不同围压条件下TBM刀具破岩模式的数值研究

为了研究不同围压条件下TBM刀具在掘进施工过程中的破岩机理,基于2-D离散单元法,利用UDEC仿真软件建立了双把TBM刀具侵入岩石的仿真模型。在此基础上设计了一组数值试验,成功地模拟出了不同围压条件以及不同刀间距下岩石裂纹生成,扩展和岩石破碎的全过程。仿真结果表明：TBM刀具作用下岩石存在四种基本的破碎模式,它们的出现与围压以及刀间距有关;破碎模式对刀具的破岩效率,岩石破碎块度均有影响;随着围压的增加,最优刀间距增大,但围压超过一定值后,最优刀间距反而减小。     

自由面对滚刀破岩机制影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究自由面对滚刀破岩机理的影响,运用UDEC方法建立了滚刀贯切岩石的二维数值系列模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程进行了仿真。分析表明：在合理的刀间距和贯人度情况下,破碎坑自由面的存在使裂纹扩展能耗降低,裂纹密度增大,起裂方式增多,容易实现体积破碎,提高滚刀破岩效率。     

不同围压及切削顺序对TBM刀具破岩机理的影响

在综合考虑围压及刀具切削顺序的前提下,利用二维离散单元法建立双把TBM刀具切削节理不发育岩石的仿真模型,模拟出岩石裂纹的生产与扩展全过程。根据获得的裂纹扩展形态以及破碎块形成规则,总结归纳出四种典型破碎模式,并从刀具破岩效率、岩石裂纹扩展能力以及岩石破碎块度三个方面对刀具破岩机理进行进一步研究。仿真结果表明:随着围压的增加,刀具的破岩效率与裂纹扩展能力降低;同时加载方式下破岩效率比先后加载方式要大,而裂纹扩展能力则刚好相反;岩石破碎块度与破碎模式有关。     

TBM滚刀破岩动态特性与最优刀间距研究

在对实际工况合理简化的基础上,从岩土细观角度出发,采用颗粒离散元法建立滚刀侵入岩体的二维模拟模型,研究双滚刀作用下岩体的动态响应机制,找出滚刀侵入过程中岩体裂纹、贯入度以及切削力三者的关系。在此基础上,通过数值模拟对常见切深下滚刀最优刀间距问题进行分析,得到不同切深下比能耗与刀间距的规律,并通过试验对双滚刀破岩过程中岩体动态特性以及最优刀间距问题进行验证,最后以工程实例验证研究结论。研究表明：仿真过程中,切削力随贯入度的变化与岩体的跃进破碎特性相一致,岩体破坏服从格里菲斯理论;较小切深下岩体为剪切破坏,较大切深下岩体发生拉应力破坏;切深为10 mm时比能耗有明显拐点,此时刀间距为100 mm;切深为6 mm时,60 mm刀间距下比能耗最小;切深小于2 mm时,实际工况下岩体不能产生贯穿裂纹。     

围压对滚刀作用下节理岩体开裂特征影响的数值分析

为了研究围压对TBM滚刀破碎节理岩体机理的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立了二维TBM滚刀破岩数值模型。模型中,节理岩体的倾角45O,节理面间距50mm。围压分别为2.5 MPa、5 MPa、7.5 MPa、10 MPa和12.5MPa。计算了滚刀贯入岩体的力链分布、裂纹数量和破岩效率。研究表明,在低围压条件下,节理面对力链的传播具有阻碍作用。高围压下,这种阻碍作用降低;随着围压的增加,岩体的整体强度变高,微裂纹数量减少,岩体的破坏程度降低,破岩效率减小。     

基于耦合FDM-DEM方法的TBM滚刀最优化研究

为确定TBM盘型滚刀的最优布置,结合有限差分法(FDM)和离散元法(DEM)的优点,采用FDM-DEM耦合的数值模拟方法,对不同刀间距和贯入度条件下TBM双滚刀破岩过程进行三维动态仿真模拟,分析研究了不同滚刀配置对岩石破碎效果的影响。为了验证所提出方法的可行性和准确性,利用线性切割机(LCM)对科罗拉多红色花岗岩进行了切割试验,通过对比分析线性切割试验数据,验证了所提出方法的可行性。数值模拟结果表明：对于科罗拉多红色花岗,滚刀法向力和切向力会随着刀间距和贯入度比值的增加先减少后增大,当刀间距和贯入度的比值为20左右,滚刀法向力和切向力最小。线性切割试验和数值模拟结果均表明,当间距和贯入度的比值在17～20左右,岩石切割的比能量最低,此时TBM切割效率最高。文章提出方法的方法可以为TBM滚刀刀头配置提供重要依据。     

动静组合载荷作用下岩石破碎数值模拟及试验研究

运用 ANSYS 软件对花岗岩 在单一静载、动载和动静组合载荷作用下的破坏过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明：静载破岩时岩石中的裂纹扩展范围比冲击破岩时广,形成的破碎角大;冲击载荷破岩时岩石中的裂纹扩展速度比静载时快,形成的破碎角较小;动静组合载荷破岩时破碎深度和裂纹扩展面积比单一静载或动载时均大,破岩效果优于单一加载模式。在多功能岩石破碎试验装置上对花岗岩分别进行了单一静载、冲击载荷和动静组合载荷破岩试验,进一步表明动静组合载荷破岩在破碎深度、破碎体积和破岩比能方面比静力压入或单一冲击具有明显的优势,能大幅度提高破岩效果。不同的动静组合载荷存在不同的破岩比能,合理选取动静载荷的比值,可使破岩比能最小,破碎效果达到最优。     

基于矿物晶体模型的非均质性岩石双裂纹扩展规律研究

为研究细观结构非均质性对裂隙岩石宏观力学及裂纹扩展规律的影响,基于花岗岩室内力学试验及矿物组成分析利用PFC离散元数值软件建立针对2种不同类型花岗岩的矿物晶体模型(grainbasedmodel,GBM),结合单裂纹岩石单轴压缩室内试验与数值模拟结果验证GBM的合理性与可靠性。对双裂隙岩石试样进行单轴和双轴压缩数值试验,分析研究应力–应变曲线、试样破坏模式及微裂纹的发展与演化规律。结果表明:岩石试样加载过程中的新生裂纹以晶内和晶间的拉伸裂纹为主,裂纹的发展可分为初始阶段、稳定发展阶段、快速发展阶段和峰后阶段;在10MPa条件下的双轴压缩中裂纹扩展的形态与单轴压缩相比具有中心对称和边缘延展2个明显的特性;峰值应力下各类型破坏裂纹数量随双轴试验围压增加呈现不同程度的增长趋势。从应变–裂纹数量角度分析,除晶间剪切裂纹外,围压对其他类型裂纹的前期发展存在不同程度的抑制作用;非均质性系数大的双裂隙岩石加载过程中更易出现应力集中且双轴压缩时破坏形式更易从拉伸破坏向剪切破坏转换。     

围压对 TBM 滚刀破岩影响机制研究

穿越高大山体的隧道TBM施工不可避免地会遇到高地应力问题,研究地应力对TBM滚刀破岩机制和掘进效率的影响具有重大的工程价值和科学意义。通过理论分析和UDEC数值模拟技术对围压作用下滚刀破岩模式进行研究,发现围压对滚刀破岩过程影响比较复杂:围压对粉碎区深度和裂纹扩展区内滚刀作用方向的裂纹扩展起到抑制作用;而对围压作用方向的裂纹扩展有促进作用,表现为边裂纹的扩展范围会更大,扩展路径会更加平直,发展更加迅速,滚刀间岩片的形成更加容易。TBM现场掘进试验表明,地应力越高,围压作用越明显,TBM破岩更加容易,掘进效率会更高。从TBM滚刀作用下岩片形成的难易程度角度考虑,理论分析、数值模拟和TBM现场掘进试验都表明围压作用促进TBM滚刀破岩。     

花岗岩材料在动态压应力作用下力学特性的实验和模型研究

 博士学位论文摘要　岩石材料动态力学特性是评价岩石结构在爆炸以及地震载荷作用下稳定性的重要参数, 是国防和民用防护工程研究的基本资料, 具有重要的学术价值和应用价值。对花岗岩材料在动态压应力(单轴和三轴) 作用下的力学特性进行了较系统的实验和理论研究。首先通过实验研究了花岗岩材料的动态断裂特性以及在单轴和三轴动态压应力作用下的强度以及变形特性。结果表明, 花岗岩的动态断裂韧度随加载速率的增加以及加载时间的减小而增加。在单轴情况下, 花岗岩的抗压强度随应变速率的增加而增加, 杨氏模量以及泊松比随应变速率的变化很小。在三轴情况下, 花岗岩的抗压强度也随应变速率的增加而增加, 强度的增加幅度随围压的增加有减小的趋势, 杨氏模量以及泊松比随应变速率的变化不大; 花岗岩的杭压强度随围压的增加明显增加, 在不同的应变速率下具有相同的趋势, 花岗岩的杨氏模量以及泊松比随围压的增加有小幅度的增加趋势。在实验研究的基础上, 应用滑移型裂纹模型对花岗岩材料在压缩应力作用下的力学特性进行了理论研究。在单轴情况下, 采用一组与轴向应力平行的滑移型裂纹系列模拟岩石材料的劈裂破坏模式同时考虑裂纹间的相互作用。根据裂纹的动态扩展准则以及能量平衡理论, 得到了不同应变速率下花岗岩的理论强度值以及应力应变关系, 这些理论结果与实验结果符合得非常好。本部分的研究还表明, 在动载荷作用下, 裂纹的扩展速率以及岩石材料的动态断裂韧度的率相关特性导致岩石材料的单轴抗压强度随应变速率的增加而增加。当应变速率为10- 4～ 100S- 1范围时, 裂纹的扩展速率对岩石材料的破坏影响可以忽略, 岩石材料的抗压强度随应变速率的增加仅仅由于岩石材料的动态断裂韧度的率相关特性造成。在三轴情况下, 用一组与轴向应力成一定夹角的滑移裂纹系列模拟岩石材料的剪切破坏模式, 并根据虚拟力方法得到了该裂纹系列的应力强度因子表达式。根据动态裂纹扩展准则以及能量平衡理论, 也得到了不同围压以及不同应变速率下花岗岩的理论强度值以及应力应变关系。结果表明, 花岗岩的抗压强度以及应力应变关系随应变速率的变化规律与实验结果符合得比较好。模型结果还表明, 由模型得到的强度以及应力应变曲线随围压的变化规律在较低围压时(小于110M Pa) 与实验结果符合得比较好。本项研究在实验研究的基础上, 创新性地从研究岩石内部固有的微裂纹在动载荷作用下的扩展聚合特性入手, 结合细观力学以及动态断裂力学的相关理论, 揭示了花岗岩的率相关特性机理, 初步建立了岩石材料宏观动态力学特性与岩石内部固有的裂纹动态扩展特性的关系以及岩石材料强度与应变速率的关系和率相关的岩石材料本构模型, 构筑了系统研究岩石材料率相关特性的基本框架。     

Analysis on the damage behavior of mixed ground during TBM cutting process

Accurate prediction of rock cutting forces of disc cutters is especially significant for the design and construction of tunnel boring machine (TBM). Through the analysis of motion trajectory of TBM disc cutters, a three-dimensional model of rock breaking process of disc cutters is established. In terms of the rock strain which is resulted from the interaction between disc cutters and rock during the process of rock breaking, a three-dimensional cutting forces model is proposed with disc cutters set at certain parameters and in certain sizes. Subsequently, the equation of contacting forces between rock and disc cutter is derived. Moreover, a new method has been presented for the study of the rock breaking theory of the disc cutter and it also provides guidance for the design and application of TBM in tunnel excavation. The three-dimensional model for the rock breaking mechanism is used for predicting the cutting force for the situation of mixed ground.The damage field and the rock failure zone induced by disc cutter for mixed ground are also discussed in this study. In detail, the rock damage zones are divided into two parts, one is the left damage field which located in the outside of disc cutter. The other is the right damage field which located in the outside of disc cutter. The influence of the rock ground dip on the rock failure zone was also studied by parameter analysis.     

A fuzzy logic model to predict specific energy requirement for TBM performance prediction

Prediction of tunnel boring machine performance is a critical key for successful tunnel excavations. Specific energy requirement of disc cutters, which is defined as the amount of energy required to excavate a unit volume of rock, is one of the important parameters used for performance prediction of these machines. Much research has been conducted to predict cutting parameters of disc cutters using analytical, empirical and numerical approaches. In recent years alternative methods, such as fuzzy logic, have been extensively used to deal with subjects having ambiguities and uncertainties. In this study, a model was established to predict specific energy requirement of constant cross-section disc cutters in the rock cutting process by using fuzzy logic method. This model is based on experience and the database which consists of linear cutting test results that were generated over for many years at the Earth Mechanics Institute of the Colorado School of Mines. The model predicts specific energy requirements of disc cutters using uniaxial compressive and tensile strength of rocks, disc diameter and tip width, penetration and spacing of cuts.     

基于协同破岩的TBM刀盘优化策略

岩石隧道掘进机工作时的刀具受力情况是影响刀盘破岩性能的关键。为了分析滚刀之间的协同破岩效应,提出3种基本的协同破岩模式,并将多把滚刀协同破岩过程等效为3种破岩模式的组合。不同破岩模式下,滚刀切割岩石的先后顺序不同,结合线性切割试验,证实了不同模式下3种滚刀力等级的大小关系。以引汉济渭岭北隧洞TBM工程为背景,研究得出名义磨损量与破岩模式的叠加效应具有较强的相关性,其中,由内而外模式占比与滚刀名义磨损量具有明显的正相关性,据此提出了考虑刀具磨损量的TBM刀盘刀具优化策略。     

Prediction of thrust and torque requirements of TBMs with fuzzy logic models

For successful tunnel excavations, selection of proper tunnel boring machine (TBM), optimization of design parameters and prediction of their performance are critical. Normal and rolling forces of disc cutters are used for determination of thrust, torque and power requirement of TBMs as well as prediction of their performance. Much research has been conducted to predict these parameters of disc cutters using analytical, empirical and numerical approaches. In recent years alternative methods, such as fuzzy logic, have been extensively used to deal with subjects having ambiguities and uncertainties. A model was established to predict normal forces of constant cross section (CCS) disc cutters in the rock cutting process by using fuzzy logic method. The other model which predicts specific energy requirement of disc cutter can also be used for predicting the rolling forces of these cutters. These models are based on experience and verified the database which consists of linear cutting test results generated at the Earth Mechanics Institute of the Colorado School of Mines. The models predict forces of disc cutters using uniaxial compressive and tensile strength of rocks, disc diameter and tip width, penetration and spacing of cuts.     

掘进机刀盘滚刀间距对北山花岗岩破岩效率的影响实验研究

掘进机(TBM)开挖隧道过程中,其刀盘上滚刀间距设计的合适与否关系着破岩效率的高低。由于岩石非均匀、非连续、各项异性的特性,使用数值模拟方法研究滚刀破岩过程存在局限性。现场掘进实验主要是针对特定的掘进机做出机械运行参数优化,无法研究不同刀间距对破岩的影响。全尺寸滚刀破岩实验可以人为调整刀间距,且实验中采用大体积岩石可以避免尺寸效应的影响,因此受到了广泛的关注。采用北京工业大学自制的机械破岩试验平台,安装17英寸(432 mm)盘形滚刀,选取尺寸为1000 mm×1000 mm×600 mm的北山完整花岗岩试样,进行了5组刀间距的线性切割试验。实验中采集滚刀三向力,分层收集岩片且对其进行称重。对不同刀间距作用下的平均法向力、平均滚动力和比能进行了分析研究。当贯入度较小时,刀间距对平均法向力和平均滚动力的影响都不明显,随着贯入度的增加,刀间距对平均法向力和平均滚动力的影响增加。对于所有的刀间距而言,增加贯入度会产生更多的岩片,但并不一定会提高破岩效率,对于北山花岗岩而言,当刀间距与贯入度的比值为30左右时,比能值最低,此时破岩效率最高。     

Disc cutting tests in Colorado Red Granite: Implications for TBM performance prediction

A series of full-scale laboratory disc cutting tests was conducted with a single disc cutter (432 mm diameter and a constant cross-section profile) and a single rock type (a coarse-grained red granite). Normal, rolling, and side forces were measured for a series of spacings and penetrations, from which other cutting parameters also were calculated. Although the increases of normal and rolling forces with increased spacing and penetration are as expected, the results illuminate additional aspects of performance prediction. Specific energy (SE) considerations indicate that a spacing of 76 mm is close to optimum in this hard, brittle crystalline rock. At this spacing, penetration has very little effect on SE. These results show why spacings near 76 mm are commonly found on tunnel boring machines operating in hard rock. The relationship of rolling force to normal force was close and consistent: A nearly linear rise of the ratio of rolling force to normal force with increased penetration, and, conversely, a nearly unchanged ratio with increases in spacing. The results tend to validate performance prediction methodologies based on normal force-penetration models.     

An experimental research on the rock cutting process of the gage cutters for rock tunnel boring machine (TBM)

This paper proposed an experimental method to investigate the rock cutting process of TBM gage cutters based on the full-scale rotary cutting machine (RCM). The key point of this method is to reconstruct the RCM by inserting three wedges with angles of 10°, 20° and 30° respectively into the space between the cutter base and cutter box. As a result, the rock cutting process of gage cutters with tilt angles of 10°, 20° and 30° can be proceed. Using this method, rock cutting experiments were conducted with penetrations of 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm respectively. The testing results were analysed on the rock cutting force, rock debris dimension, specific energy and cutting surface profile, and it was found that: (1) the cutting forces and specific energy of the gage cutter were lower than those of the normal cutter respectively; and (2) the depth of the rock broken zone was smaller than the cutting depth. The testing results can also be used to validate corresponding numerical models and design the layout of gage cutters.