喷丸强化对CF53钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用3种喷丸强度(0.326,0.401,0.438 mm)对CF53钢进行表面喷丸强化,并在油润滑条件下进行销-盘式摩擦磨损试验,对比研究了喷丸前后试样的表面形貌、显微组织、显微硬度和耐磨性能.结果表明:喷丸强化后试样表面呈现酒窝状凹坑形貌,表面粗糙度、显微硬度和硬化影响区深度随喷丸强度的增加而增大;3种强度喷丸强化均提高了试样的耐磨性能,喷丸后的摩擦因数和体积磨损率均小于未喷丸试样的,喷丸强度为0.326 mm时试样的耐磨性能最佳;未喷丸试样的磨损机理为黏着磨损和材料剪切剥落,喷丸强度为0.326,0.401 mm时的磨损机理为剥层和磨粒磨损,喷丸强度为0.438 mm时则转变为疲劳磨损.     

超声滚压对铝合金表面质量和耐磨性影响研究

使用多珠平面滚压加工刀具对叉车举升液压缸表面实施滚压加工和超声滚压加工。通过激光共聚焦显微镜、光学显微镜和显微硬度仪对加工后的试样进行表面三维形貌、金相组织和硬度表征的研究。开发相应的分子动力学模型并对加工前后的试样进行干摩擦试验,对比研究超声滚压对液压缸铝合金表面摩擦磨损性能的影响。试验结果表明,与滚压加工相比,超声滚压加工进一步降低了表面粗糙度。磨损结果表明,超声滚压加工改变了试样表面的微观结构,改变了试样的磨损机制,提升了试样的抗磨损性能,可有效提高液压缸使用寿命,降低泄漏量。     

热处理工艺对45＃钢抗苜蓿草粉的磨损性能影响

苜蓿草粉对环模系统的磨粒磨损是造成饲料制粒机关键部件失效的主要原因。为提高环模系统关键部件材料的抗磨粒磨损性能,采用不同热处理工艺对45#钢热处理,在磨粒磨损试验机上考察其抗苜蓿草粉的磨损行为,用金相显微镜对试样的金相组织进行分析研究,用扫描电镜对试样摩擦表面的磨损形貌进行观察研究。结果表明：经淬火处理后45#钢的磨损主要表现为显微切削和机械抛光,未见明显的塑性疲劳;当材料的硬度提升至一定值时,通过硬度与韧度的合理配合可获得较好的抗植物磨料磨损性能;相对于常温淬火,45#钢亚温淬火后抗植物磨料磨损性能明显提升。     

CrNiMo钢在高速干滑动条件下摩擦表面的组织变化研究

在MMS-1G型高速干滑动摩擦磨损试验机上,采用CrNiMo钢作为销试样,与H96黄铜盘配副,进行了高速干滑动摩擦磨损试验,研究其高速干滑动摩擦磨损性能。对试验后的试样沿纵切面进行微观组织分析,探讨摩擦表面在试验前后及不同试验参数条件下的组织变化。结果表明,在高速干滑动条件下,CrNiMo钢材料的摩擦磨损性能随滑动速度的增加存在突变,其微观组织摩擦后沿纵切面发生了较大变化,且摩擦表面组织随滑动速度增加,发生了回复再结晶及碳化物的析出和长大。     

烧结温度对铁基粉末冶金航空刹车材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

研究了不同烧结温度(900,930,950,980,1020℃)对飞机铁基粉末冶金刹车材料材料显微组织、致密化和摩擦磨损性能的影响。借助于材料组织结构、摩擦试验后的材料表面观察及理论分析,阐述了材料组织结构及摩擦磨损变化的机制。结果表明:900℃的试样由于烧结不够充分,材料密度较低,珠光体的数量较少,硬度低,耐磨性差,经过摩擦试验后,摩擦材料表面大面积剥落和点蚀比较严重,材料磨损量较大,磨屑以大块状及条状为主;930℃试样的材料密度增加,珠光体数量增加,硬度及耐磨性增加,经摩擦试验后,试样表面比较光滑,但仍有大量的点状剥落,材料磨损量较900℃的试样有所降低;当烧结温度由950℃升高至1020℃时,由于原子扩散的加剧,材料的基体具有足够强度,珠光体的数量显著增加,显著提高了材料的耐磨性,经摩擦试验后,材料表面生成了完整的氧化膜,材料的磨损量变化不大,相对于950℃和980℃的试样而言,1020℃时的材料摩擦表面出现更少的点状脱落并形成了多层叠加的工作层。     

激光强化参数对40Cr钢表面组织及摩擦性能影响的研究

采用CO2横流式激光器对40Cr材料进行表面强化处理研究;使用S-360型扫描电镜观察激光硬化区金相组织及成分并观察金属表面磨损形貌;采用CHX-1超显微硬度计测量激光强化区断面的显微硬度;然后在MPX-2000盘销式摩擦磨损实验机上进行干摩擦和油润滑实验。结果表明:激光参数对表面硬度和硬化层深度有很大影响,较大的功率可使奥氏体转变充分而获得更多的马氏体,激光扫描速度越快,功率越大,显微硬度越高,硬化层越深;少量针状马氏体组织化引起表层强化,经激光硬化的表面其耐磨性可大大提高;40Cr在干摩擦条件下的平均磨损量是润滑时的5倍,40Cr和20MnSiV的磨损主要以磨粒磨损为主,同时也有粘着磨损。     

溶胀对干摩擦下丁腈橡胶滑动磨损行为的影响

对制备的不同丙烯腈含量的丁腈橡胶试样进行静态浸泡试验,并对溶胀前后的丁腈橡胶试样进行干摩擦条件下的单向滑动磨损试验,分析试样磨损后的表面形貌,揭示溶胀对干摩擦磨损的影响机制。结果表明:溶胀后丁腈橡胶的磨损量增加,受溶胀的影响程度随溶胀时间的增加而增加,随丙烯腈含量的增加而降低;溶胀试验后丁腈橡胶样品在摩擦热的作用下软化现象加剧;随着溶胀时间的增加,磨损形式由剪切撕裂向黏着磨损转变,易切削效应时间和黏着程度随丙烯腈含量的增加而降低;溶胀后丁腈橡胶试样磨损表面可见大量孔洞,而对磨副摩擦轮表面可见转移的橡胶组织,且与溶胀后橡胶样品对磨时摩擦轮表面橡胶组织黏着面积增加。     

金属磁记忆信号评定磨损现象与磨损状态的基础实验

采用40CrMo块试样与316L销试样组成销-块摩擦副,在干摩擦条件下进行摩擦磨损试验,研究整个摩擦磨损过程中磁记忆信号切向分量与试验表面磨损现象以及磨损状态之间的关系。试验结果表明:在摩擦磨损过程中,40CrMo试样表面磁记忆信号出现信号突变,并且突变后的信号可以准确地反应磨痕的长度与位置;整个摩擦磨损过程试样表面磨痕处磁记忆信号切向分量均值随摩擦次数的变化可以分为4个阶段,各个阶段间的转变点分别为点G、点H以及点I,并且通过现场观测、电镜扫描以及能谱分析发现磁记忆信号转变点处试样表面的磨损现象和磨损状态亦发生转变。     

不同载荷下水润滑高分子材料磨损机制的试验研究

为了研究载荷对新型水润滑高分子轴承材料磨损机制的影响,在CFT-1型摩擦磨损试验机上对该材料进行不同载荷下的无/有水润滑摩擦磨损试验,通过考察试样的摩擦因数、磨痕和磨损表面形貌,分析该材料的磨损机制。结果表明:在无水润滑条件下,该材料的摩擦因数随着载荷的增加呈现先降低后逐渐上升的变化趋势,磨损表面均出现塑性变形和撕裂脱落现象,磨损机制主要为黏着磨损,其中随着载荷的增大表面塑性变形趋于严重,而表面撕裂脱落在中等载荷下较为轻微,在低载荷和高载荷下较为严重;在水润滑条件下,该材料的摩擦因数随着载荷的增加也呈现出先下降低后急剧上升的趋势,磨损表面未发生塑性变形和撕裂脱落,但出现脱落的磨粒和犁沟,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,其中在中等载荷下,表面脱落的磨粒少、犁沟细小而浅,在低载荷和高载荷下表面脱落的磨粒多、犁沟深。     

热处理工艺对45~#钢抗苜蓿草粉磨损性能的影响

苜蓿草粉对环模系统的磨粒磨损是造成饲料制粒机关键部件失效的主要原因。为提高环模系统关键部件材料的抗磨粒磨损性能,采用不同热处理工艺对45~#钢热处理,在磨粒磨损试验机上考察其抗苜蓿草粉的磨损行为,用金相显微镜对试样的金相组织进行分析研究,用扫描电镜对试样摩擦表面的磨损形貌进行观察研究。结果表明:经淬火处理后45~#钢的磨损主要表现为显微切削和机械抛光,未见明显的塑性疲劳;当材料的硬度提升至一定值时,通过硬度与韧度的合理配合可获得较好的抗植物磨料磨损性能;相对于常温淬火,45~#钢亚温淬火后抗植物磨料磨损性能明显提升。     

O-ring wear test machine

An abrasive wear test machine was built to study the friction and wear resistance of O-ring materials. In this test machine, two O-ring segments are held against a rotating roughened metal disc. The disc and the O-ring specimens are submerged in an abrasive fluid (drilling mud). The roughened disc surface draws the abrasive particles between the O-ring and the disc surface to produce three-body abrasive wear. Wear occurs on both the specimen and the disc. The wear of the O-ring specimen is determined by weight loss measurements. By careful design of the disc and selection of the test conditions, wear surface similarity was obtained between machine-tested O-rings and O-rings used in field-operated equipment. The testing machine is described, preliminary wear results are presented and photographs of field-worn and machine-worn specimens are shown for three materials.     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层耐磨性研究

利用超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）工艺制备了WC-Co涂层，测定了涂层孔隙率、显微硬度及干摩擦磨损过程中涂层材料失重，得出涂层干摩擦因数随时间的变化关系，分析了涂层摩擦磨损机制。结果表明，WC-Co涂层致密，平均孔隙率为1．29％，显微硬度达1140HV（测试载荷2．94N），干摩擦条件下材料失重低于电镀Cr镀层2个数量级；摩擦初期，干摩擦因数迅速增加，主要磨损特征是粘结相富Co区的犁沟切削，摩擦中后期，摩擦副间实际接触面积增大，摩擦因数变化较小，磨损趋于稳定。WC-Co涂层的主要磨损机制是疲劳磨损和犁沟切削。     

Laboratory evaluation of anti‐fretting lubricants

To characterise the friction and wear behaviour of materials and lubricants under a variety of operating conditions, laboratory models are frequently used to provide useful information. For example, during the development and/or selection of tribomaterials and lubricants, laboratory ranking of candidate products can save many hours of field testing. A reciprocating ball‐on‐flat wear test rig has been developed to rank the performance of materials, surface coatings, and lubricants under boundary, extreme‐pressure, or fretting conditions in a variety of environments and at various temperatures. The rig design is based on ASTM G133–1995. The friction force and wear are measured on both specimens while the load, stroke length and frequency, test temperature, lubricant type, test duration, surface topography of both ball and flat specimens, specimen materials, and environmental conditions are noted. The results presented in this paper refer specifically to a series of tests performed to evaluate various anti‐fretting lubricants. Two lubricants are compared in terms of friction coefficient and wear volume over time. A clear difference is shown between the two products.     

不同环境介质下氧化铝陶瓷与耐蚀金属摩擦磨损行为

为优选海水淡化高压泵关键零部件耐磨性能材料,以Al_2O_3陶瓷与TC4钛合金、316不锈钢、2205双相不锈钢组成的配对摩擦副作为研究对象,利用立式万能摩擦磨损试验机开展干摩擦、纯水及海水3种环境介质下配对材料的摩擦磨损试验,定量得到各摩擦副摩擦因数、磨损量,并对摩擦试样的表面形貌进行分析;采用正交试验法分析载荷、转速、环境介质对摩擦因数和磨损量的影响规律。结果表明:在相同的条件下,TC4钛合金与陶瓷配副摩擦因数较小,2205双相不锈钢与陶瓷配副磨损量较小;环境介质对摩擦因数影响较大,载荷对磨损量的影响较大;海水环境下2205双相不锈钢和316不锈钢磨痕较浅,磨损机制为疲劳磨损、磨粒磨损和腐蚀磨损的交互作用。     

Comparison of two test methods for evaluation of forming tool materials

Two test methods often used to simulate the tribological performance of forming tool materials are compared in this investigation through an evaluation of the friction and wear properties of four tool steels in dry sliding. One test (slider‐on‐flat‐surface (SOFS)) utilises a vertical disc sliding on a horizontal flat test surface, and the other (load scanner (LS) tests) utilises two crossed cylindrical rods. The test conditions were selected as equal as possible for the two tests, and the following conclusions are made. Somewhat unexpectedly, the friction and wear results differed substantially between the two tests. The SOFS test showed a better potential to evaluate wear resistance since one test sample is in continuous contact with the other. The LS test can generate higher contact pressures since the two rods contact each other in an unworn condition throughout the whole test stroke. LS indicate that two hard and smooth tool steels tested against each other generally give low friction and good galling resistance. The two hard couples tested sustained the highest loads without any detectable surface damage. For the same combinations of hard steels, SOFS gave a higher friction due to the wear of the disc. The carbides in the disc material resist wear better than the matrix and will consequently wear the disc by abrasion, which adds to the friction. The above conclusions are drawn from a rather limited examination using only one set of test parameters. In fact, the two tests are both very flexible as to the way they can be used, and they both have advantages and limitations in tribological studies. They should rather be considered complementary than competitive. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fe3Al基摩擦材料烧结性能及摩擦学特性初探

用球磨机械合金化工艺制备Fe3Al粉末,采用粉末冶金工艺,选择不同的烧结温度、烧结压力和保温时间,获得Fe3Al基复合材料的最佳烧结工艺条件。对最佳工艺条件获得的材料的物理机械性能、摩擦磨损性能和微观结构进行分析测试,借助磨损表面扫描图像和能谱分析,分析该材料的磨损形式,并探讨该材料在低速低载和高速重载2种工况条件的磨损机制。结果表明:采用烧结温度为1 100℃,烧结压力为10 MPa下保温30 min的工艺条件烧结的材料有较好的机械性能和摩擦磨损性能。其摩擦磨损机制为:低速低载以疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损为主,高速重载以疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损为主,并伴有轻微的黏着磨损形式。     

水润滑下316L不锈钢与聚醚醚酮摩擦磨损性能研究

为了寻找适合于水液压泵/马达的摩擦副材料,以316 L不锈钢与纯聚醚醚酮树脂、30%玻璃纤维增强PEEK(PEEKGF30)、30%碳纤维增强PEEK(PEEKCA30),PTFE和石墨及碳纤维填充PEEK(PEEKHPV)组成的摩擦副为研究对象,利用MMW-1立式万能摩擦磨损试验机测量摩擦副在水润滑下接触表面的摩擦因数和温度以及试样的磨损量,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜对试件表面磨损形貌进行分析。结果表明:316 L-PEEKHPV摩擦副的摩擦因数、摩擦温升、磨损量均小于其余3组摩擦副,适合作为水液压泵/马达的关键摩擦副材料。316 L不锈钢与PEEKGF30配对时,摩擦机制为涂抹和擦伤,磨损较为严重;与PEEKCA30配对时,摩擦机制为擦伤;与PEEKHPV配对时摩擦机制主要为划伤,磨损较为轻微。     

表面粗糙度对碳/铜载流摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过环-块式摩擦磨损试验研究了表面粗糙度对碳/铜载流摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了磨损形貌及机制。结果表明:其摩擦因数与电弧行为密切相关,无电弧时摩擦因数曲线平滑;对磨环的表面粗糙度越大越容易产生电弧,电弧的烧蚀导致块试样的磨损加剧;不同表面粗糙度下均存在临界起弧法向压力,且随着表面粗糙度的增大而增大;载流摩擦副的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、电弧烧蚀及材料转移。     

青铜-石墨热喷涂层在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能

在MM-200摩擦磨损试验机上研究了青铜-石墨热喷涂层在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电镜(SEM)对磨损表面形貌进行了观测和采用X射线能谱分析(XPS)分析了涂层成分。结果表明,在水润滑条件下涂层摩擦因数和磨损率均低于干摩擦条件下;在水润滑条件下磨损机制为轻微磨粒磨损和犁削磨损,在干摩擦下主要是较为严重的粘着磨损和犁削。这是由于水润滑降低了摩擦副界面温度,提高了石墨润滑膜的韧性,改善了润滑效果,从而阻止了粘着磨损的发生,水还促进了钢偶件表面致密氧化膜的形成,从而减轻磨损。因此水润滑对涂层磨损性能有较大影响。     

An investigation on three-body abrasive wear test at elevated temperature

A high temperature three-body abrasive wear tester has been designed and made. In order to exhibit the effect of oxidation on the wear amount of specimen and to simulate various service conditions, the oxygen content in atmosphere, the time of exposing specimen in atmosphere and the intensity of abrasion can be controlled in the tester. In the temperature range 20–900 °C, both the discriminability of wear resistances of materials and the data reproducibility of the tester are quite satisfactory. Moreover, an intermittent oxidation-abrasion test procedure has been established for investigating the interaction of oxidation and abrasion at elevated temperature. By comparing the result of test performed in argon atmosphere with that in ambient atmosphere, the respective effects of oxidation and abrasion on volume loss of specimen can be clearly distinguished.