多单体固相接枝聚丙烯

用乙醚作分散剂,将接枝单体和引发剂均匀分布到聚丙烯(PP)粒子表面,改善相间传质;以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,用固相接枝方法制备了丙烯酸丁酯(BA)-马来酸酐(MAH)-苯乙烯(St)接枝PP。考察了接枝单体用量、引发剂用量、反应温度及时间、界面剂用量等对接枝的影响,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热重分析仪和扫描电子显微镜等对接枝产物进行了表征。结果表明:使用分散剂消除了普通固相反应出现的结块现象,接枝单体分布比较均匀;PP为20.0 g时,n(BA)/n(MAH)/n(St)为2:1:1,接枝单体质量分数为6%,引发剂质量分数为0.3%,在80℃反应1.5 h,得到了接枝率为3.48%的接枝产物;产物的拉伸强度没有变化,但极性和热稳定性得到提高。     

木质素阳离子乳化剂的制备及其表面活性

先用环氧氯丙烷和三乙胺反应制备环氧丙基三乙基氯化铵中间体,再与木质素反应制得木质素季铵盐。中间体制备条件是温度45～50℃,时间3h,n(三乙胺)/n(环氧氯丙烷)=1～1 1。木质素季铵盐制备条件为温度50～55℃,时间2h,n(木质素)/n(中间体)=0 6～0 8,pH>10 5。产物的表面活性测定表明,不同接枝率的木质素季铵盐降低水溶液表面张力的能力相差不大,最低表面张力约为40mN/m。     

降解木质素环氧树脂的合成和性能研究

以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([BMIm]Cl)为溶剂,利用盐酸对木质素进行催化降解,得到降解木质素(DLG),然后将降解木质素与环氧氯丙烷(ECH)进行反应合成木质素基环氧树脂(LGEP)。利用SEM、TGA和FT-IR对样品进行表征分析,盐酸-丙酮法测定环氧树脂的环氧值,并通过正交试验得出环氧树脂的最佳合成条件。结果表明:木质素降解后粒径减小,羟基含量明显增加,热稳定性提高,且通过降解木质素有效合成了环氧树脂。环氧树脂的最佳合成条件为:m(ECH)/m(DLG)=3.5∶1,m(Na OH)/m(DLG)=1∶1,反应时间5 h,反应温度90℃;最佳条件下,环氧值最高为3.76 mmol/g。环氧树脂固化后的性能测试表明,固化剂的质量分数为50%时,环氧树脂的黏接剪切强度最高为9.6 MPa。     

高柔韧性低相对分子质量聚酰胺的合成及性能研究

以二乙二醇二(3-氨基丙基)醚(AM)和二聚酸(YD-29A)为原料,合成了高柔韧性低Mr(相对分子质量)的PA(聚酰胺);然后以此为EP(环氧树脂)的固化剂,并着重探讨了原料配比及反应条件对PA固化剂胺值和黏度的影响。研究结果表明:当n(—NH_2)/n(—COOH)=3.5、缩合反应温度为200~℃和反应时间为5 h时,PA的黏度为960 m Pa·s、胺值为236 mg/g;当m(EP)∶m(PA)=100∶80时,EP/PA固化体系的拉伸强度为25.1 MPa、断裂伸长率为51%,并且其热稳定性(玻璃化转变温度为42~55~℃)和柔韧性较好。     

Gemini型磺基琥珀酸酯盐表面活性剂的合成与性能

采用非外加相转移催化剂的方法合成了Gemini型磺基琥珀酸酯盐表面活性剂,得到较佳工艺条件为:n(顺酐):n(乙二醇)=2.05∶1、于70℃下单酯化反应2.0h,可得到酯化率约95%的单酯化产物;n(顺酐)∶n(己醇)=1.15∶1,160℃条件下双酯化反应40min,可得到酯化率约95%的双酯化产物:n(NaHSO3):n(顺酐)=1.05∶1,反应温度110℃下反应2.5h,可得到磺化率96%的目标产物。测定了Gemini型表面活性剂的表面性能,并与十二烷基硫酸钠和十二烷基苯磺酸钠的性能进行了比较,结果显示:其临界胶束浓度为0.8mmol/L、表面张力为25.7mN/m,渗透性能、去污力较佳,是一种较为理想的表面活性剂。     

用单管式试验装置研究酯化工艺的影响因素

模拟工业实际生产,在单管试验装置上,研究了不同工艺条件(浆料的n(EG)/n(PTA),反应温度,循环比,反应压力),对PTA直接酯化反应酯化率和副产物乙醛、二甘醇生成的影响。试验表明:调整工艺参数,降低n(EG)/n(PTA)(由2.0降至1.8)、反应温度由285℃降至281.5℃、适当增加循环比,既节约能源又降低单耗。     

脂肪醇多元酸酯的合成工艺研究

以SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2为催化剂,进行偏苯三酸酐和异十三醇的酯化反应,合成了其脂肪醇多元酸酯。考察了催化剂的选择、催化剂用量、醇酸配比、反应温度、反应时间等条件对酯化反应的影响。优化合成条件为:以SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2为催化剂,n(多元酸)∶n(脂肪醇)=1.0∶3.5,催化剂用量为总反应物质量的0.20%,200℃回流反应6 h。优化条件下,酯化率在99.5%以上。     

接枝聚氨酯/环氧树脂/丙烯酸酯互穿网络聚合物的制备与性能

采用分步法制备了接枝聚氨酯(PU)/环氧树脂(EP)/丙烯酸酯(PA)互穿网络聚合物(IPNs),研究了不同接枝程度对聚合物热性能、动态性能以及黏接性能的影响。结果表明,PA与PU、EP互穿网络形成了接枝结构;热重分析(TGA)结果证实接枝IPNs的热稳定性明显优于非接枝IPNs;动态力学分析(DMA)显示,接枝能够使材料的相容性改善;黏接强度测试显示,当丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)质量分数为3%时,材料的T型剥离强度达到极大值4.6kN/m。     

油酸缩水甘油酯及其改性胺的制备研究

采用羧酸-环氧氯丙烷酯化、闭环二步法合成油酸缩水甘油酯,其最佳合成工艺条件为:w(催化剂)=2%(相对于油酸质量而言),酯化反应温度90℃,n(油酸)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)=1.0∶3.5,环化反应温度70~75℃,Na OH浓度23%,n(油酸)∶n(Na OH)=1.0∶2.0,环化反应时间4 h。将制得的缩水甘油酯与异佛尔酮二胺进行胺化反应得到改性胺固化剂,其与环氧树脂618固化产物的冲击强度为18.6 k J/m~2,体现出优良的增韧效果。     

棕榈酸1,4-丁二醇二酯的合成

在棕榈酸/十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)/水微乳液中,研究了DBSA催化下棕榈酸和1,4-丁二醇的酯化反应,合成了标题化合物.考察了物料配比、酯化时间、酯化温度和催化剂用量对酯化率的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件,在n(1,4-丁二醇)∶n(棕榈酸)=5∶1,酯化时间2.5 h,酯化温度70 ℃,DBSA的用量为棕榈酸物质的量的3%时,酯化率最高可达90.86%.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。