涂层厚度对再制造零件失效形式的影响

目的研究不同厚度涂层的再制造零件在弯曲疲劳情况下的失效形式。方法利用电弧喷涂对零件进行再制造处理,并进行四点弯曲疲劳实验,利用扫描电镜对不同厚度涂层的再制造零件断口形貌进行观察,研究不同厚度涂层的疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展以及断裂方式。结果疲劳裂纹萌生形式主要为多源疲劳失效,在疲劳裂纹的扩展过程中,不同平面内扩展的裂纹相交,形成了台阶形貌。当涂层厚度为100、200μm时,裂纹主要萌生于四点弯曲实验中应力最集中的部位,萌生于涂层和基体之间,并逐渐地向涂层和基体扩展,直至试样断裂。而涂层厚度为300、400μm时,裂纹萌生部位主要集中于四点弯曲疲劳试验中应力最大部位的两侧,并呈对称式分布,裂纹在界面处连接,使得涂层和基体产生分层现象,之后分层部位处裂纹沿着基体方向扩展,直至试样断裂。结论涂层厚度不同,整个系统的失效模式也不同。对于较薄的涂层,裂纹模式主要为垂直于涂层-基体界面的裂纹,此时拉伸失效占主导。对于较厚的涂层,界面裂纹为主要的裂纹模式,此时剪切失效占主导。     

基于热喷涂界面微纳结构设计的涂层力学性能研究进展

热喷涂陶瓷涂层在航空航天、交通运输等众多领域具有广阔的应用前景,常见的热喷涂陶瓷涂层体系包括陶瓷层、金属/合金粘结层和金属基体.由于陶瓷层与粘结层具有较大的物化性能差异,使界面成为热喷涂陶瓷涂层易发生失效的区域,极大降低了涂层的服役寿命,遏制了热喷涂陶瓷涂层更为广泛的应用.以热喷涂界面的微观和宏观结构设计为出发点,综述了微观界面和扩散对界面力学性能的影响,总结了微米-纳米颗粒的界面结构、成分连续梯度变化的涂层结构和涂层缺陷对性能的影响.同时总结了三点弯曲、显微硬度和纳米压痕对界面力学性能的系统表征方法,并结合不同测试方法的特性,给出了对应的多尺度界面力学性能的计算公式.上述结果对设计和制备高性能复合涂层具有重要的理论意义,对延长涂层服役寿命具有实际的应用价值.     

热障涂层界面化合物与残余应力演变研究

用超音速氧燃料热喷涂在铁基合金上制备热障涂层粘结层,用大气等离子热喷涂技术制备陶瓷层。研究了高温氧化后其界面化合物和残余应力的演变。结果表明,随着高温氧化的进行,TGO和BC/基体界面均有氧化物生成,但生长形貌和趋势并不一致。TGO由Al2O3层与尖晶石层组成;BC/基体界面氧化物为单一Al2O3,且存在层状和块状两种形貌。合金的热化学动力学引起元素Co和Ni向基底扩散比较严重,Al元素扩散止于界面氧化物层,基本不向铸铁基底扩散,Fe元素会向粘结层方向扩散。TGO残余应力的演化分为0~15 h和15~100 h 2个阶段,且残余应力与TGO的凹凸生长形貌及其物相组成密切相关;而BC/基体界面单一氧化物的残余应力基本稳定,不受其生长形貌影响。     

金属基陶瓷涂层/钢基体界面裂纹的应力强度因子

将三点弯曲断裂力学试验与有限元分析(FEA)结合起来计算LX88A涂层与Q345钢界面裂纹的复应力强度因子.结果表明,对于三点弯曲试样,当发生界面断裂的临界载荷较小时,涂层试样的界面裂纹尖端附近存在K控制区,但K因子随临界载荷的增大,K因子控制区消失,发生失效的现象.对于三点弯曲试样,当临界载荷超过一定值时,线弹性断裂力学已经不能描述界面裂纹尖端场.因此,在后续研究中有必要使用弹塑性断裂力学和概率断裂力学对此类界面裂纹进行分析.     

TGO界面特征对热障涂层残余应力的影响

采用非线性有限元方法模拟计算了热障涂层中陶瓷层(TCC)及粘结层(BC)与热生长氧化物(TGO)层界面的残余应力的分布,计算过程中,考虑到了材料物性的非线性特征及界面形貌特征的影响.结果表明,形貌单元尺寸及分布密度对TGO界面应力有明显的影响,TCC/TGO界面的应力大于BC/TGO界面的应力.在锥形坑形貌中心尖点处存在应力集中现象,且呈现最大应力值,是涂层失效的危险点,并且残余应力值随着界面形貌分布密度的增加而减小.     

金属基陶瓷涂层弹性模量和界面断裂韧度

对双面涂层三点弯曲试验方法进行了改进(两面涂层不必等厚度),基于该理论对一种铁基陶瓷涂层进行了试验研究,并与单面涂层的三点弯曲试验结果进行了比较.结果表明,随涂层厚度的增大,弹性模量增大.分析认为,一方面涂层越厚,测量精度越高;另一方面涂层厚度增大,孔隙率降低,使得弹性模量增大.研究发现涂层弹性模量与喷涂方向有关,呈现了各向异性的特性.文中还介绍了测量涂层/基体界面断裂韧度的研究进展,着重介绍了测量界面临界应变能量释放率的四点弯曲试验、改进的拉伸试验方法以及采用威布尔应力评价界面强度的局部法.     

基体表面形貌对Ni/Fe热喷涂及结合强度影响的原子模拟

通过分子动力学方法模拟了基体表面形貌对热喷涂的影响。研究了柱状粗糙表面和光滑表面对团簇展平、基体缺陷演化、应力分布、涂层与基体结合强度的影响。结果表明,基体表面形貌对热喷涂结合强度影响显著,粗糙表面不仅增加了团簇与基体的实际接触面积,提高了附着力,而且在界面结合处形成锚固效应,从而提高了界面结合强度。同时,基体表面形貌改变了界面区域的应力分布,柱状粗糙表面可以减小应力集中效应,降低临界应力,减轻对基体的损伤。此外,粗糙表面会阻碍团簇的滑移,减小了展平比。     

B4C/BN层状陶瓷复合材料的研究

采用流延/层的方法制备了B4C/BN层状陶瓷复合材料,研究了材料结构、B4C/BN层厚比、基体厚度对陶瓷材料强度和断裂韧性的影响.采用三点弯曲法和压痕强度法分别测试了材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性.采用SEM分析手段对层状陶瓷的显微结构和裂纹偏转进行了研究.结果表明,当B4C/BN陶瓷层厚比在15左右时,层状陶瓷的弯曲强度达到448 MPa,断裂韧性达到7.86 MPa.m1/2.BN的弱界面对裂纹的偏转、分层和残余应力增韧是使得陶瓷材料断裂韧性提高的主要原因.     

热障涂层界面形貌和尺寸对热应力的影响

为了研究航空发动机热障涂层的失效机制,以及涂层界面间的三维形貌对涂层热应力的影响,使用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,计算了陶瓷层/粘结层结合界面间6种三维凹坑和凸起形貌单元形状以及尺寸对界面主应力σyy分布的影响规律.结果表明,形貌单元对界面应力有明显的影响,凹坑形貌界面上应力为压应力,凸起应力为拉应力,在形貌最低和最高...     

Eu3+掺杂对YSZ热障涂层隔热性能与涂层界面断裂韧性的影响研究

使用大气等离子喷涂法制备传统YSZ涂层与2mol%Eu~(3+)掺杂YSZ涂层。使用扫描电镜观察并测量2种涂层的微观形貌与孔隙率。采用闪光导热仪分别测量2种涂层在100～1100℃范围内的热导率。采用氧化循环试验箱分别对YSZ涂层与YSZ:Eu涂层进行30次、50次的氧化循环处理并计算2种涂层未处理试样与氧化循环试样的界面断裂韧性,氧化循环试验环境温度为1100℃。结果表明,在相同温度下,YSZ:Eu涂层热导率低于YSZ涂层热导率,说明2mol%Eu~(3+)掺杂可有效降低YSZ热障涂层的热导率;YSZ:Eu涂层与YSZ涂层的界面断裂韧性均随氧化循环次数的增加而下降,TGO厚度随氧化循环次数的增加而增大;相同热处理条件下YSZ:Eu涂层界面断裂韧性大于YSZ涂层,TGO厚度更小,说明2mol%Eu~(3+)掺杂抑制了TGO的生长,提高了涂层界面性能。     

On the thermally induced interfacial delamination of a segmented coating

The thermally induced interfacial delamination problem of a segmented coating is investigated using finite element method (FEM). The coating-substrate system, modeled as a coated semi-infinite medium with periodic segmentation cracks within coating, is assumed to be exposed to convective cooling from surface. The failure criterion based on the interfacial fracture toughness is adopted, in which the energy release rate for an interface crack is considered to be the driving force for interfacial delamination extension. The results confirm that a segmented coating has higher delamination resistance than an intact one under the same thermal transients, as the segmentation crack spacing is smaller than a critical value. Based on dimensional analysis, sensitivity analyses of the crack driving force are also obtained as a function of various dimensionless parameters such as time, convection severity and material constants. These results may provide some helpful references for the integrity of coating-substrate systems under thermal loading.     

Interface fracture property of PEO ceramic coatings on aluminum alloy

This paper combines the four-point bending test, SEM and finite element method to study the interface fracture property of PEO coatings on aluminum alloy. The interface failure mode of the coating on the compression side is revealed. The ceramic coating crack firstly along the 45° to the interface, then the micro crack in the coating deduces the interface crack. The plastic deformation observed by SEM shows excellent adhesion property between the coating and substrate. The plastic deformation in the substrate is due to the interfacial crack extension, so the interface crack mode of PEO coatings is ductile crack. The results of FEM show that the compression strength is about 600 MPa.     

Q345R板材表面冷喷涂Al-Zn涂层的组织及性能研究

目的 研究添加元素Zn含量的变化对涂层的显微组织、孔隙率、硬度及涂层-基体间界面结合强度等的影响规律.方法 采用冷喷涂技术在Q345R板材表面制备性能优良的纯Al和Al-Zn复合涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜对涂层的形貌进行分析,通过维氏显微硬度计对涂层的力学性能进行表征,并揭示涂层与基体间的界面结合机理.结果 冷喷涂纯Al和Al-Zn复合涂层与Q345R钢基体的结合良好,界面处无明显的孔洞及裂纹.随着Zn含量的增加,复合涂层的致密度、硬度逐渐提高;纯Al和Al-20wt.％Zn复合涂层的界面结合强度相当,且失效断裂形式为典型的界面粘结断裂.随着添加元素Zn含量的增加,涂层与基体间的界面结合强度逐渐增大,Al-40wt.％Zn涂层的结合强度为35 MPa,且断裂方式由界面粘着断裂转变为以界面粘着断裂为主、涂层内部粘聚断裂为辅的复合失效模式.结论 以低温固态沉积为特点的冷喷涂技术可有效避免氧化、相变、热裂等高温导致的不利影响,在沉积过程中,随着添加元素Zn含量的增加,对涂层的夯实作用不断加强,提高了涂层的致密性,从而使涂层的力学性能得到改善.     

Fracture behavior of 304 stainless steel coatings by cold gas dynamic spray

304 stainless steel coating was deposited on the Interstitial-Free steel substrate by cold gas dynamic spraying (CGDS).Three-point bending test of the cold sprayed 304 stainless steel coating was tested by SHIMADZU electro-hydraulic servo-controlled fatigue testing machine and the fracture morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy.The results showed that the fracture behavior of the cold sprayed 304 stainless steel coating was brittleness fracture.The crack in the coating occurred in the interfaces between particles and the crack extended to the internal of the coating with the increase of the load.When the crack has extended to the combination interface between coating and substrate,the crack extended to the two sides.The microstructure and mechanical property of the cold sprayed 304 stainless steel coating have been optimized after heat treatment.     

重载条件下钢基体表面涂层裂纹及分层失效

用有限元法分析了Hertz接触应力下钢基体表面涂层裂纹和分层失效状况,采用无预制裂纹状况下的扩展有限元(XFEM)技术和内聚力(Cohesive)模型研究了涂层的裂纹扩展和分层失效过程。分析表明:涂层的裂纹萌生于涂层表面,并向内部扩展;涂层弹性模量越大越易产生裂纹,且裂纹扩展越深。涂层的分层失效主要是由涂层-基体界面切应力造成;由于畸变应力的存在,较薄涂层(如物理气相沉积涂层),涂层越厚越易产生分层;较厚涂层(如等离子喷涂涂层),涂层越薄越易产生分层。在另一方面,涂层的裂纹和分层会相互影响,分层会使涂层更易产生裂纹,使裂纹扩展越深,影响裂纹扩展速度;涂层裂纹会使涂层更易分层,使分层区域在远离接触区域方向上不断扩展。对比分析表明,研究结果与前人的理论及实验结果吻合较好,为今后进行涂层失效数值模拟提供了依据。     

Interface fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings investigated by indentation test and acoustic emission technique

Interface fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of plasma-/sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were investigated by interfacial indentation test (IIT) in combination with acoustic emission (AE) measurement. Critical load and AE energy were employed to calculate interface fracture toughness. The critical point at which crack appears at the interface was determined by the IIT. AE signals produced during total indentation test not only are used to investigate the interface cracking behavior by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and wavelet transforms but also supply the mechanical information. The result shows that the AE signals associated with coating plastic deformation during indentation are of a more continuous type with a lower characteristic frequency content (30-60 kHz), whereas the instantaneous relaxation associated with interface crack initiation produces burst type AE signals with a characteristic frequency in the range 70-200 kHz. The AE signals energy is concentrated on different scales for the coating plastic deformation, interface crack initiation and interface crack propagation. Interface fracture toughness calculated by AE energy was 1.19 MPam_1/2 close to 1.58 MPam_1/2 calculated by critical load. It indicates that the acoustic emission energy is suitable to reflect the interface fracture toughness.     

MoSi2/Mo涂层热震过程中界面应力分布和裂纹扩展的有限元模拟

在氢气保护下将MoSi₂/Mo涂层加热至1000 ℃,再迅速冷却至室温进行热震循环,表征了材料在热震循环过程中裂纹的演变过程并评估了MoSi₂/Mo涂层的热冲击行为。采用Abaqus软件计算了MoSi₂/Mo涂层在热冲击过程中的应力分布,讨论了热震循环中裂纹的发展过程。结果表明：Mo基体与MoSi₂涂层之间存在较高的热冲击应力,这将导致裂纹的萌生和扩展。计算结果显示：在最初的10次热震循环中,涂层产生了垂直于界面的裂纹,在界面上没有出现裂纹,涂层与基体仍结合良好;在随后的热震循环中开始出现界面裂纹,界面裂纹开始于垂直裂纹的末端区域,当垂直裂纹与界面裂纹汇聚,会导致涂层剥离和涂层失效。     

Fabrication and characterization of a bioactive glass coating on titanium implant alloys

Ongoing research is reported aimed at improving biofixation through the use of bioactive glass coatings on Ti-based implant alloys. The optimized processing conditions for coating with one promising bioactive glass composition are discussed, and the stress corrosion crack growth behavior in a simulated human physiological environment is presented. This glass can be successfully used to coat Ti implant alloys, and preliminary tests indicate that interfacial fracture resistance is good.     

Characterization of a cyclic displacement instability for a thermally grown oxide in a thermal barrier system

The mechanism responsible for the performance of a commercial thermal barrier system upon thermal cycling has been investigated. It comprises an electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB–PVD) yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coating (TBC) on a (Ni,Pt)Al bond coat. At periodic interfacial sites, the thermally grown oxide (TGO) that forms between the TBC and the bond coat at high temperature displaces into the bond coat with each thermal cycle. These displacements induce strains in the superposed TBC that cause it to crack. The cracks extend laterally as the TGO displaces, until those from neighboring sites coalesce. Once this happens, the system fails by large scale buckling. The displacements are accommodated by visco-plastic flow of the bond coat and “vectored” by a lateral component of the growth strain in the TGO. They depend upon the initial morphology of the metal/oxide interface. The observed responses are compared with the predictions of a ratcheting model.