高强不锈钢绞线网增强工程水泥基复合材料弯曲性能试验

为了研究高强不锈钢绞线网增强工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composites,ECC)的受弯性能,考虑纵向高强不锈钢绞线配筋率、ECC抗压和抗拉强度等影响因素,对设计的8个高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC试件进行四点弯曲试验。结果表明,随着纵向高强不锈钢绞线配筋率增大,其开裂荷载基本不变,峰值荷载明显增大,但峰值位移减小,即延性降低;纵向高强不锈钢绞线配筋率小于0.48%比较合理。随着ECC强度提高,高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC受弯试件开裂和峰值荷载均增大。ECC开裂后,受拉区的钢绞线和ECC共同受拉,施加荷载达到峰值荷载的80%时,底部最大裂缝宽度仅0.08 mm;达到峰值荷载时,最大裂缝宽度不超过0.55 mm;受压区ECC的压应变达到0.01;ECC完全压碎时,跨中最大挠度达到跨度的1/15。说明本文研究的高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC具有良好的抗裂性能和延性性能。      

偏高岭土掺合料对水泥胶砂强度的影响

将不同比例的偏高岭土与矿渣、粉煤灰复合掺入水泥砂浆,分析水胶比和偏高岭土掺合料对水泥胶砂强度的影响,并借助活性指数综合分析偏高岭土掺合料的诱导激活效应。研究结果表明:偏高岭土与其他矿物参合料复掺比例一定时,随水胶比增大,水泥胶砂的强度呈下降趋势。当水胶比一定时,掺量在5%～15%范围之内,偏高岭土与矿渣复掺可提高水泥的早期强度;偏高岭土、矿渣与粉煤灰复掺更有助于改善水泥3～7d的抗折和抗压强度。偏高岭土在复掺比例为40%左右,水泥胶砂的抗折强度和抗压强度活性指数达到最佳。     

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料的直接拉伸性能

利用国产基体原材料制备了具有较高极限拉伸性能的高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC),研究了粉煤灰和胶粉对ECC直接拉伸性能的影响.试验结果表明:采用合理的配合比及测试方法,制备的ECC试件具有应变硬化及多缝开裂特征;粉煤灰掺量为80％时,7d、28 d极限拉应变分别达到3.77％和2.86％,28 d抗压强度为25.4 MPa;掺入10％胶粉,7d、28 d极限拉应变分别达到3.91％和2.37％.在满足强度要求的前提下,适当增大粉煤灰和胶粉掺量有利于提高ECC的延性.     

高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC加固RC短柱轴心受压试验

在新型复合材料“高强不锈钢绞线网增强工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)(简称HSME)”的力学性能和约束素混凝土受压性能研究基础上,将钢筋混凝土(RC)短柱配筋率和混凝土强度以及加固层的ECC强度和横向钢绞线配筋率作为参数,试验研究高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC加固RC短柱轴心受压性能。结果表明,和未加固RC短柱相比,HSME加固RC短柱不仅承载力大幅度提升,而且破坏时裂而不碎、具有明显的延性破坏特征,开裂荷载、峰值荷载及峰值位移显著提高;荷载达峰值荷载80%左右和峰值荷载时,试件表面最大裂缝宽度仅为0.09 mm和0.25 mm,表现出优良的多缝开裂和裂缝控制能力。HSME加固RC短柱荷载-位移曲线属于偏态的单峰曲线,包含弹性、裂缝发展、最大荷载和承载力下降四个阶段。随着ECC抗压强度和横向不锈钢绞线配筋率增大,HSME加固柱开裂荷载和峰值荷载均明显增大;增大RC柱配筋率和混凝土强度可提高加固柱峰值荷载和延性。     

高韧性水泥基复合材料强度尺寸效应试验研究与正交分析

尺寸效应是水泥基材料的固有特性,它与材料的配合比、强度以及结构组成等因素有关。高韧性水泥基复合材料是一种新型复合材料,具有优异的韧性,但同时其结构组成与普通混凝土相比也具有较大差异。然而,目前针对尺寸效应的研究大多限于普通混凝土和高强混凝土,并且尚无相关标准对高韧性水泥基复合材料尺寸效应的处理作出规范。为了探究该种复合材料的抗压强度尺寸效应,本文采用两种不同尺寸的立方体试件,对16组不同配合比的高韧性水泥基复合材料进行了单轴抗压试验和正交分析,研究了纤维掺量、水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和砂胶比这4个因素对材料强度尺寸效应的影响情况。试验结果表明:与普通混凝土相比,高韧性水泥基复合材料的脆性特征明显减小;诸因素对尺寸效应影响的主次顺序为水胶比纤维掺量粉煤灰掺量砂胶比,其中水胶比和纤维掺量的影响均非常显著,而砂胶比对尺寸效应影响甚微。     

纤维类型及水胶比对海砂ECC宏观力学性能的影响机理分析

通过15组配合比研究了不同纤维类型、体积掺量及水胶比对工程水泥基复合材料(engineering cementitious composites, ECC)宏观力学性能(压缩、三点抗弯)的影响,并从宏观及微观尺度分析纤维对ECC的影响机理。结果表明,体积掺量由2%降低至1%时,日产聚乙烯醇纤维(polyvinyl alcohol fiber, PVA) ECC的抗弯强度降低约37.8%,抗压强度降低约5.7%,国产PVA-ECC的抗弯强度降低约48.8%,抗压强度降低约23.4%,PE-ECC的抗弯强度降低约20.6%,PE纤维掺量的改变对ECC的抗压强度几乎没有影响。水胶比由0.25提高至0.29时,日产PVA-ECC的抗压强度下降约32.6%,国产PVA-ECC的抗压强度下降约28.1%,PE-ECC的抗压强度下降约43%。由灰色关联分析可知,影响ECC抗压性能及抗弯性能的主要因素分别为水胶比和纤维体积掺量。     

绿色路用纤维增强水泥基复合材料制备及其韧性表征

为提高传统混凝土的路面抗变形能力,采用橡胶粉和玄武岩束制备绿色路用纤维增强水泥基复合材料(FRCC)。对材料的力学特性、韧性指标以及微观结构进行分析,结果表明:单掺橡胶粉时,材料的强度随橡胶粉掺量增加整体呈下降趋势,但其折压比随橡胶粉掺量增加有所提高,试件破坏过程中表现出一定的延性。复掺0.6%、0.8%和1.0%玄武岩纤维束时,材料的强度和折压比均有很大程度的提高,其荷载-挠度曲线具有明显的弯曲硬化特征,峰值荷载所对应的挠度比单掺10%橡胶粉的试验组提高了30%~110%,全曲线所包围面积为单掺10%橡胶粉试验组的14.4~30.3倍。采用初始弯曲韧性比进行弯曲韧性表征结果与折压比之间具有良好的线性相关性。     

新型复合材料“高强钢绞线网/ECC约束素混凝土”受压性能试验研究

考虑混凝土强度、工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)强度和横向高强钢绞线配筋率等因素，研究新型复合材料“高强钢绞线网/ECC约束素混凝土”(以下简称HSE约束素混凝土)的受压性能。HSE约束素混凝土轴心受压试验显示，达到最大荷载的30%左右时，约束层ECC出现约为0.01 mm的竖向裂缝；约为最大荷载的85%时，表面最大裂缝宽度约为0.07 mm；达到最大荷载时，最大裂缝宽度仅为0.20 mm；说明该新型复合材料具有很好的裂缝分散和控制能力。之后荷载缓慢下降至最大荷载75%左右，第一根横向钢绞线断裂；达到破坏时裂而不碎，约束层和核心混凝土未发生黏结破坏，完整性良好。HSE约束素混凝土与素混凝土相比，其开裂应力提高了88%~116%；轴心抗压强度提高了21%~49%、轴心压应变增加了约45%；极限压应变提高了106%~175%。ECC强度和混凝土强度及横向钢绞线配筋率的提高，均增大其开裂和最大荷载及极限压应变。      

高性能环保型尾矿砂水泥基复合材料增韧性能研究

针对项目组研发的高性能环保型建材即替代比率达50%的尾矿砂PVA纤维水泥基复合材料,采用立方体抗压实验、薄板四点弯曲实验和薄板拉伸实验,分别测得了该复合材料的抗压强度、弯曲荷载-挠度位移和拉伸应力-应变等特性曲线,获得了该复合材料的弯曲韧性和弯曲强度以及断裂能和抗拉强度。通过实验,研究PVA纤维掺量和水胶比等因素对尾矿砂PVA纤维水泥基复合材料增强和增韧性能的影响。实验结果表明,配合比对尾矿砂PVA纤维增韧水泥基复合材料的力学性能有显著影响;合适的配合比可使该复合材料获得准应变硬化和多裂缝特征,使其具有良好的弯曲韧性和抗拉延性以及较好的抗压强度、弯曲强度和抗拉强度。综合评价了尾矿砂PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料的强度、韧性及其适用性,为该环保型复合材料的工程应用提供了依据。     

玄武岩格栅增强水泥基复合材料单轴拉伸力学性能试验及本构关系模型

考虑玄武岩纤维增强树脂合物基复合材料(BFRP)格栅层数和水泥基复合材料(ECC)配比等因素,对BFRP增强大掺量粉煤灰/矿粉ECC棒骨试件进行了静力单轴拉伸试验,研究掺加增强粉煤灰/矿粉ECC的抗拉力学性能。结合试验数据,基于Richard和Abbot的弹塑性应力-应变公式提出掺加增强ECC的应力-应变本构关系模型。试验结果表明:随着掺加层数的增加,格栅增强ECC的极限抗拉强度显著增大。同配合比掺矿粉制成的ECC抗压强度、开裂应变及应力高于掺粉煤灰制成的ECC。掺加增强掺矿粉ECC试件相对掺粉煤灰ECC试件具有较好的抗拉力学性能。计算结果表明,建立的单轴受拉本构关系模型可以有效地预测掺加增强ECC的应力-应变关系和极限抗拉强度。     

Macroscopic and microstructural properties of engineered cementitious composites incorporating recycled concrete fines

Recycled concrete fines (RCF) are fine aggregates and particles from the demolition waste of old concrete. Unlike recycled coarse aggregates, RCF is seldom used to replace sands in concrete due to its high surface area and attached old mortar on the surface of RCF. This study investigated potential use of RCF as microsilica sand substitute in the production of engineered cementitious composites (ECC), a unique high performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites featuring extreme tensile strain capacity of several percent. The results showed that it is viable to use RCF as microsilica sand substitute in the production of ECC and the resulting RCF-ECCs possess decent compressive strength and strain capacity. Microstructure investigation on the component level revealed that RCF size and content modify matrix toughness and fiber/matrix interface properties. The influence of RCF size and content on ECC properties was clearly revealed and explained by the resulting fiber bridging σ(δ) curves of RCF-ECCs calculated from the micromechanical model. Micromechanics-based design principle can therefore be used for ingredients selection and component tailoring of RCF-ECCs.     

Behavior of unreinforced masonry prisms and beams retrofitted with engineered cementitious composites

The impact of a thin layer of a ductile fiber-reinforced concrete referred to as engineered cementitious composites (ECC) on unreinforced masonry (URM) prisms and beams has been evaluated. The objective of the research was to characterize the performance and potential benefits of using ECC to retrofit URM with eventual application to masonry infill walls in non-ductile reinforced concrete frames. Compression tests of masonry prisms and flexural tests of masonry beams with different ECC retrofit schemes were conducted. The variables studied were the use of wall anchors to improve the ECC-masonry bond and alternate steel reinforcement ratios within the ECC layer in the form of welded wire fabric. The ECC retrofit was found to increase the strength and stiffness of URM prisms by 45 and 53 %, respectively compared to those of a plain specimen. When wall anchors were installed on the masonry specimens, the bond between the ECC layer and the masonry surface was improved. Four-point bending tests indicated that the strength and more importantly the ductility of an ECC retrofitted brick beam are increased significantly, especially when light reinforcement is added to the ECC layer, relative to an URM beam. Analytical models for estimating the strength and stiffness of ECC retrofitted masonry specimens are proposed and evaluated.     

The effect of synthetic polyethylene fiber on the strain hardening behavior of engineered cementitious composite (ECC)

This research investigated the effects of polyethylene (PE) fibers on the toughness and compressive and flexural strengths of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) cubes and slabs. In particular, this study discussed the reinforcing index (R.I.) as the main parameter. Tests were conducted in direct tension to evaluate the strain-hardening behavior of ECC with different PE fiber contents. Flexural toughness was also assessed following the ASTM C1018 procedure and post-cracking strength technique (PCS_m). Results showed that the compressive strength linearly decreased with the increase of the reinforcing index, which in turn decreased the first crack load and significantly increased the ultimate load and failure deflections, and the ultimate strength of slabs. The toughness indices I₂₀ to I₁₀₀ significantly increased with the increase in reinforcing index and even exceeded the considered limitations. Based on the observed results, a new definition for the ECC PE was proposed as an extension to the definition given in ASTM C1018. All the residual strength factors increased when the reinforcing index increased, indicating a higher amount of the retained strength. Similarly, the retained strength had a higher amount when the PCS₂₄ values increased with increase in the reinforcing indices.     

玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料筋与工程水泥基复合材料黏结性能

为了研究玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）复合材料筋和工程水泥基复合材料（ECC）黏结性能的影响因素,对42个GFRP/ECC试件进行了拉拔试验,分析了GFRP复合材料筋表面形式、直径、ECC基体强度及保护层厚度等因素对GFRP复合材料筋与ECC基体黏结性能的影响。结果表明:GFRP/ECC试件的破坏形式主要有拔出破坏、筋剥离剪切破坏、劈裂破坏三种形式。表面带肋GFRP复合材料筋黏结强度比光滑GFRP复合材料筋高约66%;当ECC保护层厚度由1.5D（D为GFRP筋直径）增大至4D时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度提高了约58%;当GFRP复合材料筋直径为12~18 mm时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度随着GFRP复合材料筋直径的增大而降低;ECC强度由33.7 MPa增大至73.3 MPa时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度增大约3倍。增加GFRP复合材料筋表面形式复杂程度,或一定程度上提高ECC基体保护层厚度、提高ECC强度等级,有助于提高GFRP复合材料筋与ECC的黏结强度。      

Improved fiber distribution and mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites by adjusting the mixing sequence

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is a class of ultra ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composites, characterized by high ductility and tight crack width control. The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber with a diameter of 39 μm and a length of 6-12 mm is often used. Unlike plain concrete and normal fiber reinforced concrete, ECC shows a strain-hardening behavior under tensile load. Apart from the mix design, the fiber distribution is another crucial factor for the mechanical properties of ECC, especially the ductility. In order to obtain a good fiber distribution, the plastic viscosity of the ECC mortar before adding fibers needs to be controlled, for example, by adjusting water-to-powder ratio or chemical admixtures. However, such adjustments have some limitations and may result in poor mechanical properties of ECC. This research explores an innovative approach to improve the fiber distribution by adjusting the mixing sequence. With the standard mixing sequence, fibers are added after all solid and liquid materials are mixed. The undesirable plastic viscosity before the fiber addition may cause poor fiber distribution and results in poor hardened properties. With the adjusted mixing sequence, the mix of solid materials with the liquid material is divided into two steps and the addition of fibers is between the two steps. In this paper, the influence of different water mixing sequences is investigated by comparing the experimental results of the uniaxial tensile test and the fiber distribution analysis. Compared with the standard mixing sequence, the adjusted mixing sequence increases the tensile strain capacity and ultimate tensile strength of ECC and improves the fiber distribution. This concept is further applied in the development of ECC with high volume of sand.     

A comparison of engineered cementitious composites versus normal concrete in beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are a class of high-performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite with strain hardening and multiple cracking properties. For a reinforced concrete member, substitution of conventional concrete with ECC can significantly improve the deformation characteristics in terms of reinforced composite tensile or shear strength and energy dissipation ability. In this paper, a number of RC/ECC composite beam-column joints have been tested under reversed cyclic loading to study the effect of substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone on the seismic behaviors of composite members. The experimental parameters include shear reinforcement ratio in the joint zone, axial load level on the column and substitution of concrete with ECC or not. According to the test results, for the specimens without shear reinforcement in the joint zone, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone cannot change the brittle shear failure in the joint zone, but can significantly increase the load capacity and ductility of the beam-column joint specimens, as well as the energy dissipation ability due to high ductility and shear strength of ECC material. For the specimens with insufficient or proper shear reinforcement ratio, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone can lead to failure mode change from brittle shear failure in the joint zone to a more ductile failure mode, i.e. flexural failure at the base of the beam, with increased load capacity, ductility and energy dissipation ability. Increase of axial load on column and shear reinforcement in the joint zone have little effect on seismic behaviors of the members when they failed by flexural failure at the base of beam. In a word, the substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone was experimentally proved to be an effective method to increase the seismic resistance of beam-column joint specimens.     

纤维网格增强超高韧性水泥复合材料加固混凝土圆柱受压性能试验

为提升纤维增强聚合物复合材料（FRP）在加固材料中的优势和发挥效率,同时克服传统纤维网格增强砂浆的抗裂性差的缺点,将超高韧性水泥基材料（ECC）替代砂浆作为FRP网格无机黏结剂的新型复合材料已被提出,但仍缺乏相关的基础研究。本文以新型聚乙烯型ECC为基材,重点研究FRP grid/ECC加固混凝土柱的加固机制。以标准混凝土圆柱为试验对象,采用新型ECC材料为基材的FRP grid/ECC复合材料,以不同强度素混凝土、不同网格材料（玄武岩纤维增强聚合物复合材料（BFRP）与碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料（CFRP）网格）为试验变量,研究了该加固方式下对混凝土轴心受压性能的影响。试验结果表明,该加固方法可有效改善素混凝土脆性压溃破坏模式,提高峰值强度及受压延性。基于FRP grid/ECC材性特征,提出两阶段FRP grid/ECC加固机制,并基于该机制提出加固素混凝土圆柱承载力计算方法。      

Influence of treated palm oil fuel ash on compressive properties and chloride resistance of engineered cementitious composites

The influence of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) inclusion on the compressive properties and chloride resistance of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) were experimentally investigated. In the material development, pozzolanic reactivity of POFA, direct tensile test and matrix fracture test were performed for evaluating the performance of ECC with POFA. Different ECC mixes with varying POFA content and water–binder ratios were used. The results show that the use of POFA should be helpful for achieving strain-hardening behavior by enhancing the fracture toughness and interfacial bond between matrix and PVA fiber. Moreover, at 28 and 90 days, increasing the POFA/cement ratio up to 0.2 led to an increase in the compressive strength of the ECC. The ECC mix with 1.2 POFA–cement ratio achieved a compressive strength of 30 MPa at 28 days, which is within the normal range of concrete strength for many applications. In addition, the test results show that mechanically pre-loaded POFA–ECC specimens exposed to chloride solution remain durable. The results also indicated strong evidence of self-healing of micro-cracked POFA–ECC specimens, which can still carry considerable flexural load. The rapid chloride permeability test reveal that the total charge passed was gradually reduced with the inclusion of higher amount of POFA. The results presented in this study provide a preliminary database for the durability of cracked and uncracked POFA–ECCs under chloride environment or/and combined mechanical loading.