燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性及其对汽油机碳氢排放的影响

燃油在润滑油中的溶解性是研究燃烧和排放的重要参数，溶解性可用亨利常数来表述。本文分析了典型汽油组分在发动机商用润滑油中的溶解性及其对缸内未燃碳氢的影响。研究表明：燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性随润滑油温度的升高而降低，随燃油组分分子量的增大或碳原子数的增加而增加。气态碳氢燃料远比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。芳香烃比相同碳原子数的烷烃和烯烃溶解性高。环烷烃和分支链烃比直链烷烃的溶解性高。含氧燃料比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。故降低汽油中芳香烃、环烷烃和分支链烃在汽油中所占的比例以及在汽油中添加含氧燃料可降低发动机碳氢排放量。     

汽油机燃用含氧混合燃料时燃烧特性和碳氢排放的研究

开展了汽油机燃用含氧混合燃料时燃烧特性和碳氢排放的研究 ,分析了质量燃烧率和发动机碳氢排放。基于实测示功图的计算结果表明 ,与汽油相比 ,燃用汽油 乙醚混合燃料可明显缩短火焰发展角和快速燃烧角。当汽油中加入的醇类燃料比例较小时 ,与燃用汽油相比 ,可缩短火焰发展角和明显缩短快速燃烧角 ;而当汽油中加入的醇类燃料比例较大时 ,反而会增加火焰发展角和快速燃烧角。试验结果表明 ,与燃用汽油相比 ,燃用含氧混合燃料可降低发动机碳氢排放量 ,燃用汽油 乙醚混合燃料比燃用汽油 醇类混合燃料具有更低的碳氢排放。     

燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性及其对汽油机碳氢排放的影响

分析典型汽油组分在发动机商用润滑油中的溶解性及其对缸内未燃碳氢的影响。研究表明：燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性随润滑油温度的提高而降低,随燃油组分分子量的增大或碳原子数的增加而增加。气态碳氢燃料远比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。芳香烃比相同碳原子数的烷烃和烯烃溶解性高。环烷烃和分支链烃比直链烷烃的溶解性高。含氧燃料比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。结论是：降低汽油中芳香烃、环烷烃和分支链烃在汽油中所占的比例,以及在汽油中添加含氧燃料可降低发动机碳氢排放量。     

燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性及其对汽油机碳氢排放的影响

燃油在润滑油中的溶解性是研究燃料和排放的重要参数，溶解性可用亨利常数来表述。本文分析了典型汽油组分在发动机商用润滑油中的溶解性及其对缸内未燃碳氢的影响。研究表明：燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性随润滑油温度的升高而降低，随燃油组分分子量的增大或碳原子数的增加而增加。气态碳氢燃料远比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。芳香烃比相同碳原子数的烷烃和烯烃溶解性高。环烷烃和分支链烃比直链烷烃的溶解性高。含氧燃料比液态碳氢燃     

燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性及其对油机碳氢排放的影响

分开典型汽油组分在发动机商用润滑油中的溶解性及其对缸内未燃碳氢的影响。研究表明：燃油组分在润滑油中的溶解性随润滑油温度的提高而降低，随燃油组分分子量的增大或碳原子数的增加而增加。气态碳氢燃料远比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。芳香烃比相同碳原子数的烷烃的烯烃溶解性高。环烷烃和分支链烃比直链烷烃的溶解性高。含氧燃料比液态碳氢燃料的溶解性低。结论是：降低汽油中芳香烃、环烷烃和分支链烃在汽油中所占的比例，以及在     

稀燃条件下甲醇汽油发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究

在一台汽油缸内直喷(GDI)增压发动机上,研究了稀燃条件下燃用不同甲醇汽油混合燃料的燃烧特性和排放特性。试验结果表明:稀燃条件下,随混合气浓度逐渐变稀,当量燃油消耗率呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,并且随着甲醇比例的增加,当量燃油消耗率增加,但均低于原机。在混合气逐渐变稀的过程中,燃烧时缸压峰值和燃烧温度总的变化趋势是逐渐降低,而燃烧持续期和循环变动率逐渐升高。稀燃条件下,CO排放量逐渐降低,碳氢化合物排放呈先降低后增加的趋势。NO_x排放量总的变化趋势是先增大后逐渐降低,随着甲醇体积分数的增加,NO_x的排放量逐渐降低,且3种甲醇、汽油混合燃料的NO_x和CO排放量都低于汽油燃料。     

火花点火发动机燃用含氧燃料对冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放影响的实验研究

本文以在汽油中掺混不同体积百分比乙醇形成“模型”燃油的方法，研究了含氧燃料对火花点火发动机冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢（ＨＣ）排放的影响。实验结果表明：燃油的挥发性和汽化潜热的大小对这两种工况的未燃碳氢排放有很大影响。掺混１５％（Ｖｏｌ）的乙醇能有效降低冷起动时的未燃碳氢排放。     

电喷汽油机燃用丁醇-汽油混合燃料的非常规排放特性

对某电控进气道多点喷射汽油机燃用国-Ⅳ汽油、纯丁醇、丁醇体积混合比分别为10%、15%、20%、50%、85%的丁醇-汽油混合燃料的非常规排放特性进行了试验研究,试验时未对发动机进行任何改动。研究结果表明:发动机燃用丁醇-汽油混合燃料的动力性、SO2排放和温室气体排放降低,燃油消耗率和醛类排放增加,其降低或增加幅度随混合燃料中丁醇体积混合比的增加而增大。当丁醇体积比低于20%时发动机的醇类排放降低,当混合比例超过20%时发动机的醇类排放增大。在汽油中加入丁醇可以有效的降低燃油中的硫含量,降低发动机的硫氧化物和温室气体排放。     

汽油机燃用乙醇和含水乙醇与汽油的混合燃料的试验研究

报导了在摩托车汽油机中燃用乙醇-汽油混合燃料的试验结果，并与燃用汽油时的结果进行了对比分析。结果显示，汽油机燃用乙醇和汽油的混合燃料，当纯乙醇或含水5％的工业乙醇在混合燃料的比例为10％的时候，即使发动机的结构不变、燃油系统和点火系统不作任何调整动的时候，发动机的全负荷输出不受影响，发动机的能耗率得到改善、HC和CO排放有所降低，但是NOx排放会有显著的增加。     

火花点火发动机燃用含氧燃料对冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放影响？…

本文以在汽油中掺混不同体积百分比乙醇形成“模型”燃油的方法，研究了含氧燃料对火花点火发动机冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放的影响。实验结果表明：燃油的挥发性和汽化潜热的大小对这两种工况的未燃碳氢排放有很大的影响。掺混１５％的乙醇能有效降低冷起动时的未燃碳氢排放。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。