Thermal Conductivity of HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a in the Solid Phase

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a were carried out for the first time in both solid and liquid phases at the saturation pressure at room temperature and in the temperature ranges from 120 to 263, from 140 to 213, and from 130 to 295 K, respectively. A transient hot-wire instrument using one bare platinum wire was employed for measurements, with an uncertainty of less than ±2%. The experimental results demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a in the solid phase showed a positive temperature dependence. For HFC-32 and HFC-125, there were big jumps between the solid and the liquid thermal conductivity at the melting point. But for HFC-134a, the solid and liquid thermal conductivity at the melting point is almost-continuous.     

非饱和土壤热导率模型的优化研究与应用

本文在Campbell模型和de V-1模型的基础上,以Campbell模型为主,对该模型中的两个参数形状因子（ga）和土壤固相热导率（ ）采用de V-1模型中的计算方法,提出了一种新的预测土壤热导率温度关系的模型。该模型土壤固相热导率和形状因子均考虑了土壤颗粒组成成分,也包含了温度对土壤固相热导率的影响。此外,与前两种模型进行比较,该模型与实验值吻合较好,能够更好地预测土壤热导率。基于该模型,分析了土壤温度和体积含水率两个变量对不同类型土壤热导率的影响。研究表明：在同一温度及体积含水率工况下,土壤热导率是砂土>壤土>粘土。该研究为地埋管换热器周围非饱和土壤热湿耦合迁移模型的建立提供新的思路。     

Modeling of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Dunite Rocks as a Function of Temperature

The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and heat capacity per unit volume of dunite rocks taken from Chillas near Gilgit, Pakistan, have been measured simultaneously using the transient plane source technique. The temperature dependence of the thermal transport properties was studied in the temperature range from 303 K to 483 K. Different relations for the estimation of the thermal conductivity are applied. A proposed model for the prediction of the thermal conductivity as a function of temperature is also given. It is observed that the values of the effective thermal conductivity predicted by the proposed model are in agreement with the experimental thermal conductivity data within 9%.     

On a certain class of incorrectly stated problems in analytical theory of thermal conductivity and in the theory of indirect measurements

The variational problem of stationary thermal conductivity in an inhomogeneous solid is formulated. It is assumed that the boundary conditions on the boundary of the body are unknown. In order to obtain a unique and stable solution one requires measurement of the temperature at one point and correct selection of the regularization parameter.     

Thermal Conductivity of Methane-Hydrate

The thermal conductivity of the methane hydrate CH₄ (5.75H₂O) was measured in the interval 2–140 K using the steady-state technique. The thermal conductivity corresponding to a homogeneous substance was calculated from the measured effective thermal conductivity obtained in the experiment. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity is typical for the thermal conductivity of amorphous solids. It is shown that after separation of the hydrate into ice and methane, at 240 K, the thermal conductivity of the ice exhibits a dependence typical of heavily deformed fine-grain polycrystal. The reason for the glass-like behavior in the thermal conductivity of clathrate compounds has been discussed. The experimental results can be interpreted within the phenomenological soft-potential model with two fitting parameters.PACS numbers: 66.70 +f, 63.20 −e, 63.20 Pw, 63.50 +x.     

Effective Thermal Conductivity in a Radial-Flow Packed-Bed Reactor

In this work a theoretical and experimental study of the heat transfer process in a radial flow reactor was carried out under steady- and non-steady-state conditions in order to determine the effective thermal conductivity (k _e). One of the mathematical models proposed was a pseudohomogeneous model in which the effective thermal conductivity varies with radial position. The second model studied was a two-phase model with different thermal conductivities for gas and solid. For the pseudohomogeneous model, an analytical solution was obtained using the method of separation of variables and series approximation. In the two-phase model, the gas and solid temperature profiles were obtained by two numerical methods: orthogonal collocation and Runge–Kutta. Several experiments were performed by changing particle diameter, gas flow and temperature input, and reactor size and time-operation condition: steady and nonsteady. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data in order to calculate the effective thermal conductivity. The values of k _e agree in general with the literature data. At low Reynolds numbers there is no appreciable difference between a pseudohomogeneous model and a two-phase equation model. Constant thermal properties can be used at Re;5 with enough accuracy to predict the thermal behavior of a radial-flow reactor.     

Thermal conductivity of a superconducting spin-glass

The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity for a superconducting spin-glass is calculated, taking a short-range spin-spin interaction in a superconductor carrying a uniform flow. The presence of the short-range interaction between frozen spins gives rise to a strong depression in the thermal conductivity.     

Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Deuterated Methane

The preliminary results of thermal conductivity experiment carried out on solid CD₄ at equilibrium vapor pressure in the temperature range 1.2–30 K are reported. The dependence of the thermal conductivity on temperature shows a clear change at the temperatures 27.0 and 22.1 K, which correspond to the phase transitions, from phase I to II and from phase II to III, respectively. In the orientationally ordered phase III of the deuterated methane, the thermal conductivity of CD₄ depends on thermal history of the sample.     

Thermal Performance of a Functionally Graded Radial Fin

This paper investigates the steady-state thermal performance of a radial fin of rectangular profile made of a functionally graded material. The thermal conductivity of the fin varies continuously in the radial direction following a power law. The boundary conditions of a constant base temperature and an insulated tip are assumed. Analytical solutions for the temperature distribution, heat transfer rate, fin efficiency, and fin effectiveness are found in terms of Airy wave functions, modified Bessel functions, hyperbolic functions, or power functions depending on the exponent of the power law. Numerical results illustrating the effect of the radial dependence of the thermal conductivity on the performance of the fin are presented and discussed. It is found that the heat transfer rate, the fin efficiency, and the fin effectiveness are highest when the thermal conductivity of the fin varies inversely with the square of the radius. These quantities, however, decrease as the exponent of the power law increases. The results of the exact solutions are compared with a solution derived by using a spatially averaged thermal conductivity. Because large errors can occur in some cases, the use of a spatially averaged thermal-conductivity model is not recommended.     

Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of a carbon fibre-reinforced borosilicate glass

A study was conducted of the thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat of hot-pressed Pyrex borosilicate glass reinforced with randomly oriented carbon fibres perpendicular to the hot-pressing direction. The thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the composite perpendicular to the plane of the fibres was only slightly higher than the corresponding value for the matrix, attributed to the low thermal conductivity of the carbon fibres perpendicular to their axis. Within the plane of the fibres the thermal diffusivity and conductivity were approximately twice those of the matrix. The specific heats of the matrix and composite were nearly identical. The temperature dependence of the thermal diffusivity of the matrix and composite was minor only. The corresponding positive temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of the matrix and composite was attributable primarily to the positive temperature dependence of the specific heat. Heating the composite to temperatures above 600° C resulted in a permanent decrease in thermal diffusivity at a rate which depended strongly on temperature. This change was attributed to the relaxation of the elastically bent fibres by the thermally activated viscous flow of the surrounding matrix, which as shown by electron microscopy resulted in interfacial separation and crack formation within the composite. These effects, in turn, caused the observed decrease in thermal diffusivity.     

Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube above room temperature

The thermal properties of a suspended metallic single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) are extracted from its high-bias (I-V) electrical characteristics over the 300-800 K temperature range, achieved by Joule self-heating. The thermal conductance is approximately 2.4 nW/K, and the thermal conductivity is nearly 3500 Wm(-1)K(-1) at room temperature for a SWNT of length 2.6 mum and diameter 1.7 nm. A subtle decrease in thermal conductivity steeper than 1/T is observed at the upper end of the temperature range, which is attributed to second-order three-phonon scattering between two acoustic modes and one optical mode. We discuss sources of uncertainty and propose a simple analytical model for the SWNT thermal conductivity including length and temperature dependence.     

Thermal conduction in Cr3C2/SiC composite

Thermal conduction behaviour of Cr₃C₂/SiC composite is investigated in terms of temperature and SiC content. Experimental results showed that thermal diffusivity of the composite increases with SiC content up to 20 vol%, corresponding to a conductivity maximum, then decreases with further increase of SiC. The reduction in diffusivity and conductivity at higher SiC content may due to formation of small amounts of solid solution at the interface and/or of interfacial gaps due to lack of perfect contact among SiC aggregates leading to increased phonon scattering. The thermal conductivity demonstrates a positive temperature dependence but becomes temperature-independent when SiC content is above 30 vol%. A correlation with composite theory is present.     

A variational approach to the problem of solidification of a metal semi-infinite thermally nonlinear body

Summary Based upon the Gauss differential variational principle and the method of optimal linearization, analytical approximate solutions are developed for the problem of solidification of a metal semi-infinite body whose coefficient of thermal conductivity depends linearly on the temperature. For the case of constant thermal properties, the approximate solution obtained by means of the Gauss variational principle agrees remarkable well with the exact solution obtained by Neumann.With 1 Figure     

纳米铜/石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的导热性能研究

采用HotDisk热分析仪测试了Cu/石蜡体系在不同纳米颗粒质量分数、温度和热循环次数下的导热系数。研究表明,Cu/石蜡体系的固、液态导热系数随纳米Cu颗粒含量的增加呈非线性增加;温度变化对相变材料导热系数的影响并不明显,但当温度升高至相变温度区间时,相变材料的导热系数急剧增加;复合材料在经历100次热循环后,材料的导热系数值仍较稳定。     

Thermal conductivity of a kaolinite refractory: effect of a plant-derived organic binder

The effect of corchorus olitorius derived binder on the effective thermal conductivity of a kaolinite-based refractory was investigated. Strong dependence of (effective) thermal conductivity of fired samples on the binder concentration, temperature and porosity was noted. Comparison of experimental data with Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) and Geometric Mean Model (GMM) theories showed that predictions from EMA agreed better with the experimental data than those from GMM. This was attributed to the EMA model being more rigorous and contained more microstructural information than the simpler GMM.     

Equivalent Thermal Conductivity of Open-Cell Ceramic Foams at High Temperatures

At high temperature, heat transfer in open-cell foams occurs by thermal radiation through the whole medium as well as by conduction through the solid matrix and air filling the pores. This paper applies the body-centered cubic cell model to predict radiative properties and the thermal conductivity of the open-cell foams. The model is validated by comparing the results with previous published works. Effects of structural characteristic parameters (cell diameter and porosity) and optical properties of the solid matrix (reflectivity and specularity parameter) on extinction coefficients and the radiative conductivity are discussed. The influence of temperature on the thermal conductivities including the effective, radiative, and the equivalent conductivity of open-cell ceramic foams are analyzed.     

固相纳米复合材料的导热系数预测

研究了分散剂和纳米颗粒对固相纳米复合材料导热系数的影响。假设纳米颗粒在纳米流体中均匀分布,构建了一个考虑纳米颗粒尺度和分散介质影响的物理分析模型;并由此利用最小热阻力法则和比等效导热系数相等法则,建立了一个固相纳米复合材料的导热系数理论模型。计算结果表明,颗粒的体积分数和导热系数、以及分散剂导热系数的增大,都会引起复合材料导热系数的增大。     

Simultaneous Measurement of Specific Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity, and Thermal Diffusivity by Thermal Radiation Calorimetry

Thermal radiation calorimetry has been applied to measure the thermal diffusivity of a solid specimen, along with simultaneous measurements of specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. In this calorimeter, a disk-shaped solid specimen whose surfaces are blackened is heated and cooled slowly on one face by irradiation in a vacuum chamber. A quasi-steady-state approximation in which a linear temperature gradient within the specimen was assumed is considered in the analysis. The validity of this approximation was confirmed by the results of computer simulation based on the control-volume method. Measurements of Pyroceram 9606 and Pyrex 7740 by use of thermocouples in the temperature range between 250 and 400°C gave values consistent with those obtained by previous authors, within experimental error, for all three thermophysical properties.