宽板坯连铸结晶器内钢水流动的数值模拟

以150mm×1600～3250mm宽板坯连铸结晶器为研究对象,利用大型商业软件ANSYS CFX10.0建立了1个三维有限体积模型,对结晶器内钢液的流动进行数值模拟.研究了拉速、浸入深度、水口倾角、断面宽度等工艺参数对结晶器内流场和窄面冲击压力的影响.结果表明:随着拉速的增大,表面流速和钢液对窄面的冲击压力都显著增加,采用较大的水口倾角和浸入深度,可以抑制液面波动,减少卷渣.     

板坯连铸结晶器数值模拟

运用Fluent 6.3对板坯连铸结晶器进行数值计算,研究拉速、水口浸入深度及水口开口角度对流场的影响.结果表明:对于断面1400 mm×230 mm结晶器,随拉速增加,液面最大水平和垂直流速均增加,而窄边冲击点的位置基本不变,随距液面距离增加,窄边速度先增加后减小,直至趋向于零;当拉速超过1.2 m.min-1时,液面水平速度增加明显.随水口浸入深度增加,液面最大水平流速减小,浸入深度超过140 mm时,最大水平流速变化不明显;垂直于液面方向的最大速度逐渐增加;对窄边冲击点影响较小.随水口开口向下角度增加,液面最大水平流速减小后增加,水口开口向下12.5°时液面最大水平流速最小,而水口开口向下10°~12.5°时窄边冲击点速度最小.      

浸入式水口对结晶器钢水流动与液面波动的影响

以国内某钢厂220 mm×1800 mm板坯连铸结晶器为原型,根据相似性原理建立相似比为0.6的水模型,利用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对比不同浸入式水口(SEN)的出口角度、浸入深度及水口底部结构条件下的结晶器内流场流速特征,同时使用波高仪对液面波动振幅进行实时监测,并结合F数分析各SEN条件对结晶器内钢液流动特征.研究发现,在各浸入式水口条件下,位于结晶器液面1/4宽面处附近出现矢量流速向下的剪切流,同时在水口附近发现不规则漩涡.试验结果表明:浸入式水口的出口角度、浸入深度的增加能够强化上回旋区缓冲作用,降低结晶器液面表面流速;尽管凹底结构SEN能减弱钢液湍动能,但其对1/4宽面处剪切流速度的影响不大.另外,液面波动幅度和F数变化规律一致,且当浸入式水口出口角度15°、20°,浸入深度135 mm、145 mm条件下波幅与F数最为合理,从而减小或避免液面卷渣,提高连铸坯质量.      

两孔水口影响结晶器内部流动状态的研究

采用粒子图像测速-PIV技术,研究影响连铸结晶器内部流动状态的因素。研究表明:随着拉速的增大,窄面的冲击点位置距离液面的高度差减小,液面的流速差减小,流动状态趋于对称;随着浸入深度的增加,流股冲击到窄面的冲击位置趋于对称,液面流速下降,液面波动减小,因此,适当的水口浸入深度对结晶器内流动状态的稳定具有重要作用;水口堵塞对结晶器流场影响严重,随着右侧孔堵塞度增加,水口两侧流速、出流角度、冲击窄面位置都发生不对称现象,同时表面流速差变大致使涡流出现次数变多,易产生卷渣,发生凝固不均匀或结冷钢等现象,对钢坯质量产生影响。因此,在实际操作时应采取吹氢等措施,减少水口堵塞的发生率。     

基于数值模拟的结晶器卷渣在线预测方法

 结晶器保护渣卷入到钢液中后容易被生长的凝固坯壳捕获,最终在冷轧板上形成由卷渣引起的表面缺陷,会严重恶化钢产品的质量。结晶器液面卷渣现象受到钢液成分、温度、流动方式和吹氩流量的影响。结晶器表面钢液流速大小是反映钢渣界面是否发生卷渣的重要参数,但在实际浇铸过程中,不能在线预测不同拉速、吹氩流量和水口浸入深度下结晶器表面钢液的最大速度。提出一种基于板坯连铸结晶器内多相流动数值模拟的结晶器卷渣在线预测方法。首先,建立结晶器内三维多相流动数学模型,模拟不同拉速、吹氩流量和水口浸入深度下的钢液流动行为;其次,对计算得到的表面钢液流速的最大值进行拟合,得到固定浇铸断面下结晶器表面最大流速的预测公式;最后,通过某钢厂的插钉板工业试验验证了所提方法的准确性。研究发现,不同浇铸参数下表面钢液流速沿结晶器宽度方向呈现先增加再减小的变化趋势,在结晶器宽度1/4位置具有最大值。钢液流速在较小和较大拉速下分别在窄面和水口附近具有较大值;在较小和较大吹氩流量下分别在水口和窄面附近具有较大值;随着水口浸入深度增加,钢液流速在水口和窄面附近变化较小。基于拟合的钢液流速公式,通过比较最大钢液流速与钢渣界面发生卷渣的临界流速,实现了结晶器卷渣的在线预报。     

MCCR产线110 mm薄板坯结晶器流场的数值模拟

首钢京唐MCCR产线是国内第一条多模式连铸连轧产线,薄板坯高拉速连铸是实现无头轧制模式的基础,结晶器内流场控制是决定薄板坯高拉速连铸的关键。采用VOF两相流模型研究薄板坯连铸结晶器内流场特点,采用插钉法测量实际生产过程结晶器弯月面流速,并与对应工况条件下模拟结果进行对比校验了模型准确性。通过薄板坯连铸结晶器内流场的数值模拟仿真,获得了薄板坯高拉速条件下结晶器内钢液的流动特征。研究了连铸拉速、2种浸入式水口结构等因素对弯月面流速以及波高差的影响。结果表明:随着通钢量由3.4 t/min增加至8.2 t/min,采用四孔水口时,结晶器弯月面钢液流速由0.02 m/s增加至0.30 m/s,结晶器钢液面波高差由2.0 mm增加至7.2 mm;采用五孔水口时,结晶器钢液面波高差由0.25 m/s增加至0.5 m/s,结晶器钢液面波高差由2.6 mm增加至17.0 mm。高通钢量条件下(5.5～8.2 t/min),采用四孔水口更加有利于控制液面波动稳定性。     

中薄板坯连铸结晶器钢/渣界面行为数值模拟

利用VOF（volume of fluid）方法和Lagrangian离散模型模拟了厚度为135mm中薄板坯连铸结晶器内的钢液流动及钢／渣界面波动行为,分析了结晶器宽度、水口浸入深度、水口侧孔倾角、拉速和吹氩对结晶器内钢液流动和液面波动的影响规律．结果表明：钢液从三孔浸入式水口流入结晶器后形成上、下三个回流区;吹氩使结晶器上回流区靠近水口附近形成二次涡流;在一定拉速下,增加水口侧孔倾角和浸入深度均能有效抑制钢／渣界面波动;增加拉速和在一定拉速下增加结晶器宽度均将加剧液面波动．     

高拉速厚板坯连铸结晶器流场影响因素的模拟研究

运用数值模拟研究方法,研究高拉速厚板坯连铸结晶器流场的影响因素;研究浸入式水口结构、水口控流方式、水口出口角度、水口浸入深度、结晶器宽度、结晶器厚度、吹氩等因素对结晶器流场、液面流速以及初生坯壳的影响.结果表明在高拉速下,结晶器的流场不稳定因素增多,工艺参数对结晶器流场的影响因数增加.在高拉速下结晶器流场流速高,液面波动大,液钢流束冲击深度大,势必造成产品质量的下降趋势,因此高拉速厚板坯连铸过程必须采用电磁制动或流场控制技术,降低高流速带来的不利影响;水口结构与结晶器规格最优化与匹配能得到适宜的结晶器流场;同时发现高拉速钢液流束对结晶器初生坯壳的影响严重,是高拉速漏钢率高的直接原因之一.     

MCCR产线110mm薄板坯结晶器流场的数值模拟

摘要：首钢京唐MCCR产线是国内第一条多模式连铸连轧产线,薄板坯高拉速连铸是实现无头轧制模式的基础,结晶器内流场控制是决定薄板坯高拉速连铸的关键。采用VOF两相流模型研究薄板坯连铸结晶器内流场特点,采用插钉法测量实际生产过程结晶器弯月面流速,并与对应工况条件下模拟结果进行对比校验了模型准确性。通过薄板坯连铸结晶器内流场的数值模拟仿真,获得了薄板坯高拉速条件下结晶器内钢液的流动特征。研究了连铸拉速、2.种浸入式水口结构等因素对弯月面流速以及波高差的影响。结果表明：随着通钢量由3.4t/min增加至8.2t/min,采用四孔水口时,结晶器弯月面钢液流速由0.02m/s增加至0.30m/s,结晶器钢液面波高差由2.0mm增加至7.2mm;采用五孔水口时,结晶器钢液面波高差由0.25m/s增加至0.5m/s,结晶器钢液面波高差由2.6mm增加至17.0mm。高通钢量条件下（5.5~8.2t/min）,采用四孔水口更加有利于控制液面波动稳定性。     

薄板坯连铸漏斗形结晶器内卷渣行为物理模拟

针对高拉速下薄板坯连铸结晶器内的液面卷渣问题，建立了1∶1水力学模型，采用水/真空泵油模拟钢/保护渣介质，研究了连铸拉速、水口插入深度、保护渣黏度对漏斗形结晶器内液渣层变化及卷渣行为的影响。结果表明，随着拉速提高，结晶器内液面波高升高，液面高度自窄边向水口方向逐渐降低，液渣层厚度相应由薄变厚，导致结晶器窄边附近钢液裸露；结晶器内窄边至水口之间1/2处波高变化较大、液面流速最大、易发生剪切卷渣。在试验条件下，采用增加水口插入深度、降低最高拉速、适当提高保护渣黏度等方法，使液面速度小于0.486 m/s的临界流速、液面波动指数F数小于5.45,可防止结晶器内产生剪切卷渣。然而，这些手段不能避免结晶器内水口附近的旋涡卷渣，这是因为薄板坯连铸钢通量大以及漏斗形结晶器和鸭嘴形水口容易形成负压旋涡造成的。     

Effect of EMBr on Flow in Slab Continuous Casting Mold and Evaluation Using Nail Dipping Measurement

The nail dipping method was developed to investigate the effect of electromagnetic brake on the mold top surface flow in a certain slab caster with different casting speed and submerged entry nozzle (SEN) depth. The shape of the meniscus profile and direction of flow were quantified by analyzing the angular profile of the lump for each solidified nail, and the error evaluation for the nail dipping measurement was also determined. The results show that the meniscus level fluctuates with time variation; the electromagnetic force suppresses the high‐speed flow and decreases the meniscus flow velocity, which makes the meniscus level flatter and slower. A stronger meniscus velocity and fluctuation were created by increasing casting speed and decreasing the SEN depth. Furthermore, the effect of magnetic field on the fluid flow in the mold has been investigated.     

凝固坯壳对高拉速板坯连铸结晶器液面特征的影响

采用1:1的水模型研究了高拉速条件下凝固坯壳对结晶器内的流场与液面特征的影响.结果表明:考虑凝固坯壳时结晶器内的流场出现了轻微的不对称现象,在高拉速条件下（2.4 m·min-1）,有坯壳时结晶器液面最大平均波高与表面流速比没有坯壳时分别大31%和35%.对比有/无坯壳条件下自由液面形状可知:考虑凝固坯壳之后的液面变形程度比没有考虑时更大,更易导致卷渣的发生.液面波动的功傅里叶变换分析表明:考虑坯壳之后结晶器液面的高频率波动的振幅大于无坯壳的情形,所以考虑坯壳之后由于结晶器下部内腔变小,更多的流股能量集中在上回流区,使得上回流的湍流程度比无坯壳时要大,进而导致了液面波动与表面流速的增大.因此,为了缩小与实际连铸过程的差别,在高拉速的物理模拟中有必要考虑凝固坯壳的影响.      

Flow behavior of molten steel in SEN during full nozzle self swirling flow continuous casting

Full nozzle self swirling flow continuous casting is an important technology to optimize the mold flow field from the source. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the influence of casting speed and inlet area of the swirling flow generator on steel flow behavior in SEN (submerged entry nozzle). The results show that the casting speed and the inlet area have important effects on the swirling steel flow in SEN. The swirl intensity increases with the increase of casting speed, decreases with the increase of inlet area, and decreases approximately linearly with the downward flow of molten steel in SEN. The swirling flow velocity can reach 410m/s with the generator inlet velocity of 11m/s. Due to the effect of swirling flow, molten steel at the nozzle center moves upwards. The flow field in SEN along the radial direction can be divided into three regions, namely, the isotropic turbulent fluctuation region, the anisotropic turbulent fluctuation region, and the near wall region. With the increase of inlet velocity, the anisotropic turbulent fluctuation region increases. This study reveals the key control factors on steel flow behavior in a full nozzle self swirling flow continuous casting process, which provides a good support for the parameter optimization of the swirling flow continuous casting process.     

全水口自旋流连铸水口钢水流动行为

摘要： 全水口自旋流连铸是从源头上优化结晶器流场的重要技术,利用数值模拟手段,研究了拉坯速度和旋流发生装置入口尺寸对自旋流连铸钢水流动行为的影响。研究表明,拉坯速度和入口尺寸对水口内钢水旋流具有重要影响,旋流强度随拉速增大而增大,随入口面积增大而减小,且随钢水向下流动近似呈线性减小;当旋流装置入口流速为1.1m/s时,水口内钢水旋转速度达4.10m/s,受旋流影响水口中心钢水反重力向上流动;水口流场沿径向可分为湍流各向同性区、各向异性区和近壁区,随入口速度增加湍流各向异性区范围增大。研究明确了全水口自旋流连铸过程钢水旋流行为的关键控制因素,为旋流连铸的参数优化提供了支撑。     

Large Eddy Simulations of the Effects of EMBr and SEN Submergence Depth on Turbulent Flow in the Mold Region of a Steel Caster

Transient turbulent flow in the mold region during continuous casting of steel is related to many quality problems, such as surface defects and slag entrainment. This work applies an efficient multi-GPU based code, CUFlow, to perform large eddy simulations (LES) of the turbulent flow in a domain that includes the slide gate, SEN, and mold region. The computations were first validated by comparing the predicted surface velocity with plant measurements. Then, seven LES simulations were conducted to study the effects of casting speed, electromagnetic braking (EMBr) field strength, and submerged entry nozzle (SEN) depth on the transient flow. The results show that EMBr has an important influence on flow inside the SEN, in addition to flow in the mold. With EMBr, an “M-shaped” flow profile is seen inside the SEN. The swirling flow behavior in the SEN and ports is more symmetrical at high casting speed and with higher EMBr strength. The position of the SEN ports relative to the peak magnetic field affects the EMBr performance. The results confirm and quantify how applying EMBr greatly lowers both the magnitude and turbulent variations of the surface velocity and level profile.     

Structure of turbulent flow in a slab mold

The structure of the turbulent flow in a slab mold is studied using a water model, various experimental techniques, and mathematical simulations. The meniscus stability depends on the turbulence structure of the flow in the mold; mathematical simulations using the k-ε model and the Reynolds-stress model (RSM) indicate that the latter is better at predicting the meniscus profile for a given casting speed. Reynolds stresses and flow vorticity measured through the particle-image velocimetry (PIV) technique are very close to those predicted by the RSM model, and maximum and minimum values across the jet diameter are reported. The backflow in the upper side of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) port (for a fixed SEN design) depends on the casting speed and disappears, increasing this process parameter. At low casting speeds, the jet does not report enough dissipation of energy, so the upper flow roll is able to reach the SEN port. At high casting speeds, the jet energy is strongly dissipated inside the SEN port, the narrow wall, and in the mold corner, weakening the momentum transfer of the upper flow roll, which is unable to reach the SEN port. At low casting speeds, meniscus instability is observed very close to the SEN, while at high casting speeds, this instability is observed in the mold corner. An optimum casting speed is reported where complete meniscus stability was observed. The flow structure at the free surface indicates a composite structure of islands with large gradients of velocity at high casting speeds. These velocity gradients are responsible for the meniscus instability.     

低碳钢和中碳钢连铸方坯初始凝固的对比研究

以低碳钢和中碳钢为研究对象,围绕不同连铸工艺参数对方坯初始凝固行为的影响,利用CA-FE耦合模型模拟实际连铸过程结晶器内方坯的初始凝固行为,考察拉速和过热度对方坯出结晶器坯壳厚度的影响,对比二者出结晶器横截面枝晶微观形貌.研究表明:过热度和拉速增加均能使出结晶器坯壳厚度下降,而拉速的影响更为显著.不同钢种在相同条件下出结晶器坯壳厚度下降梯度不同.过热度越低柱状晶越致密细小,利于提高连铸坯质量,拉速对柱状晶的影响相对较小.由于出结晶器坯壳安全厚度限制,过热度取15℃,低碳钢拉速不能超过2.2 m·min-1,中碳钢拉速不能超过2.5 m·min-1,据此针对不同钢种设计不同拉速可提高连铸效率.同时,模型结果显示低碳钢出结晶器时刻柱状晶更为发达.