及直链淀粉的含量,并对淀粉的粒径分布、溶解度和膨润力以及淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性等特性进行了分析。实验结果表明:在小麦胚乳结构中,越接近麦心的部位,淀粉和直链淀粉含量越高,水分和蛋白质含量越低,灰分的差异不大;淀粉颗粒的大小顺序为3M下>1Sf>1T下,粒径呈正态分布;小麦淀粉随温度的升高,溶解度增大,膨润力上升;小麦淀粉糊的透明度较高,冻融稳定性较差。     

超声波处理对青稞淀粉理化特性的影响

为研究超声波作用对青稞淀粉理化特性的影响,本试验利用超声波（100W~500W）对青稞淀粉进行处理,结果表明：首先,超声波对青稞淀粉颗粒结构有损伤作用,随着超声功率的增大,淀粉颗粒表层结晶结构被破坏程度逐渐加深,最终淀粉颗粒被冲击成片状。同时淀粉的溶解度、膨胀力、淀粉糊透明度随超声功率的增强先增大后降低,在功率100W处有较大透明度,当超声功率≧400W时,青稞淀粉膨润力明显下降。其次青稞淀粉糊化特性受超声波影响,与原淀粉相比,随着超声功率的增加,青稞淀粉峰值黏度、谷黏度、崩溃值、最终粘度、回生值显著性降低（P<0.01）;最后发现超声波处理后青稞淀粉未能产生新的基团,但某些吸收峰强度因处理强度不同有显著差异。随着超声功率的增强,青稞淀粉糊化起始温度（To）、峰值温度（Tp）、终了温度（Tc）与原淀粉相比都有所升高,其中青稞淀粉的糊化起始温度极显著增高（P<0.01）,而淀粉峰值温度与Tc-To呈阶梯型变化。     

怀山药淀粉性质研究

以怀山药为原料,采用石灰水浸泡工艺提取怀山药淀粉,对怀山药淀粉的颗粒形貌、偏光十字、溶解度、膨胀度、透明度、凝沉性、糊化温度、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量进行了研究,结果表明:怀山药淀粉的颗粒外形大都是圆形或者椭圆形,偏光十字比较明显;怀山药淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、透明度比玉米淀粉高,比马铃薯淀粉低;怀山药淀粉糊的凝沉较快;怀山药淀粉的糊化温度为61~75℃,不易糊化;怀山药淀粉的直链淀粉含量为24.18%;淀粉乳浓度、温度、pH对怀山药淀粉的黏度都有影响,怀山药淀粉抗碱能力较强。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.