Constant false alarm rate detector based on the maximal reference cell

In order to improve the detection performance of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors in multiple targets situations, a CFAR detector based on the maximal reference cell (MRC) named MRC-CFAR is proposed. In MRC-CFAR, a comparison threshold is generated by multiplying the amplitude of MRC by a scaling factor. The number of the reference cells left, whose amplitudes are smaller than the comparison threshold, is counted and compared with a threshold integer. Based on the comparison result, proper reference cells are selected for detection threshold computation. A closed-form analysis for MRC-CFAR in both homogeneous and non-homogeneous environments is presented. The performance of MRC-CFAR is evaluated and compared with other CFAR detectors. MRC-CFAR exhibits a very low CFAR loss in a homogeneous environment and performs robustly during clutter power transitions. In multiple targets situations, MRC-CFAR achieves a much better detection performance than switching CFAR (S-CFAR) and order-statistic CFAR (OS-CFAR). Experiment results from an X-band linear frequency modulated continuous wave radar system are given to demonstrate the efficiency of MRC-CFAR. Because ranking reference cells is not required for MRC-CFAR, the computation load of MRC-CFAR is low; it is easy to implement the detector in radar system in practice.     

Performance analysis of ordered CFAR detectors for MIMO radars

Ordered statistics is one of the proposed solutions to improve the detection in a multiple target environment. Some variants of this technique have been proposed for the SISO (Single Input Single Output) radars such as the OS-CFAR (Ordered Statistics CFAR), the GOSCA-CFAR (Generalized Ordered Statistics, Cell Averaging CFAR), the OSGO-CFAR (Ordered Statistics Greatest Of CFAR) and the OSSO-CFAR (Ordered Statistics Smallest Of CFAR) to deal with multiple target situations. In this paper, we generalize these CFAR detectors for the MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) radars with three different schemes. We derive closed-form expressions of the probability of false alarm (Pfa) and the probability of detection (Pd) in a homogeneous environment for two schemes. The performance of these detectors for a non-homogeneous clutter environment (presence of interfering targets and clutter edge) has been assessed and compared. The results obtained showed that the best performance is obtained by the OSSO-CFAR.     

一种多目标环境下的SAR图像自适应CFAR检测方法

多数CFAR检测器在多目标检测环境下需要关于干扰目标的先验信息,当检测环境发生变化时,这些检测器很难维持稳定的检测性能。针对多目标环境下的SAR图像目标检测,提出一种新的自适应CFAR（恒虚警）检测器。该检测器利用局部的杂波功率水平估计以及目标和杂波的方差特征筛选出参考窗中的均匀杂波像素,同时剔除掉干扰目标像素;在筛选过程中,每一步使用的判决门限根据上一步的判决结果自动更新;最后对筛选出的样本点作单元平均处理形成检验统计量;完全不需要干扰目标的任何先验信息。利用实测数据仿真研究了该检测器的检测性能与运行效率,实验结果表明,相对单元平均CFAR检测器及有序统计量CFAR检测器,该检测器提高了检测性能,保留了目标精细的结构特征,而运行效率与有序统计量CFAR检测器相当,很具实用性。     

一种新的基于UMVE和CA的恒虚警检测器

在雷达自动检测系统中,通常是将自动检测和恒虚警(CFAR)技术结合使用以保持在变化的杂波环境中获得可预测的检测性能和恒定虚警率.将无偏最小方差估计(UMVE)方法和单元平均(CA)方法结合,提出了一种新的恒虚警检测器(MUMCA-CFAR).采用UMVE和CA方法产生两个局部估计.再取二者的平均值作为背景噪声功率水平估计.在Swer-lingⅡ型目标假设下,推导出了MUMCA-CFAR在均匀背景下虚警概率和检测概率及多目标环境下检测概率的解析表达式.并与其它方法作了比较,结果表明该检测器在均匀背景和多目标环境下均具有相当优越的检测性能.     

分布式自动删除平均恒虚警率检测技术

根据自动删除平均算法提出了一种新的分布式多传感器的目标检测算法. 在该方法中, 首先根据自动删除平均算法(Censored cell-averaging, CCA)得到各传感器的杂波/噪声电平估计, 然后将检测单元电平与得到的杂波/噪声电平估计值相比较, 得到有无目标的局部判决,并将其传送到融合中心. 融合中心采用"k/N'融合准则得到有无目标的全局判决. 其中, 自动删除平均算法的优势明显, 它不需要干扰的先验信息, 可以容纳的干扰目标数不会像顺序统计量OS (k) (Order statistics)方法那样受指定k值的限制, 更接近实际. 自动删除平均算法还可以检测本身可能是目标的干扰. 在假定目标服从Swerling 2型起伏的情况下, 导出了相应的检测概率与虚警概率解析表达式. 多种检测器数值和图表分析的比较结果表明了该方法的有效性和优越性.     

CFAR processing with switching exponential smoothers for nonhomogeneous environments

Conventional constant false alarm rate (CFAR) methods use a fixed number of cells to estimate the background variance. For homogeneous environments, it is desirable to increase the number of cells, at the cost of increased computation and memory requirements, in order to improve the estimation performance. For nonhomogeneous environments, it is desirable to use less number of cells in order to reduce the number of false alarms around the clutter edges. In this work, we present a solution with two exponential smoothers (first order IIR filters) having different time-constants to leverage the conflicting requirements of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous environments. The system is designed to use the filter having the large time-constant in homogeneous environments and to promptly switch to the filter having the small time constant once a clutter edge is encountered. The main advantages of proposed Switching IIR CFAR method are computational simplicity, small memory requirement (in comparison to windowing based methods) and its good performance in homogeneous environments (due to the large time-constant smoother) and rapid adaptation to clutter edges (due to the small time-constant smoother).     

Signal detection using the radial basis function coupled maplattice

From observation sea clutter, radar echoes from a sea surface, is chaotic rather than random. We propose the use of a spatial temporal predictor to reconstruct the chaotic dynamic of sea clutter because electromagnetic wave scattering is a spatial temporal phenomenon which is physically modeled by partial differential equations. The spatial temporal predictor used here is called radial basis function coupled map lattice (RBF-CML) which uses linear combination to fuse either measurements in different spatial domains for an RBF prediction or predictions from several RBF nets operated on different spatial regions. Using real-life radar data, it is shown that the RBF-CML is an effective method to reconstruct the sea clutter dynamic. The RBF-CML predictor is then applied to detect small targets in sea clutter using the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) principle. The spatial temporal approach is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, to be superior to a conventional CFAR detector.     

利用高斯混合模型的SAR图像目标CFAR检测新方法

SAR（合成孔径雷达）图像杂波分布模型种类繁多且对实际地物的建模能力有限。在使用基于杂波统计模型的CFAR(恒虚警率)算法对SAR图像进行目标检测时,杂波统计模型的失配会导致检测结果产生较大的CFAR损失,算法精度不高。提出了一种基于高斯混合模型的CFAR检测新方法。该方法以理论上可以拟合任意形状概率密度分布的高斯混合模型对实际SAR图像的背景杂波进行拟合,利用拟合后得到的分布模型,根据CFAR检测的原理推导出目标检测阈值的计算公式完成目标的检测。新方法对服从不同分布模型的背景杂波,使用形式上统一的模型进行描述,克服了CFAR检测高度依赖背景杂波分布的缺点,提高了CFAR的通用性。实验结果表明,即使在背景杂波类型未知的情况下,新方法依然得到了良好的目标检测效果。     

基于多尺度静态小波分解的改进型CFAR船只检测算法

SAR船只目标检测是实现海上安全监测的有效手段。由于在海杂波较为复杂的情况下,传统CFAR算法对于弱小船只检测效果不佳,本文提出了基于多尺度静态小波分解的改进型CFAR检测算法。首先通过实验选出最优小波基及最佳小波分解级数,再利用幂运算对经多尺度乘性增强的小波系数进行优化,以增强船只与海洋背景的对比度,从而运用简单的CFAR算法即可得到较好的检测效果。最后,以新型星载ALOS-PALSAR数据为例,通过与传统CFAR算法的对比实验,验证本文算法的有效性。实验表明,利用Sym2最优小波基的较强边缘检测能力以及小波多尺度乘性增强,双重强化了船只目标的边缘影像特征,并有效抑制了海杂波噪声,使得本文算法在提高检测率与降低虚警率两方面都优于传统CFAR算法,有利于高海杂波下弱小船只的检测。     

Efficient resource allocation scheme for multi-service based on interference mitigation in LTE-Advanced networks

The exponential growth of various services demands the increased capacity of the next-generation broadband wireless access networks, which is toward the deployment of femtocell in macrocell network based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access. However, serious time-varying interference obstructs this macro/femto overlaid network to realize its true potential. In this article, we present a macro services guaranteed resource allocation scheme, which can mitigate various dominant interferences and provide multiple services in macro/femto overlaid Third-Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution-Advanced networks. We model our multiple services resource allocation scheme into a multiobjective optimization problem, which is a non-deterministic polynomial-time （NP）-hard problem. Then, we give a low-complexity algorithm consisting of two layers based on chordal graph. Simulation results verify that the proposed scheme can achieve better efficiency than the previous works and raise the satisfaction ratio of Guaranteed Bit Rate （GBR） services while improving the average performance of non-GBR services.     

一种SAR图像机动目标检测与分析方法

从SAR(合成孔径雷达)图像中检测和分析目标是进行SAR自动目标识别的关键步骤,提出了一种SAR图像中地面机动目标检测与分析的方法,该方法在对图像进行预处理后首先利用背景杂波强度分布为指数分布假设的恒虚警率算法以及形态学运算对原始的SAR场景数据进行快速检测获得感兴趣的目标区域,然后提取目标区域8个特征构成特征矢量以详细描述目标。实验结果表明,该方法计算速度快,能够从获得的目标区域得到大量有用的信息,而且该方法具有一定的通用性。     

Fast detecting and locating groups of targets in high-resolution SAR images

A new algorithm for detecting and locating groups of targets in high-resolution SAR images is presented. Firstly, a global constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is utilized to locate the potential target regions. Then, the size, shape, and contrast features of each region are computed for target discrimination based on voting decision. As targets are often deployed in well-defined groups and all targets within one group have a certain relationship in their positions, it is possible to extract the whole target group and diminish clutter false alarms. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the regions revisited by an automatic target recognition (ATR) system, and false alarms can be greatly diminished.     

一种基于ODV和CA的恒虚警检测器

基于有序数据方差(ODV)方法和单元平均(CA)方法提出一种新的恒虚警检测器(MODVCA),它的前沿和后沿滑窗分别采用ODV和CA产生局部估计,再取二者的和作为背景功率水平估计.在Swerling Ⅱ型目标假没下,推导出MODVCA在均匀背景下虚警概率的解析表达式,并与其他CFAR方法进行了比较,结果表明在均匀背景及多于扰目标情况下,MODVCA的性能均比MOSCA获得了改善,同时该检测器的样本排序时间只有ODV的四分之一.     

一种自适应的合成孔径雷达图像目标检测方法

目标检测是自动目标识别的一个重要步骤,论文提出了一种自适应的SAR图像目标检测方法,该方法采用基于Weibull分布模型的恒虚警率(CFAR)检测技术,将参考窗口分块,判断各子块类型,根据各子块类型不同,自适应选择参考样本确定阈值。在检测过程中,利用灰度和方差特征,预先排除明显不为目标的像素。对CFAR检测结果,利用目标基本形状特征排除虚警。实验证明,该方法在同质区和非同质区背景下都具有较好的检测性能。     

一种基于自适应背景杂波模型的宽幅SAR图像CFAR舰船检测算法

利用海洋宽幅SAR图像进行大范围海域舰船检测在海洋监视、军事侦察等方面具有重要应用。由于海况的复杂性,宽幅SAR图像背景杂波特性随海域不同而变化。采用双参数CFAR检测算法和基于K分布CFAR检测算法在处理宽幅SAR图像时,由于在待检测的所有区域采用同种背景杂波模型,导致使用的杂波模型在不适应区域失配,使CFAR检测性能下降。针对这个问题,提出了一种基于自适应背景杂波模型的CFAR宽幅SAR图像舰船检测算法,该算法通过背景窗口的多尺度统计方差判断目标所处的杂波环境,自适应选择对应的背景杂波分布模型,最后根据已知的恒虚警率及选择的杂波概率密度函数进行CFAR检测。对20多幅宽幅SAR图像进行了试验,实验结果表明:该算法在检测精度上有明显的改善。     

MOSCM恒虚警检测器在非均匀背景中的性能分析

分析了MOSCM恒虚警（CFAR）检测器在多目标和杂波边缘非均匀背景中的性能，给出了它在杂波边缘情形中虚警尖峰的数学解析表达式．分析结果表明，它带来的优势主要体现在非均匀背景中，它在杂波边缘中的虚警控制能力比GOSCA和有序统计（OS）有效，对多目标情况也呈现了较好的鲁棒性，它可以均匀背景中较小的代价换取在多目标值况下性能的较大改善，如当IL＝4，IR＝2时，它比OS改善了近2dB．     

Matrix CFAR detectors based on symmetrized Kullback–Leibler and total Kullback–Leibler divergences

Target detection in clutter is a fundamental problem in radar signal processing. When the received radar signal contains only few pulses, it is difficult to achieve a satisfactory performance using the traditional detection algorithm. In recent times, a generalized constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector on the Riemannian manifold of Hermitian positive-definite (HPD) matrix was proposed. The employment of this detector, which compares the Riemannian distance between the covariance matrix of the cell under test (CUT) and an average matrix of reference cells with a given threshold, has significantly improved the detection performance. However, the application of this detector in real scenarios is still limited by two problems; it is computationally expensive and the detection performance is not very good since the Riemannian distance is utilized. In this paper, the symmetrized Kullback–Leibler (sKL) and the total Kullback–Leibler (tKL) divergences, instead of the Riemannian distance, are used as dissimilarity measures in the matrix CFAR detector. According to sKL and tKL divergences, three average matrices, the sKL mean, the sKL median, and the tKL t center, are derived. Furthermore, the relationship between the detection performance and the anisotropy of the distance measure used in the matrix CFAR detector is explored. Numerical experiments and real radar sea clutter data are given to confirm the superiority of the proposed algorithms in terms of the computational complexity and the detection performance.     

Adaptive subspace detection of range-distributed target in compound-Gaussian clutter

This paper deals with high-resolution radar (HRR) adaptive detection of range-distributed target embedded in compound-Gaussian clutter which is modeled as a spherically invariant random process (SIRP). Using multiple dominant scattering (MDS) model of range-distributed target, we justify that range-distributed target can be modeled as a subspace random signal. The unknown deterministic parameters are replaced by their ML estimates and then the nonadaptive detector is proposed. A closed-form expression for the probability of false alarm of the nonadaptive detector is derived and it ensures CFAR property with respect to the unknown statistics of the clutter texture component. Moreover, an adaptive detector is obtained relying on a two-step GLRT-based design procedure. Performances of these proposed detectors are assessed through Monte Carlo simulations and are shown to have better detection performance compared with existing similar detector.     

SAR图像舰船目标检测的信息几何方法

目的 舰船目标检测是合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像在海事监测领域中的一项重要应用。由于海面微波散射的复杂性,SAR图像中海杂波分布具有非均匀性、非平稳性等特点,传统的基于恒虚警率（CFAR）的SAR图像舰船检测算法难以适应复杂多变的海杂波环境,无法实现实时有效的智能检测任务。鉴于此,本文提出了基于信息几何的SAR图像船舰目标检测方法,旨在分析统计流形及其在参数空间中的几何结构,探讨信息几何在SAR图像目标检测应用中的切入点,从新的角度提升该应用领域的理论与技术水平。方法 首先,运用威布尔分布族对SAR图像中的海杂波进行统计建模,利用最大似然方法估计SAR图像局部邻域像素的分布参数,并将不同参数下的统计分布作为威布尔流形上的不同点;其次,融合高斯分布的费歇耳度量来构造威布尔流形空间中概率分布之间的测度,实现目标与背景区域的差异性表征;最后,利用最大类间方差法,实现SAR图像舰船目标检测。结果 实验和分析表明,相比于传统的基于恒虚警率的检测算法,信息几何方法可以有效地区分舰船目标和海杂波背景,降低虚警率,实现舰船目标显著性表示与检测。结论 由于舰船目标的复杂后向散射特性,如何有效地表征这一差异,是统计类检测算法的关键所在。本文依据信息几何理论,将概率分布族的参数空间视为微分流形,在参数流形上构造合适的黎曼度量,对SAR图像中各像素局部邻域进行测度表征,可以显著性表示目标与背景杂波之间的统计差异,实现舰船目标检测。     

一种新的基于模糊逻辑的CFAR检测器

基于模糊逻辑,无偏最小方差估计(UMVE)和单元平均(CA)提出一种新的恒虚警检测器(FUCAP)。它的前、后沿滑窗分别采用模糊UMVE方法和模糊CA方法得到映射到虚警空间的两个隶属函数值,再将这两个值相乘作为检测统计量。分析结果表明,FUCAP在均匀背景和多目标环境下均具有不错的检测性能。