组成对三方/四方相共存铌锑锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷结构和机电性能的影响

研究了Zr/Ti和（Sb1/2Nb1/2)量对三方相，四方相共存（相界附近）铌锑锆钛酸铅（PNSZT）压电陶瓷机电性能（εee^T/ε0,Kp,Qm,TKfr)的影响。认为Zr/Ti和（Sb1/2Nb1/2)量对PNSZT机电性能影响很大，调整Zr/Ti,(Sb1/2Nb1/2)量是改变机电性能的有效方法，它们的正确选择是得到所需综合性能压电陶瓷的关键之一。探讨了Zr/Ti对相共存区PNSZT压电陶瓷晶格常数和相组成的影响及不同Zr/Ti陶瓷极化前后介电常数变化的特点分析了组成对相共存区PNSZT压电陶瓷机电性能影响机理。     

(Na1-xKx0.5)Bi0.5TiO3-xSrTiO3-0.3Mn陶瓷的性能研究

采用固相法制备了(Na1-x Kx)0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xSrnO3-0.3Mn系无铅压电陶瓷,研究了该系统的压电性能.XRD分析表明所得陶瓷样品在室温下均为三方、四方共存的钙钛矿结构,随着sr的增加三方相减少四方相增加.该体系样品具有优异的压电性能,在sr含量为0.02时,压电常数d33、平面机电耦合系数kp和厚度机电耦合系数Kt同时达到最大值,分别为171pC·N-1、33.1%和30.5%,sr具有"软性"添加物的作用.     

Sr、Mn离子掺杂PMS-PZT压电陶瓷相组成与性能研究

针对聚焦超声换能器用压电陶瓷,采用传统的固相法制备Pb1.04(Mn1/3 Sb2/3)0.05 Zr0.47 Ti0.48 O3+x％SrCO3+y％MnO2(x+y=0.3)(PMS-PZT)三元系压电陶瓷.使用正交实验分析方法研究添加不同比例的Sr、Mn离子后PMS-PZT压电陶瓷电学性能的变化.讨论了在准同型相界(MPB)随着掺杂元素相对含量的改变对压电陶瓷的相对介电常数εr、机电耦合系数kp、机械品质因数Qm和压电常数d33的影响.通过研究发现:在900℃煅烧,1180℃烧结保温2 h,当x=0.15时,三方相和四方相共存且三方度最大,得到综合性能优良的压电陶瓷材料:密度 ρ=7.84 g/cm3、压电常数d33=336 pC/N、机械品质因数Qm=1889、机电耦合系数kp=0.63、相对介电常数εr=1479,采用此工艺制备的压电陶瓷完全满足高强度超声换能器用的压电材料.     

Li2CO3掺杂对0.2PMN-0.8PZT陶瓷的影响

利用铌铁矿预产物合成法,研究不同温度烧结下Li2CO3掺杂对0.2 PMN-0.8PZT压电陶瓷(简称PLC)的相结构和电性能的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)的分析结果表明,掺杂LiCO3的0.2PMN-0.8PZT压电陶瓷经不同温度煅烧后,所有陶瓷样品的相组成均为纯钙钛矿相,并随着烧结温度的升高,PLC的相结构有由四方相向菱方相转变的趋势。通过0.2PMN-0.8PZT压电陶瓷掺杂LiCO3煅烧后的微观形貌、介电常数、压电性能、铁电性能的分析,发现经1200℃烧结的样品的介电和压电性能最佳:介电常数(εr)为38512,室温压电常数(d33)为300 pC/N,剩余极化强度(Pr)为31.3 C/cm2,矫顽电场(Ec)为7.5 kV/cm。     

烧结温度对大功率超薄型压电蜂鸣器用压电陶瓷结构和性能的影响

采用轧膜成型工艺制备大功率超薄型峰鸣器用压电陶瓷。该陶瓷是三方／四方相共存PSN—PBZT(0．02Pb(Sb0．5Nb0．5)O3—0．98PbxBa1-z(Zr0.55Ti0.45)O3)压电陶瓷。研究了烧结温度对三方／四方相共存PSN—PBZTB陶瓷性能的影响，利用XRD和SEM研究了烧结温度对其结构的影响。结果表明，随着烧结温度的升高，材料的晶格常数轴率比Ct／at逐渐升高，ar有所降低，同时，材料的晶粒尺才增大，材料的介电常数和机电耦合系数增大。但是，烧结温度太高将手致其介电常数和机电耦合系数降低，这是由于出现玻璃相和游离氧化锆稀释铁电相所致。     

（Na0.8K0.2）0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xSrTiO3-0．3％Mn无铅压电陶瓷的结构与性能

采用固相法制备了（Na1-xKx0.5）Bi0.5YiO3-xSrTiO3-0.3Mn系无铅压电陶瓷,研究了该系统的微观结构和压电性能。XRD分析表明所得陶瓷样品在室温下均为三方、四方共存的钙钛矿结构,随着Sr的增加,三方相减少,四方相增加。SEM图谱显示各样品颗粒均匀、具有规则的外形、晶界明显,并且少量Sr的加入使样品更加致密化。该体系样品具有优异的压电性能,在Sr含量为0．02时,压电常数如、平面机电耦合系数k,和厚度机电耦合系数kt同时达到最大值,分别为171pC·N^-1、33．1％和30．5％,Sr具有“软性”添加物的作用     

CaZrO3改性KNN基无铅压电陶瓷结构与电学性能研究

通过固相反应法制备(1-x)(K0.48Na0.52)0.96Li0.04(Nb0.96Sb0.04) O3-xCaZrO3(KNN-xCaZrO3)无铅压电陶瓷,获得了正交-四方(O-T)多晶共存相.结果 表明:未经改性的KNN基陶瓷为正交相,CaZrO3引入后出现了四方相,体系的压电性能也得到了改善;随着CaZrO3含量的增加,四方相含量增加.在x=0.03 ～0.04范围内,O-T两相共存,并且在x=0.03时陶瓷具有优异的压电性能:d33=252 pC/N,kp=0.55.当x=0.06时,陶瓷为贋立方相结构,性能急剧恶化.CaZrO3的引入使KNN正交-四方相变温度(To-T)向室温偏移,同时也降低了居里温度(Tc),室温附近O-T相界共存,促进畴壁运动,是压电性能得以提高的根本原因.     

Ba(Zr_(0.055)Ti_(0.945))O_3含量对[(Na_(0.80)K_(0.16)Li_(0.04))_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)]TiO_3陶瓷性能的影响

系统研究(1-y)[(Na0.80K0.16Li0.04)0.5Bi0.5]TiO3-yBa(Zr0.055Ti0.945)O3无铅压电陶瓷,获得压电应变常数高达185pC/N的0.94[(Na0.80K0.16Li0.04)0.5Bi0.5]-TiO3-0.06Ba(Zr0.055Ti0.945)O3压电陶瓷。样品的晶体结构为三方相、四方相共存,处于准同型相界(morphotropic phase boundary,MPB)附近。该类陶瓷室温MPB的摩尔(下同)含量为0.050y0.065。样品y=0.060在40°左右的(003)、(021)双峰与46.5°左右的(002)、(200)双峰分裂最明显。随着Ba(Zr0.055Ti0.945)O3含量的增加,铁电相-反铁电相相变温度(θd)升高、反铁电相-顺电相相变温度(θm)降低;θd和θm的温差越来越小,材料的弛豫性逐渐降低。     

Ca,Sr掺杂BNT-BT压电陶瓷结构与性能研究

采用传统的电子陶瓷制备工艺制备了一系列0.93Bi05Na05Tio3-0.07(Ba1-xAx)TiO3(简写为BNBAT100x;其中A=Ca,sr,x:0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.10)陶瓷,研究了陶瓷的结构、介电、压电性能变化特征.XBD分析表明,陶瓷样品均形成了单一的钙钛矿结构固溶体.陶瓷的介电、压电性能受Ca,Sr含量的影响显著.所有陶瓷样品表现出弥散相变特征.当x<0.08时,BNBCT陶瓷的介电常数大干BNBST陶瓷,同时,BNBCT陶瓷室温介电常数在x=0.04时达到最大.而BNBST陶瓷此时具有最小的室温介电常数.陶瓷的压电性能受Ca,Sr含量的显著影响,当Ca含量为6mol%时,压电常数(d33)和平面机电耦合(kp)达到最大,分别为1 40.5 pc/N和1 9.7%.而当Sr含量为4mol%时,BNBST陶瓷的压电常数(d13)达到最大为1 39.8pC/N.此时平面机电耦合(kp)为1 8.9%.     

残余内应力对大各向异性陶瓷材料性能的影响

采用传统工艺制备了一种新型B位联合取代的、性能得到改善的钙改性钛酸铅陶瓷(Pb 0.76Ca0.24)[(Zn1/2W1/2)0.03(Ni1/3Nb2/3) 0.03Ti0.94]O3+1.3%(mol) MnCO3.在不同极化电场下对样品的性能变化进行研究, TEM观察发现晶体内存在有比90°畴更精细的畴结构;XRD发现陶瓷在强极化电场下90°畴基本没有转向, 并观察到强极化电场下陶瓷体内存在的宏观内应力和微观应力的变化.精细的畴结构重新取向可能是微观内应力增加的主要原因;强电场下陶瓷体内出现的微裂纹是残余内应力得到释放的主要原因;径向机电耦合系数kp存在极小值是电畴重新取向和残余内应力共同作用的结果.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.