锑掺杂氧化锡纳米粉体的制备研究

以五水氯化锡和三氯化锑乙醇溶液为原料制备得到前驱体锑掺杂氢氧化锡胶体沉淀,采用乙酸异戊酯共沸干燥法对前驱体进行干燥;用XRD,TEM,IR,BET等方法对粉体的物相、形貌、分散性和比表面积进行表征.结果表明,乙酸异戊酯干燥所得的锑掺杂氢氧化锡微粉经热处理后得到了团聚少、分散性好、晶体颗粒小、粒度均匀的锑掺杂氧化锡纳米粉体.     

水热法合成ATO纳米粉体的研究

以SnCl4·5H2O和SbCl3为锡源和锑源,采用水热法制备锑掺杂氧化锡（ATO）纳米粉体,分析了锑掺杂量、水热时间、水热温度对ATO纳米粉体的影响。研究结果表明：在180℃的温度下水热反应16 h后,Sb元素全部固溶进SnO2的晶格,且分布比较均匀,ATO颗粒径在10 nm左右;粉体的晶粒径随锑掺杂量的增加而逐渐减小,但随水热时间的延长而逐渐增大;随着水热温度的升高,所得粉体由无定形向晶形转变,粉体的结晶性变好。     

多层陶瓷电容器用(Ba,Sr,Cd)TiO3纳米粉体的制备

用溶胶-凝胶法,在乙醇溶液中以BaAc2、Sr(NO3)2、Cd(NO3)2、Ti(OC4H9)4,冰醋酸为原料制备了多层陶瓷电容器用(Ba0.7Sr0.25Cd0.05)TiO3(BSCT)纳米粉体.用热重-差示扫描量热法分析研究了由前驱体干凝胶形成纳米BSCT粉体的加热过程.用X射线衍射、比表面积测定等研究了加水量和热处理温度对BSCT纳米粉体的颗粒尺寸、物相组成和比表面积的影响.研究了凝胶温度对凝胶时间的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了纳米BSCT粉体的形貌和颗粒尺寸.探讨了加水量、凝胶化温度和热处理温度对BSCT纳米粉体制备的影响机制.结果表明:随着加水量的增大,BSCT粉体的颗粒尺寸由大变小而后又变大,在0.015molTi(OC4H9)4中加水量为40mL时所制得的BSCT粉体的颗粒尺寸最小.随着凝胶化温度的升高,凝胶时间减少.随着热处理温度的升高,BSCT粉体的颗粒尺寸变大,比表面积减小,主晶相量增多,结晶度提高.BSCT纳米粉体制备的最佳工艺条件是:0.015molTi(OC4H9)4中加水量为40mL,pH值为3～4,凝胶化温度是65℃,热处理温度为950℃.所得到的BSCT粉体的主晶相为钙钛矿结构,其颗粒分散性好,颗粒尺寸为80nm左右,比表面积为13.64 m2/g.     

掺锑氧化锡纳米晶体的制备及性能研究

以SnCl4.5H2O和SbCl3乙醇溶液为原料,用离子交换除氯水解法制备得到无氯离子的前驱体掺锑氢氧化锡胶体沉淀。采用了乙酸异戊酯有机溶剂作脱水剂以消除掺锑氢氧化锡胶体干燥过程中硬团聚的形成,并和常用的正丁醇共沸溶剂进行了粉体性能的比较。用BET、XRD和TEM等方法对前驱体和掺锑氧化锡纳米粉体进行表征。结果表明,乙酸异戊酯溶剂比正丁醇溶剂更有效防止了粉体干燥过程中硬团聚的形成;将乙酸异戊酯干燥所得掺锑氢氧化锡干粉经热处理后得到了高比表面积的掺锑氧化锡纳米粉体,并对晶粒的生长过程进行了研究。     

水热法合成单分散性锑掺杂氧化锡纳米导电粉体

以草酸亚锡和酒石酸锑钾为原料,在260℃用高温水热法一步合成具有纳米结构单分散性的锑掺杂氧化锡纳米导电粉体.用X射线衍射仪、比表面测定仪、透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)等表征合成的粉体.结果表明:所合成的粉体均为氧化锡的四方金红石结构,随Sb3 含量的增加,纳米晶粒尺寸减小,结晶性能下降,但粉体的比表面积迅速增加.Sb3 的摩尔分数由1%增加到18%时,粉体的比表面积由70.6 m2/g增加到160.7 m2/g.TEM显示:粉体的分散性能良好,基本呈单分散状态,随锑掺量的增加晶粒的结晶性能下降.     

锑掺杂氧化锡(ATO)纳米粉体的表征与分散

锑掺杂氧化锡（ATO）纳米级粉体作为一种新型多功能粉体，具有可见光透过率高、能反射红外线等特征。与传统防静电材料，如炭黑、表面活性剂、金属粉体相比具有优良的性能。ATO纳米粉体已经成为性价比很高的建筑隔热材料和透明隔热涂料用基本材料。采用XRD（X射线衍射）、BET（布鲁瑙厄一埃梅特一泰勒法）和TEM（透射电子显微镜）对市场上3种锑掺杂氧化锡（ATO）纳米粉体进行了分析。结果表明：这3种ATO纳米级粉体的粒径为7．1～16．2nm，比表面积为37～82m^2／g，松密度为0．52-1．01g／mL，粉体的分散性能差异较大。     

Pr^3＋掺杂的TiO2纳米粉体的表面特性和光催化活性

利用酸催化的溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯的和不同Pr^3＋掺杂量的TiO2纳米粉体．以亚甲基蓝（MB）溶液的光催化降解为探针反应，评价了它们的光催化活性．利用XRD和BET技术研究了Pr^3＋掺杂量和焙烧温度对TiO2纳米粉体的相结构、晶粒尺寸和表面织构特性的影响，并用XPS和SPS技术研究了Pr^3＋掺杂的TiO2纳米粉体的表面组成和表面光伏特性，探讨了Pr^3＋掺杂提高纳米TiO2的光催化活性的机制．结果表明：适量Pr^3＋掺杂能显著提高纳米TiO2的光催化活性．当Pr^3＋掺杂量为1．25％（以Pr^3＋／TiO2质量比计），焙烧温度为600℃时，制得粉体的光催化活性最佳．Pr^3＋掺杂强烈地抑制TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变，减小晶粒尺寸，增大比表面积，增加表面羟基和吸附氧的含量，提高光生电子和空穴的分离效率，改善粉体表面的光吸收性能，上述因素均有利于光催化活性的提高．     

低温燃烧合成氧化钆掺杂氧化铈粉体

采用低温燃烧合成制备了Gd2O3掺杂CeO2(gadolinia doped ceria,GDC)纳米粉体。差热／热重分析结果表明,硝酸铈／柠檬酸凝胶的点火温度约为230℃。探讨了有机还原剂、点火方式等对掺杂CeO2纳米粉体比表面积的影响。有机还原剂对粉体的比表面积有较大的影响,当体系中同时添加柠檬酸、乙酸和乙二醇作为还原剂时,燃烧合成的CeO2粉体比表面积最大,为41．116m^2／g。点火方式对粉体的比表面积影响较小。在空气中于650℃焙烧2h后,掺杂CeO2粉体为立方萤石结构,晶胞常数为0．5430nm。     

超临界流体干燥法制备纳米掺锑氧化锡粉体

以SnCl4.5H2O和SbCl3乙醇溶液为原料制备前驱体掺锑氢氧化锡胶体沉淀,采用乙醇超临界流体干燥法干燥前驱体;用TG-DTA、XRD、TEM、BET等方法对粉体的结构、物相、形貌进行表征。结果表明,采用乙醇超临界流体干燥法可得到高比表面积的掺锑氧化锡纳米粉体。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米锑掺杂氧化锡的团聚消除

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米锑掺杂氧化锡(antimony doped tin oxide,ATO)前驱体,然后通过烘干、微波、真空以及超临界流体干燥(supercritical fluid drying,SCFD)等方式干燥醇凝胶,并在600℃下进行热处理,考察干燥方式对最终产物纳米ATO团聚情况的影响.利用XRD、SE...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.