基于Fluent的海底原油管道溢油扩散特性研究

海底原油管道的泄漏会对自然生态系统带来巨大破坏,快速获得溢油扩散路径、油滴分布及泄漏浓度等参数对减少损失至关重要.基于此,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent建立二维有风模型对水下溢油行为规律进行研究,并将该模型模拟结果与ZHU的实验值对比证实了模型准确性.模型选用VOF方法(volume of fluid method),结合标准k-ε湍流方程,研究了溢油速度、破口尺寸、环境水深对溢油过程的影响.结果表明:随着溢油速度、破口尺寸的增大,相同时间内溢油扩散范围及海域内体积浓度增大,到达海平面时间减小.泄漏点处水深增大对溢油的扩散范围影响不大,但会延迟溢油达到海面的时间,降低海域内体积浓度.最后通过无量纲分析法给出不同工况下溢油横向漂移距离计算公式,为处理溢油事故提供可靠依据.     

长江口区域溢油事故对青草沙水源地影响的数值模拟

长江口是我国通航密度最高的水域质疑,也是上海市重要水源地---青草沙水库的所在地。长江口发生溢油事故的潜在风险较大,研究区域内船舶溢油对溢油应急处置具有重要的显示意义。该文运用MIKE21SA模型建立长江口杭州湾二维溢油数值模型,针对5＆#183;18溢油事故进行后评估,并借助6种不同工况的模型,研究了溢油扩散的影响因子,讨论了长江口区域溢油事故对青草沙水源地的潜在影响。     

溢油应急技术研究与智慧应急技术探索

为了研究深水油气管道溢油应急技术并对智慧应急技术进行探索,本文分析已有的溢油应急计划编制、溢油应急培训、海上演习指导等方法 ;介绍溢油漂移软件的应用,预测油品漂移趋势;对溢油应急事故管理系统现状及未来发展进行探索。争取发生溢油之后,第一时间行动,有效合理的做到智慧溢油应急。     

陆上管道溢油风险及应急准备评估研究与应用

近年来,我国陆上输油管道屡发较大以上溢油事故,对河流、陆地环境造成了不同程度的损害。部分管道溢油事故因为处置不当,造成了重大损失。为推动我国管道溢油应急走向智能化应急,对管道溢油风险及应急准备评估是一项基础性工作。管道溢油风险及应急准备评估可以为管道高风险点的监测与防护等预防性工作提供科学指导,并为溢油应急资源的合理化配置、已有应急资源的高效利用和应急辅助决策系统建设等应急能力建设工作提供依据。本论文阐述了管道溢油风险评估和应急准备评估的方法及应用案例。     

海上溢油清理及其施工的职业健康安全

对海上溢油的原因及对环境的污染危害、溢油的清理方法进行了阐述,提出海上溢油清理施工存在职业健康安全风险,通过对危险、危害的识别、评价,准确确定危险源,有针对性的对风险进行控制。从而得出海洋溢油清理企业员工安全健康管理体系的构建和完善与员工的满意度有着密切的联系。     

浅谈海上溢油危害和控制方法

近年来,海上溢油事故频频发生,对海洋生态和环境造成巨大的危害。针对不同的溢油事故,选择有效的激油控制方法对防止事故的进一步危害有着非常重要的作用,本文通过三个方面对海上溢油控制方法的介绍及对比优缺点,对如何选择溢油控制方法进行分析并总结,为海上溢油事故的治理提供参考。     

海上溢油应急预案支持系统研究

在国际石油勘探开发和海上石油运输日益频繁的背景下,海上原油泄漏时有发生,调研了国内外溢油应急处置辅助支持系统的发展现状,指出了当前溢油应急支持系统的进展和不足,阐明了建立溢油应急预案支持系统的紧迫性。针对溢油应急预案支持系统的数字化和智能化技术进行研究分析,在此基础上建立包含溢油应急预案数据库管理、模块化制作生成、预案执行反馈及预案后评估的溢油应急预案支持系统,通过数字化技术不断完善并探索溢油应急支持系统。     

溢油事故发生后的应急处置技术

随着石油开采及各种油品使用量的增加,溢油事故发生的频率日趋增加。如果对泄漏油品处置不当,不仅会带来严重的环境污染,甚至会危害人们的生命财产安全,因此溢油应急处置工作面临巨大挑战。溢油事故发生后,应从泄漏源控制、溢油收集和溢油处置等方面采取相应控制措施,对溢油进行有效的处理、清理以及回收,进而使油品泄漏对环境或生命的危害及经济损失降至最低。     

海上溢油的鉴别及其修复

针对海上溢油事故时有发生,严重威胁海洋生态环境,介绍了溢油鉴别通常采取的策略,即微量组分鉴别、＂指纹＂鉴别和DNA标记,并作出对比。尽管有很多因素限制,但采取溢油＂指纹＂分析的策略仍是最实用的方法。此外,为治理溢油造成的污染,系统介绍了溢油污染的修复。     

海上石油勘探溢油环境危害问题研究

在海洋溢油事件频频发生,各类因海洋溢油环境问题带来的损失、冲顶、矛盾频频发生的今天,本文在对海上石油勘探溢油所造成的环境问题对海洋造成影响分析的基础上,海上石油勘探溢油环境问题解决方案,以期为海上石油勘探溢油环境危害问题提供参考,切实防范和杜绝海上石油勘探一有问题,维护海洋生态环境。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。