砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工微观形貌评价及摩擦学特性研究

用TALYSURF5轮廓仪测量砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工后工件表面的微观几何参数值，用扫描电镜和显微镜观察表面微观形貌变化,依据测量结果，应用随机过程的相关函数对磨粒喷射精密光整加工表面进行微观形貌评价,结果表明:光整加工后工件表面轮廓纵向参数值下降，表面轮廓波度平均间距减小，波纹峰密度提高;磨粒喷射精密光整加工表面和磨削加工表面具有很小的相似性，光整加工后工件表面实现了各向同性，表面纹理具有均一化特征。利用MG-2000型销－盘式试验机研究了表面形貌对摩擦学特性的影响，结果表明，光整加工表面的摩擦因数和磨损量与磨削加工表面相比明显降低，表面质量明显改善，从而提高了零件的使用寿命和精度保持性。     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工表面微观形貌的研究

对砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工表面微观形貌进行分析，研究了工件表面尖峰去除机理和均化及改善波纹度机理。利用平面磨床M7120对精磨后的Q235A工件材料进行喷射加工实验，采用TALSURF5轮廓仪测量加工后表面的微观几何参数值，用扫描电镜观察表面微观形貌变化，用金相显微镜观察磨削烧伤。实验结果表明，随着加工循环次数的增加，表面微观形貌由方向一致的沟槽过渡到随机的、无方向性的微细凹坑，表面粗糙度值明显降低，喷射加工能减轻或消除磨削烧伤。     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工表面特性的实验研究

主要对砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工表面特性进行研究.利用平面磨床M7120和磨粒喷射装置对45钢进行喷射光整加工实验,用TALYSURF5轮廓仪测量加工后的微观几何参数值,用扫描电镜和金相显微镜观察表面微观形貌和断面金相组织变化,用HVS-1000型数字显微硬度计测量表面硬度,用X射线能谱仪对工件表面进行物相分析,用PW3208 X射线衍射仪Cr靶辐射测试残余应力.实验结果表明,该加工方法在减小表面粗糙度值和均化波纹度的同时,不仅提高表面硬度,而且在光整加工表面产生残余压应力,从而提高了零件的使用寿命和精度保持性.     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射加工外圆表面创成机理及三维形貌

磨粒喷射精密光整加工是重要零件在磨削后进行去除表面缺陷层、降低粗糙度和波纹度为目的光整加工新工艺。试验在MB1332A外圆磨床上完成,加工试样为表面粗糙度0.6 m左右的45钢。加工表面形貌和微观几何参数分别用扫描电子显微镜和Micromesvre2表面轮廓仪测量。应用自相关函数对磨削加工表面和光整加工表面进行分析,并研究材料去除机理和微观表面形貌的创成机理。在楔形区游离磨粒获得能量对工件进行抛磨、滑擦、和微切削是材料去除机理的核心因素,磨料流体侧向挤出是均化和降低表面波纹度的主要因素。试验结果表明,试样表面从连续的方向一致的沟槽被随机不连续的微坑所代替,表面粗糙度明显得到改善。随着加工循环的增加,工件表面的粗糙度值由0.6 m下降到0.2 m左右。此外,光整加工可以获得各向同性网纹交错的表面,表面轮廓的支撑长度率提高,对工件的耐磨性有利。     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工材料去除机理研究

基于磨粒特征尺寸与砂轮、工件间液膜厚度比值的变化,研究了砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工材料去除机理。分析了在两体加工及三体加工模式条件下,单颗磨粒运动特点以及磨粒由两体研磨加工向三体抛光加工转变的临界条件。实验证明,砂轮约束磨粒喷射光整加工中,随着加工循环的增加,工件表面微观形貌变化规律与理论分析相同,实验结果和理论分析吻合很好。     

游离磨粒精密光整加工方法综述

指出了磨粒精密光整加工是先进制造技术的重要组成部分之一,是保证产品精度和表面质量的重要方法.磨粒光整加工在改善表面精度和提高表面层力学机械性能的同时,又提高了加工精度和表面完整性.论述了磨粒精密光整加工技术的原理、特点、关键技术及在工业生产中的具体应用,其目的是在装备制造业中,利用磨粒进行光整加工实现低成本、高表面完整性、高效率精密加工.     

游离磨粒精密光整加工方法综述(续)

指出了磨粒精密光整加工是先进制造技术的重要组成部分之一,是保证产品精度和表面质量的重要方法.磨粒光整加工在改善表面精度和提高表面层力学机械性能的同时,又提高了加工精度和表面完整性.论述了磨粒精密光整加工技术的原理、特点、关键技术及在工业生产中的具体应用,其目的是在装备制造业中,利用磨粒进行光整加工实现低成本、高表面完整性、高效率精密加工.     

摩擦副表面微观动压效应集成、传递及影响的研究

为探讨摩擦副表面微观几何形貌的影响,基于试验数据的分析,利用分形几何理论和FLUENT等软件,分析和仿真模拟了磨削加工与电化学光整加工的表面微观几何形貌对动压效应的影响。结果表明：与磨削加工相比,电化学光整加工借助对表面微观几何形貌的改形,提高其规则化程度来改变微观动压效应的强弱分布;微观动压效应集成的结果形成膜压分布不均的压力场,而传递使压力场具有波动特性,形成压力波;与磨削加工相比,电化学光整加工的表面具有强化动压效应、改善压力场的波动及其稳定性的能力,可实现减阻、降磨及减振,有利于提高摩擦副的使用性能。     

电镀金刚石砂轮高效精密修整及熔融石英磨削试验研究

大尺寸光学玻璃元件主要采用细磨粒金刚石砂轮进行精密/超精密磨削加工,但存在砂轮修整频繁、工件表面面形精度难以保证、加工效率低等缺点。采用大磨粒金刚石砂轮进行加工则具有磨削比大、工件面形精度高等优点,然而高效精密的修整是其实现精密磨削的关键技术。采用Cr12钢对电镀金刚石砂轮(磨粒粒径151 μm)进行粗修整,借助修整区域聚集的热量加快金刚石的磨损,可使砂轮的回转误差快速降至10 μm以内。结合在线电解修锐技术,采用杯形金刚石修整滚轮对粗修整后的电镀砂轮进行精修整,砂轮的回转误差可达6 μm以内,轴向梯度误差由6 μm降至2.5 μm。通过对修整前后的金刚石砂轮表面磨损形貌成像及其拉曼光谱曲线分析了修整的机理。对应于不同的砂轮修整阶段进行熔融石英光学玻璃磨削试验,结果表明,砂轮回转误差较大时,工件材料表面以脆性断裂去除为主;随着砂轮回转误差和轴向梯度误差的减小,工件表面材料以塑性去除为主,磨削表面粗糙度为Ra19.6 nm,亚表层损伤深度低至2 μm。可见,经过精密修整的大磨粒电镀金刚石砂轮可以实现对光学玻璃的精密磨削。     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射加工表面材料去除机理

基于磨粒特征尺寸与砂轮、工件间液膜厚度比值的变化研究了磨粒喷射光整加工的材料去除机理,建立了两体研磨及三体冲蚀单颗磨粒的材料去除模型和材料去除率模型。试验在MB1332A外圆磨床上完成,加工试样为Sa=06μm左右的45钢。加工表面形貌和微观几何参数分别用SEM和MICROMESVRE2表面轮廓仪测量,试验结果和材料去除模型相吻合。试样表面连续的方向一致的沟槽被随机不连续的微坑所代替,随着加工循环的增加,Sa值由06μm下降到02μm左右。此外,光整加工可以获得各向同性网纹交错的表面,表面轮廓的支撑长度率提高,对工件的耐磨性有利。      

Tribological compatibility and improvement of machining productivity and surface integrity

Machining process productivity and machined part quality improvement is a considerable challenge for modern manufacturing. One way to accomplish this is through the application of PVD coatings on cutting tools. In this study the wear rate and wear behavior of end milling cutters with mono-layered TiAlCrN and nano-multilayered self-adaptive TiAlCrN/WN PVD coatings have been studied under high performance dry ball-nose end-milling conditions. The material being machined in this case is hardened H13 tool steel. The morphology of the worn surface of the cutting tool has been studied using SEM/EDX. The microstructure of the cross-section of the chips formed during cutting was analyzed as well. The surface integrity of the workpiece material was also evaluated. Surface roughness and microhardness distribution near the surface of the workpiece material was also investigated. The data presented shows that achieving a high degree of tribological compatibility within the cutting tool/workpiece system can have a big impact on tool life and surface integrity improvement during end milling of hardened tool steel.     

Characterization of abrasive grain’s behavior and wear mechanisms

Grinding is a finishing process largely used in motor industry, aeronautics, space industry and precision cutting tool manufacturers. The grinding process can be summarized by the action of a grinding wheel on a workpiece. The wheel is constituted by abrasive grains. Thus grinding is in fact the action of grains on the workpiece. The grain behavior changes according to numerous parameters (geometry, mechanical characteristics, wear mechanisms). In some cases abrasive wear is observed while micro-cutting is obtained in some other cases.In this paper two useful and complementary experimental approaches for the interface physics understanding is presented. The study of the cutting power is carried out using a high-speed scratch test device in order to understand the grain behavior and the wear mechanisms for several wheel surface speeds. In this paper an approach for the specific abrasion energy computation is also presented.     

截面包络法加工复杂螺旋面的几何仿真算法

以截面包络法数控加工螺旋面为例,给出了一种基于啮合基本定理的点接触包络加工表面的几何仿真算法。通过分析数控加工中刀具与工件的相对进给运动,得到刀触点的啮合方程式,由此可求得加工表面上的刀触点—几何仿真点。几何仿真的计算结果,用于螺杆加工的编程误差分析取得了良好的效果,对于提高数控编程精度具有重要意义     

The monitoring of flank wear on the CBN tool in the hard turning process

In precision hard turning, tool flank wear is one of the major factors contributing to the geometric error and thermal damage in a machined workpiece. Tool wear not only directly reduces the part geometry accuracy but also increases the cutting forces drastically. The change in cutting forces causes instability in the tool motion, and in turn, more inaccuracy. There are demands for reliably monitoring the progress of tool wear during a machining process to provide information for both correction of geometric errors and to guarantee the surface integrity of the workpiece. A new method for tool wear monitoring in precision hard turning is presented in this paper. The flank wear of a CBN tool is monitored by feature parameters extracted from the measured passive force, by the use of a force dynamometer. The feature parameters include the passive force level, the frequency energy and the accumulated cutting time. An ANN model was used to integrate these feature parameters in order to obtain more reliable and robust flank wear monitoring. Finally, the results from validation tests indicate that the developed monitoring system is robust and consistent for tool wear monitoring in precision hard turning.     

Case Studies on Tribological Behavior of Coated Cutting Tools

Plasma surface engineering is a very promising way to enhance performance of metal cutting tools. The advantage of PVD coatings include increase the tool life, improve the roughness of machined surfaces, increase the cutting speed, etc.

This paper studied some new multiphase materials and multilayer structures of coatings based on TiN and TiC, ZrN, (Ti,Al)N,Al-Si-N. The change of contact conditions on cutting by coated tools, specific features of wear of tools with complicated geometry (like drills), effect of cutting conditions and workpiece materials on tribological behavior of indexable inserts during lathe turning and plain rotary were discussed.     

Effect of the third-body particles on the tool–chip contact and tool-wear behaviour during dry cutting of aeronautical titanium alloys

In machining process, a major limitation of the tool life is due to wear phenomena that occur at the tool–chip interface. Wear influences the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the finished product by degrading the shape and efficiency of the tool cutting edge. The basic mechanisms of wear are controlled by the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the tool and workpiece materials. The cutting conditions such as the cutting speed, the feed rate, and the tool geometry also have an important effect on the tool-wear behaviour. Several basic causes of tool wear have been previously investigated; some of the most important are: abrasion and adhesion wear. During the chip formation, particles are removed from the tool and/or the chip surface and are carried away by the flow of the work material along the contact. It is very hard to understand physical phenomena at the tool–chip interface using only experimental means since the contact between the tool and the machined material occurs under extreme mechanical and thermal loading. The situation is more complicated by the presence of the third body, which generates different wear mechanisms.In the present work, the discrete element method (DEM) based on molecular dynamics is used as a helpful tool to understand the behaviour of the third-body particles and their interactions with the tool and workpiece materials in the contact. Both tool and chip materials are defined as discrete particles connected by solid joints. The tool material (first body) is assumed to be degradable granular material and flows along the second material under a combination of pressure and sliding velocity. A parametric study on the transient phenomenon of the tool degradation has been carried out according to the contact conditions, which strongly depend on the machining parameters. The results show that the tribological parameters can be qualitatively evaluated by conducting both calibration–cutting experiments and DEM simulations.