层合轧压SMAT纳米化304不锈钢复合材料的渐进损伤模拟

基于表面机械研磨处理技术(SMAT)和温轧工艺,可以加工出具有高强度和理想韧性的层合纳米化结构复合材料。为了研究层合轧压SMAT纳米化304不锈钢的变形行为以及随后的损伤起始与演化过程,采用内聚有限元方法,建立了用于预测该复合材料力学性能的有限元模型。基于这个模型,评估了材料中纳米晶层性质,包括法向内聚强度、切向内聚强度、损伤演化断裂能和体积含量对于材料整体强度和韧性的影响。通过数值仿真结果和实验结果的比较,验证了模型的合理性和准确性,同时预测结果表明增加纳米晶层的内聚强度和减小其断裂能都能提高材料的韧性;增加纳米晶层的体积含量,材料的整体韧性降低,但是强度会增加。     

SMAT纳米钛的组织及力学性能研究

对纯钛进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),并研究其组织结构以及力学性能的变化.研究结果表明,径SMAT处理后,纯钛的表面形成了纳米晶层,而整体转变成为梯度材料.与SMAT处理前的纯钛相比,处理后材料的弹性模量下降,屈服强度和抗拉强度提高而塑性下降.     

机械研磨金属表面纳米化的研究进展

在表面机械处理(SMAT)方式下,材料表面可以通过强烈塑性变形而实现纳米化,获得表面为纳米晶、晶粒尺寸沿厚度方向逐渐增大的梯度结构。表面纳米化可以使材料表面硬度提高且整体力学性能得到改善。同时材料表面活性得到极大地提高,为进一步化学处理提供良好的条件。从SMAT的基本原理、制备技术、纳米化机理、结构性能和化学处理等方面介绍了表面机械纳米化研究工作已取得的进展。     

多级结构的金属材料强韧化机理研究进展

强度和塑韧性是金属结构材料主要的性能指标,然而通常会出现强度与塑韧性倒置的现象,即传统的固溶强化、纳米晶强化、弥散强化和加工硬化在追求强度的同时会不可避免地牺牲金属材料的塑韧性.根据多级多尺度仿生结构可协同提高强度和韧性的思路,系统介绍了两级Ti-TiBw/Ti复合材料、不锈钢复合板、多层复合钢、层/网耦合结构钢和超细纤维晶钢的构型设计,并揭示其强韧化机理和断裂机制,通过改变裂纹的扩展方式与裂纹的竞争机制,以及残余内应力的释放等途径,有效实现材料的强韧化,可为金属材料强韧化提供新的设计思路和技术支撑.     

板料成形中韧性断裂准则应用研究进展

对板料成形中的成形极限应力图、最大变薄率、成形极限图以及韧性断裂准则等预测成形极限的方法,进行了综述和分析。指出利用韧性断裂准则,不但能够较好地预测塑性差的板料成形极限,而且还能考虑应变路径的变化。利用有限元方法模拟时,韧性断裂准则既可以应用到完全耦合的弹塑性损伤模型的增量方法中,也可以应用到一步有限元逆算法中。为了准确地预测成形极限,除了提高有限元模拟精度外,应找到一种本质地反映材料性能的韧性断裂准则。     

纳米晶材料热力学函数及其在相变热力学中的应用

在应用界面膨胀模型和普适状态研究纳米晶界面热力学特性的基础上,发展了纳米晶整体材料热力学函数的计算模型,给出了以纳米晶界面上的原子分数作为权重的纳米晶体单相材料的焓、熵、自由能随界面过剩体积、温度以及晶粒尺寸发生变化的明确表达式.由此可以定量预测纳米晶材料发生相变的特征温度和临界尺寸.并以Co纳米晶为计算实例,对其相变参量进行了预测,计算结果全面证实了已有文献报道中的实验结果.由此,可以预测晶粒尺寸降低到几十纳米以下时,材料高温相的热稳定性将会增强.     

基于单胞解析模型的复合材料层合板渐进损伤数值分析

基于单胞解析模型,建立一种从复合材料细观组分到宏观层合板的渐进损伤分析模型。根据连续介质力学和均匀化方法构建细-宏观关联矩阵,通过该矩阵将细观组分材料的弹性和损伤性能传递到宏观复合材料中。该模型只需给出纤维和基体的材料属性及纤维体积含量无需层合板的弹性和强度参数,通过组分材料的损伤失效判据确定其是否损伤,如果发生损伤则用损伤因子折算成相应的刚度衰减。通过用户材料子程序UMAT 及VUMAT将单胞解析模型以及损伤理论嵌入到有限元软件ABAQUS 中,对开孔复合材料层合板的渐进损伤过程进行模拟,预测了层合板强度。结果表明:预报的强度与试验值吻合较好,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于微观机制的复杂应力状态下钢材韧性断裂行为研究

韧性断裂是钢材最常见的破坏形式,研究钢材韧性断裂机理并准确预测钢材韧性断裂行为具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。基于微观机制的断裂预测方法对研究钢材韧性断裂行为有较好的适用性。该文基于体胞模型空穴演化机理改进了现有的韧性断裂模型,校核了Q345钢材断裂模型参数。此外,在韧性断裂模型中引入损伤因子,以考虑应力状态在加载过程中的变化,使断裂模型能准确描述每一加载时刻的累积损伤值。文末采用Fortran语言将断裂模型编写USDFLD子程序,并将其植入有限元程序ABAQUS,对一组十字型刚节点试件单轴拉伸试验进行数值模拟。结果表明,该断裂模型在拉-剪复合应力状态下具有良好的预测精度,且能够准确捕捉钢材断裂起始位置及裂缝扩展路径。该文改进的韧性断裂模型也可用于其它韧性金属材料断裂预测分析。     

P92钢表层纳米组织的热稳定性

本文通过表面纳米化处理(SMAT)在P92钢表层中形成纳米组织结构,研究了回火温度对表层纳米组织演化行为和析出行为的影响.结果表明:淬火态和回火态P92钢组织经过SMAT处理后沿深度方向依次是纳米层、剧烈变形层、最终过渡到正常组织.随后分别研究了淬火和回火态SMAT试样经不同温度回火后微观组织的再结晶及长大行为.经SMAT处理的铁素体纳米晶粒在550℃时仍能保持较好的纳米结构,甚至高达650℃时表层晶粒仍为纳米晶,当温度超过760℃时表层组织发生显著的再结晶和晶粒长大现象.纳米晶界能抑制淬火态P92钢在较低温度回火时M23C6碳化物的析出.纳米组织提高了高温回火过程中合金元素在铁素体中的扩散速率,加速了M23C6碳化物的长大过程.不同温度回火过程中SMAT纳米层中析出行为的变化将在本文中详细描述.     

基于多尺度模型的复合材料层合板性能预测

运用均匀化理论与有限元相结合的方法,预测了风机叶片复合材料层合板的性能。将复合材料层合板内部结构分为宏观、细观和纳观3个层次,建立了复合材料层合板的多尺度模型。通过3次均匀化方法,并编写APDL程序输入商业软件ANSYS,预测材料各参数(碳纳米管体积分数、长径比、弹性模量,纳米薄层体积分数、弹性模量)对复合材料层合板性能的影响。结果表明,当分别增大碳纳米管体积分数、长径比、弹性模量以及纳米薄层体积分数、弹性模量时,风机叶片复合材料层合板的性能均能得到提高。同时表明加入一定量的碳纳米管可以适当提高复合材料层合板的性能。实验结果对风机叶片复合材料的制备有一定的指导作用。     

Numerical investigation of fracture behavior of nanostructured Cu with bimodal grain size distribution

Nanostructured metals with bimodal grain size distribution, composed of coarse grain (CG) and nanograin (NG) regions, have proved to have high strength and good ductility. Here, numerical investigation, based on the mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory and the Johnson–Cook failure model, focuses on effects of (1) distribution characteristics of the CG regions and (2) the constitutive relation of the NG with different grain sizes on fracture behavior in a center-cracked tension specimen of bimodal nanostructured Cu. High strain rate simulations show that both of them directly influence load response and energy history, and importantly, they are closely related to the fracture pattern. This study shows that both CG region bridging and crack deflection toughen the bimodal nanostructured Cu significantly, while debonding enhances the overall ductility moderately. Simulations also show that with volume fraction of the CG regions increasing, both structural strength and ductility of the bimodal nanostructured Cu specimen can be improved.     

A cohesive crack model to study the fracture behaviour of fiber-reinforced brittle-matrix composites

A cohesive crack model analysis of the fracture resistance and ductility of fiber-reinforced brittle-matrix composites was performed. The bulk material is assumed to behave as a linear elastic solid. The constitutive equation for the cohesive crack is obtained through micromechanical considerations based on the shear lag model of fiber-matrix interaction and on the statistical nature of fiber failure. A parametrical study of the influence of fiber volume fraction, fiber strength and flaw distribution, interfacial shear stress and specimen geometry on the fracture resistance of these composites was carried out. The results illustrate the role of each of these factors in overall composite toughening, and suggest various strategies to improve the composites' performance.     

In-situ A1/24Si Functional Graded Materials Prepared by Electromagnetic Separation

Cylinder-like in-situ AI/24Si FGMs were produced by using electromagnetic separating process. Si primary phase reinforced layer with volume fraction as high as 16 pct was formed at the outer region of the cylinder-like samples where the local hardness and wear resistance were enhanced remarkably. Moreover, both of strength and ductility in the inner region provided insurance of reliable strength for this as-cast gradient material. It indicated that general mechanical properties such as good wear resistance at the outer region and good ductility in the central part could be obtained with the optimized redistribution of the Si primary particles under the electromagnetic force.     

A micromechanical fracture analysis to investigate the effect of healing particles on the overall mechanical response of a self‐healing particulate composite

A computational fracture analysis is conducted on a self‐healing particulate composite employing a finite element model of an actual microstructure. The key objective is to quantify the effects of the actual morphology and the fracture properties of the healing particles on the overall mechanical behaviour of the (MoSi₂) particle‐dispersed Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) composite. To simulate fracture, a cohesive zone approach is utilised whereby cohesive elements are embedded throughout the finite element mesh allowing for arbitrary crack initiation and propagation in the microstructure. The fracture behaviour in terms of the composite strength and the percentage of fractured particles is reported as a function of the mismatch in fracture properties between the healing particles and the matrix as well as a function of particle/matrix interface strength and fracture energy. The study can be used as a guiding tool for designing an extrinsic self‐healing material and understanding the effect of the healing particles on the overall mechanical properties of the material.     

FRP-混凝土三点受弯梁损伤粘结模型有限元分析

该文采用双线形损伤粘结模型研究带切口FRP-混凝土三点受弯梁(3PBB)I型加载下的界面断裂性能。通过有限元参数分析,详细讨论了界面粘结强度、界面粘结能、混凝土抗拉强度、混凝土断裂能对3PBB受力性能的影响。数值模拟表明,FRP-混凝土界面有两种破坏形式,包括FRP-混凝土界面的损伤脱粘和界面混凝土的损伤脱粘破坏,与实验所观察到的现象一致。两种破坏形式尽管在宏观上均表现为界面脱粘,但破坏机制却不同。FRP-混凝土界面的损伤粘结模型与混凝土的拉伸塑性损伤模型相结合,不但再现了3PBB的宏观力学性能,数值分析得到的荷载-位移曲线接近实验结果,而且还能详细展示FRP-混凝土界面的损伤、断裂破坏过程以及损伤在FRP-混凝土界面和界面混凝土之间的转移,能够预测构件的承载力,有助于界面优化设计,这是单纯以能量判据预测裂纹发展的经典断裂力学方法所无法做到的。     

Effects of Processing Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Ultra High Strength Linepipe Steel

To examine the effect of processing parameters on microstructural evolution and to obtain the excellent combination of strength and toughness,simulation of thermo-mechanical processing was conducted using the Gleeble machine.Trial production was then conducted under the conditions obtained by Gleeble tests.Based on the results of microstructure analysis and mechanical property evaluation,the relationship between microstructural features and mechanical properties was elucidated.The result shows that the volume fraction of constituted phases can be controlled through adjusting the cooling rate and finish cooling temperature in order to get different strength levels.As cooling rate increases,the volume fraction of upper bainite increases,which leads to the increase of strength.The upper shelf energy(USE) increases with increasing volume fraction of acicular ferrite in bainite base because of the small effective acicular ferrite grain size.Ductile-brittle transition temperature(DBTT) decreases with increasing acicular ferrite volume fraction.High reduction in the rough stage has great influence on grain refinement.     

Fracture toughness of layered structures: Embrittlement due to confinement of plasticity

The fracture toughness of a layered composite material is analyzed employing a combined two dimensional dislocation dynamics (DD)-cohesive zone (CZ) model. The fracture mechanism of an elastic-plastic (ductile) material sandwiched within purely elastic layers approaches ideally brittle behaviour with decreasing layer thickness. We investigate the influence of different constitutive parameters concerning dislocation plasticity as well as the effect of cohesive strength of the ductile material on the scaling of fracture toughness with layer thickness. For a constant layer thickness, the results of the numerical model are consistent with the expectation that fracture toughness decreases with increasing yield strength, but increases with the cohesive strength of the material. The scaling behaviour of the fracture toughness with layer thickness depends on these material parameters, but also on the dislocation microstructure in the vicinity of the crack tip. Strain localization due to easy dislocation generation right at the crack tip improves toughness in thin layers and leads to a jump-like increase of fracture toughness with layer thickness. However, the fracture toughness for films that are thick enough to exhibit bulk behaviour proves to be higher when the distribution of dislocations is more homogeneous, because in this case the crack grows in a stable fashion over some distance.     

基于虚拟裂缝模型求解混凝土等效断裂韧度的实用解析方法

主裂缝亚临界扩展所形成的虚拟裂缝区的粘聚力是影响混凝土断裂韧度尺寸相关性的重要因素。根据混凝土准脆性材料的断裂特性,建立了一种基于虚拟裂缝模型的求解混凝土等效断裂韧度的实用解析方法。首先根据复合材料力学和线弹性断裂力学的基本原理,将虚拟裂缝的粘聚力作为相应的边界条件,运用修正的剪滞理论,分区引入变异层,建立了分层剪滞模型;然后根据能量法则,推导出求解混凝土等效断裂韧度的解析计算模式;最后针对相关试验的数值解,得到了混凝土等效断裂韧度的解析解。结果表明,对于不同的子层数,体积系列试件的混凝土等效断裂韧度均方差和变异系数分别低于0.0398和0.0384,高度系列试件的混凝土等效断裂韧度均方差和变异系数分别低于0.0394和0.0363,从而证明了混凝土等效断裂韧度是与试件尺寸无关的断裂参数;且与数值解相比,解析解的均方差和变异系数更小,证明了本文解析方法具有更好的鲁棒性。由此得出结论,基于虚拟裂缝模型所建立的解析模式为求解混凝土等效断裂韧度提供了一种可靠的、实用的解析方法。     

The influence of manganese addition on mechanical properties of commercial Al‐4Mg casting alloys

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of Al‐Mg‐Si alloys aged to peak hardness with different dispersoid volume fraction. It was found that the tensile strength increases with dispersoid content, for alloys having similar ductility. The effect of an increasingly triaxial stress state on a fracture strain above mentioned alloys were measured using a series of notched tensile specimens whose notch root radius of curvature was changed. The alloy ductility was found to increase with dispersoid content and root radius and to decrease with increased stress triaxiality. The fracture toughness of these alloys was determined as a function of dispersoid content and notch root radius of curvature. It was observed that the fracture toughness increased as the dispersoid content and the notch root radius increased. scanning electron microscope analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed that fracture mechanism was transgranular fracture with dimples formation. It is argued that optimum mechanical properties in these alloys can be achieved at about 0.5 % Mn content.