基于类自适应高斯 马尔可夫随机场模型和EM算法的MR图像分割

高斯马尔可夫随机场模型既利用了图像像素的灰度信息,又通过像素类别标记的Gibbs光滑先验概率引入了图像的空间信息,是能较好地分割含有噪声图像的模型,然而,Gibbs惩罚因子β的确定却一直是个难点,为获得好的分割效果,通常用多个β值人工尝试。本文针对此问题,提出了一种新的、简单的、类自适应的惩罚因子β,其利用后验概率来自动计算,并具有各类各向异性。再将模型利用EMMAP算法来迭代求解。最后,将该算法应用于MR图像的分割,实验结果表明,该算法能自适应地、有效地分割噪声图像,并具有较高的正确分类     

基于互信息熵差测度和Gauss-Markov随机场模型的医学图像分割

图像分割类数的确定一直是个难点,基于互信息熵差测度进行图像分割类数的确定,较好地解决了该问题.互信息熵差描述了随着分割类数增加时分割图像和原图像互信息量的增加程度,其作为一种类数确定测度时,可认为取得了一种分割类数与分割图像中所包含信息量的平衡,以此提出了分割类数确定的判别规则.在分割算法方面,Gauss-Markov模型既利用了图像的灰度信息,又通过Gibbs先验概率引入了图像的空间信息,能较好地用于分割含噪声的图像.然而,Gibbs惩罚因子β的确定却一直是个难点,为获得好的分割效果,通常用多个β值人工尝试.针对此问题,提出了一种类自适应的惩罚因子β,其利用后验概率来自动计算,并具有各类各向异性.再将模型利用EM-MAP算法来迭代求解.最后,将算法应用于医学图像的分割,实验表明该算法具有满意的分割效果.     

基于自适应滤波的快速广义模糊C均值聚类图像分割

快速广义模糊C均值聚类(FGFCM)在对高噪声图像进行聚类分割时,噪声容易导致聚类中心发生偏移,影响图像分割结果.为此,文中提出基于自适应滤波的快速广义模糊C均值聚类算法,用于图像分割.首先根据非局部像素的噪声概率自适应确定参数平衡因子,更准确地反映图像包含的空间结构信息.然后利用该平衡因子有效结合FGFCM中的线性加权和滤波图像与原始图像的中值滤波图像,由于得到的自适应滤波图像根据图像中像素为噪声的概率自适应确定滤波程度,因此可以提高算法对噪声的动态抑制能力.实验表明,相比模糊C均值聚类和FGFCM,文中算法在对噪声含量较高的图像进行聚类分割时,可以得到更准确的结果.     

一种自适应的模糊C均值聚类图像分割方法

针对传统的模糊C均值聚类算法(FCM)在图像分割中对噪声十分敏感这一局限性,提出一种自适应的FCM图像分割方法。该方法充分考虑图像像素的灰度信息和空间信息,根据像素的空间位置自适应地计算一个合适的相似度距离来进行聚类分割图像。实验结果表明,与传统的FCM相比,该方法能显著提高分割质量,尤其是能提高对于图像噪声的鲁棒性和分割图像区域边缘的准确性。     

基于图像片马尔科夫随机场的脑MR图像分割算法

传统的高斯混合模型（Gaussian mixture model,GMM）算法在图像分割中未考虑像素的空间信息,导致其对于噪声十分敏感.马尔科 夫随机场（Markov random field,MRF）模型通过像素类别标记的Gibbs分布先验概率引入了图像的空间信息,能较好地分割含有噪声的图 像,然而MRF模型的分割结果容易出现过平滑现象.为了解决上述缺陷,提出了一种新的基于图像片权重方法的马 尔科夫随机场图像分割模型,对邻域内的不同图像片根据相似度赋予不同的权重,使其在克服噪声影响的同时能 保持图像细节信息.同时,采用KL距离引入先验概率与后验概率关于熵的惩罚项,并对该惩罚项进行平滑,得到 最终的分割结果.实验结果表明,算法具有较强的自适应性,能够有效克服噪声对于分割结果的影响,并获得较高的分割精度.     

基于局部区域能量最小化模型的图像分割

在马尔可夫随机场(MRF)和概率理论的基础上,提出局部区域能量最小化模型,将传统基于像素的分割转化为基于区域的分割,能减小均匀区域中的误分类率。在该模型和MRF模型下,使用ICM算法、Gibbs采样算法、Metropolis采样算法对图像进行分割,结果表明该模型能取得更精确的分割结果,可有效拟制图像噪音和纹理对分割的影响。     

基于全变分模型的自适应FCM图像分割

针对模糊C均值(FCM)算法对噪声敏感的缺点,在FCM目标函数中引入全变分惩罚函数,提出一种基于全变分模型的FCM图像分割方法。该方法根据图像的纹理变化,自适应调整图像保真项的惩罚因子,同时在考虑分割代价的情况下,使迭代循环过程中的图像噪声得到平滑。实验结果表明,该方法能提高图像的分割效果,有效解决噪声抑制与精确分割之间的矛盾。     

自适应灰度加权的鲁棒模糊C均值图像分割

针对传统模糊C均值(fuzzy C-means,FCM)算法以及结合空间信息的相关改进算法分割精度较低、对噪声敏感的问题,提出一种自适应灰度加权的鲁棒模糊C均值图像分割算法。首先,通过定义像素间的局部灰度相似性测度来反映各像素对局部邻域的影响程度,并根据邻域窗口中各像素的灰度差异,利用指数函数进一步控制邻域像素的影响权重,实现像素灰度的自适应加权,从而提高像素灰度计算的准确性。其次,构造出一种改进的距离测度代替传统的欧氏距离,用于计算各像素与聚类中心之间的相似距离,增强算法对噪声和异常值的鲁棒性。最后,将提出的自适应灰度加权方法与改进的距离测度应用到FCM算法中,实现图像分割。实验结果表明,该算法需根据图像噪声的强度适当地选取邻域窗口大小,在此条件下算法能够取得较优的分割效果和运行效率,且对噪声具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于Gibbs场与模糊C均值聚类的脑MR图像分割

模糊C均值聚类是一种经典的非监督聚类模型,已成功用于很多领域。但该算法对图像噪声比较敏感。为此,利用Gibbs理论和图像结构信息构造各向异性Gibbs随机场,并将其引入到FCM框架中,完善其分类效果,使其在克服噪声影响的同时还能够保持细长拓扑结构区域信息以及角点区域信息。应用于脑MR图像分割,实验表明新算法可以得到较好的分类结果。     

基于自适应空间邻域信息高斯混合模型的图像分割

针对高斯混合模型用于图像分割时仅利用了像素的灰度信息,而忽视空间位置信息,导致在噪声区域和边界处有误分割现象,提出一种自适应空间邻域信息高斯混合模型的图像分割法.该方法定义了一个能够有力抑制噪声点、很好保留边界特性的自适应空间邻域信息函数.在此基础上,设计了每个像素由某个类生成的邻域信息加权概率,并证明了该加权概率满足归一性和空间连续性2个准则;最后,利用EM优化算法给出模型参数E步和M步迭代求解公式.通过人工合成图像与真实图像的实验表明,该方法具有满意的分割效果.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。