中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统氚输运初步分析

氚输运分析是开展中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统安全分析及未来聚变堆氚自持运行的重要研究内容之一。基于氚输运理论和固态增殖剂包层系统设计,利用FDS凤麟核能团队开发的聚变系统氚分析程序TAS,构建了固态增殖剂包层系统氚输运分析系统动力学模型。该模型氚输运结果与文献报道的吻合得很好,误差小于6%,验证了模型的正确性。针对中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统氚输运问题进行了两种计算方法(稳态、脉冲模式)的初步分析,获得了氚提取系统、氦气冷却系统回路氚分压,实验包层模块冷却流道、窗口室内氚提取系统和氦气冷却系统回路材料中氚滞留量,窗口室内氚提取系统和氦气冷却系统回路氚日渗透量等数据。最终对比结果显示,脉冲模式分析方法能够实时地跟踪源项的快速变化,更符合中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层系统实际运行情况。窗口室内氦气冷却系统回路材料中氚滞留量占到日产氚量的31.3%,因此需要在这些氚滞留损失严重的部位考虑适当的阻氚措施。     

Li4SiO4陶瓷球的研制

产氚包层是聚变堆的关键系统，其设计与研发是我国参与ITER计划的重要研究领域。氦冷／固态氚增殖剂产氚包层采用锂陶瓷材料，目前，国际上最为关注的是具有较为优异和全面氚增殖特性的LinSiO4和Li2TiO3等。     

中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层模块材料研究进展

在未来核聚变反应堆中,为补充氚的消耗,需要在核聚变堆的包层中进行氚的在线增殖,以维持核聚变反应的持续进行。为验证这一关键技术,在国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）上开展了ITER TBM计划（实验包层项目）。作为ITER计划成员方之一,中方以中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层模块（HCCB TBM）概念参与ITER TBM计划。HCCB TBM现今进入初步设计阶段,而材料的制备技术和性能数据是支撑其结构设计、安全分析和服役工况评估的基础。本文综述和分析了HCCB TBM结构材料低活化铁素体/马氏体钢（RAFM钢）与功能材料氚增殖剂和中子倍增剂的研究现状,并对这些材料下一步的研究方向进行了展望。     

中国聚变工程试验堆包层的核热耦合效应研究

本文以中国聚变工程试验堆（CFETR）的氦冷固态包层和水冷固态包层为研究对象,基于蒙特卡罗程序MCNP和计算流体力学程序FLUENT,利用3D-1D-2D耦合方法和伪材料方法,分别对200 MW的氦冷固态包层和水冷固态包层及1.5 GW的水冷固态包层方案进行了核热耦合计算分析。研究结果表明,金属铍的热散射效应和轻水密度是聚变包层核热耦合效应的主要来源,核热耦合效应对氦冷固态包层的影响可忽略,对水冷固态包层的氚增殖比和温度分布有一定程度的影响。     

堆内辐照氚增殖剂球床有效热导率分析

氘-氚聚变反应堆中，固态氚增殖剂包层能不断为聚变反应提供氚核素，是实现聚变反应堆商用的关键技术之一。由锂陶瓷小球堆积形成的球床形式的固态氚增殖剂包层具有比表面积大、产氚效率高等优点，是我国重点发展的氚增殖剂包层形式。氚增殖剂球床须能支撑在堆内辐照时的高温环境，这就要求氚增殖剂球床有较好的导热特性。球床的有效热导率在球床设计和辐照过程中的安全分析十分重要，因此在中国先进研究堆（CARR）开展了氚增殖剂球床在堆内辐照环境下的有效热导率测量实验。根据MCNP计算得出的球床发热功率，结合实验测量的球床温度分布反推得到氚增殖剂球床的有效热导率，并与广泛应用于球床有效热导率计算的改进型ZBS模型计算结果以及堆外实验结果进行对比分析，理论值与实验值能较好吻合。     

中国氦冷固态实验包层2×6模块中子学计算分析

为了满足ITER对波纹度的要求,核工业西南物理研究院提出了新的减少低活化铁素体钢的氦冷固态（HCSB）实验包层模块（TBM）设计方案。采用MCNP程序及ITER全堆MCNP模型,对新设计的2×6HCSB-TBM进行三维中子学计算分析,给出了模块产氚率、核热沉积和功率密度分布等结果。在ITER运行因子为22%时,HCSB-TBM的产氚率为12.68mg/d。TBM内总核热沉积为522.5kW,最高功率密度为11.8W/cm³,出现在氚增殖区Li₄SiO₄中。计算结果可为TBM进一步的结构、热工水力学优化及其他系统设计提供中子学数据。     

聚变堆交叉冷却固态包层中子学设计优化

针对聚变堆固态包层设计路线,提出了一个交叉排列氦冷固态包层概念。设计采用Be、Li₂TiO₃分层球床。两种尺寸的氦气冷却管道交叉排列,分两个回路同时冷却,以增加系统安全可靠性。分析比较了4种⁶Li富集度布置方案。结果表明：径向远离第一壁降低⁶Li富集度较为合理,靠近第一壁的增殖层⁶Li富集度不能过低,以减少长期运行中Li的消耗对氚增殖性能的影响。借助蒙特卡罗程序MCNP建立11.25°对称模型,全堆包层氚增殖率为1.176,包层寿期内产氚性能稳定,在包层寿命运行时间内的燃耗分布相对均匀。     

用于制造KOHCSBTBM低活化铁素体／马氏体不锈钢的焊接技术的开发

韩国氦冷固体氚增殖堆试验包层模块的概念设计已经完成，还研究了试验包层模块概念的制造可行性。因此，很有必要研究开发其制造技术，如结构材料的连接技术，这是因为低活化铁素体／马氏体钢被公认为是韩国氦冷固体氚增殖堆试验包层模块的结构材料。几种类型的低活化铁索体／马氏体钢已得到推荐，但是它们的焊接性仍然在研究之中。本文详细地调查研究了低活化铁素体／马氏体钢的电子柬焊接技术，包括焊接样品在焊后热处理之前和焊后热处理之后的拉伸、硬度、冲击及微观结构等性能。结果显示焊接质量和本文应用的工艺是合理的。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的固态氚增殖剂聚变中子辐照损伤行为分析

实验包层模块(TBM)是聚变反应堆最重要的组件之一,作用是产氚和能量提取。锂陶瓷具有良好的化学稳定性、热机械性能、产氚性能以及可在更高温度下使用等特点,被认为是聚变堆包层最具吸引力的氚增殖剂材料。中国ITER-TBM设计方案采用了氦冷固态氚增殖剂(HCCB)TBM结构,其聚变环境下的辐照损伤行为可为中国HCCB TBM结构设计提供支持。针对固态氚增殖剂聚变中子辐照损伤问题,利用蒙特卡罗模拟,对比分析了Li_4SiO_4和Li_2TiO_3的中子辐照离位损伤和嬗变气体损伤。结果表明:在相同的服役时间下,Li_4SiO_4比Li_2TiO_3将产生更多的嬗变气体,且在高6 Li丰度情况下,其中子辐照损伤也更严重,会产生更高的损伤剂量和更大的损伤截面。但是,嬗变气体所造成的空位损伤Li_2TiO_3要比Li_4SiO_4严重;对两种陶瓷材料来讲,氦损伤效应均强于氚损伤效应。     

中国ITER固态实验包层模块热工水力优化设计和分析

在中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层模块(CH HCSB TBM)热工水力优化设计的基础上,利用有限元程序ANSYS和计算流体力学程序FLUENT对实验包层模块进行了相应的分析.分析结果表明热工水力优化是合理的,是可以接受的.     

Impact Analysis of Helium Cooled Solid Blanket Structures on the Tritium Breeding Performance in CFETR

Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a test tokamak reactor to bridge the gap between ITER and future fusion power plant. As its objectives are to demonstrate generation of fusion power and to realize tritium self-sufficiency, the tritium breeding ratio (TBR) is a key design parameter. In the blanket design and optimization, the structures such as the first wall (FW), cooling plate (CP), stiffening plate (SP), cap and some other design parameters in detailed 3-D model have significant impacts on the tritium breeding performance. Based on a helium cooled solid breeder blanket option for CFETR, the impact analysis of the helium cooled solid blanket structures on tritium breeding performance was performed in this paper. Firstly, the detailed 3D neutronics model was built by using of a CAD to Monte Carlo Geometry conversion tool McCad. Then based on the detailed 3D neutronics model, the impact analyses of the blanket structures on tritium breeding performance were carried out, which include the FW, CP, SP, cap and side wall. By the sensitivity study of the blanket structures on the TBR, it gave the TBR variation trend and references for the blanket design and optimization.     

Analysis of Time-Dependent Tritium Breeding Capability of Water Cooled Ceramic Breeder Blanket for CFETR

Attaining tritium self-sufficiency is an important mission for the Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor(CFETR) operating on a Deuterium-Tritium(D-T) fuel cycle. It is necessary to study the tritium breeding ratio(TBR) and breeding tritium inventory variation with operation time so as to provide an accurate data for dynamic modeling and analysis of the tritium fuel cycle. A water cooled ceramic breeder(WCCB) blanket is one candidate of blanket concepts for the CFETR. Based on the detailed 3D neutronics model of CFETR with the WCCB blanket,the time-dependent TBR and tritium surplus were evaluated by a coupling calculation of the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code(MCNP) and the fusion activation code FISPACT-2007.The results indicated that the TBR and tritium surplus of the WCCB blanket were a function of operation time and fusion power due to the Li consumption in breeder and material activation.In addition, by comparison with the results calculated by using the 3D neutronics model and employing the transfer factor constant from 1D to 3D, it is noted that 1D analysis leads to an over-estimation for the time-dependent tritium breeding capability when fusion power is larger than 1000 MW.     

CFETR氦冷固态包层及其辅助系统动态氚输运分析

实现氚自持、建立完整的氚循环系统并保证氚安全是中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)的主要目标之一.在CFETR氦冷固态包层及其辅助系统设计过程中,需对系统级氚输运行为进行详细分析,包括氚滞留量、释放量、浓度的动态变化等.基于已建立的动态氚分析程序T riSim-Dynamic,在此基础上进行修改完善,利用该程序对CFETR...     

Neutronics Comparison Analysis of the Water Cooled Ceramics Breeding Blanket for CFETR

China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR) is an ITER-like fusion engineering test reactor that is intended to fill the scientific and technical gaps between ITER and DEMO.One of the main missions of CFETR is to achieve a tritium breeding ratio that is no less than 1.2to ensure tritium self-sufficiency.A concept design for a water cooled ceramics breeding blanket(WCCB) is presented based on a scheme with the breeder and the multiplier located in separate panels for CFETR.Based on this concept,a one-dimensional(1D) radial built breeding blanket was first designed,and then several three-dimensional models were developed with various neutron source definitions and breeding blanket module arrangements based on the 1D radial build.A set of nuclear analyses have been carried out to compare the differences in neutronics characteristics given by different calculation models,addressing neutron wall loading(NWL),tritium breeding ratio(TBR),fast neutron flux on inboard side and nuclear heating deposition on main in-vessel components.The impact of differences in modeling on the nuclear performance has been analyzed and summarized regarding the WCCB concept design.     

CFETR氚自持分析评估与验证策略

中国聚变工程实验堆（China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor, 简称CFETR）的主要目标之一是实现氚自持。采用氚平衡法对CFETR不同运行工况下的氚自持条件进行了分析评估。结果表明：在500 MW运行阶段,CFETR实现氚自持所需的最小氚增殖比（TBR_r）为1.098,小于CFETR增殖包层可达到的氚增殖比（TBR_a）,即在理论上满足氚自持条件。在此基础上,提出了CFETR未来通过定期的氚衡算来验证氚自持的基本策略。在基准输入参数和氚存量测量精度限制（1%）条件下,CFETR氚自持验证实验的运行周期需要大于22 d（氦冷包层）或87 d（水冷包层）。     

CFETR氦冷陶瓷增殖包层中子学分析

为满足中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)包层的应用要求,本文提出氦冷陶瓷增殖(HCCB)包层方案。为验证HCCB包层设计方案的合理性与可行性,采用三维蒙特卡罗粒子输运程序MCNP,计算和分析了HCCB包层方案的氚增殖比、中子壁负载、中子通量密度、核热、辐照损伤等中子学特性。结果表明,HCCB包层方案满足氚自持要求,中子通量密度和核热分布合理,屏蔽性能良好,基本满足设计要求。     

超临界水冷固态实验包层中子学与热工水力特性研究

基于国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)实验包层方案,提出了一个超临界水冷固态实验包层概念设计方案。设计采用Be作为中子倍增剂,Li4SiO4作为氚增殖剂,CLAM钢作为结构材料。包层第一壁采用多层盘道设计以提高第一壁出口温度,内部采用增殖剂与中子倍增剂分层布置以提高热沉积与氚增殖率。为验证包层设计的可行性,分析计算了三维包层氚增殖率与热沉积的分布,然后根据中子学计算得到的结果对超临界水冷固态实验包层进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:包层功率密度分布较合理;氚增殖率满足运行中氚自持的要求;在冷却剂出口温度达到500℃条件下材料温度不超过限值。该设计方案能满足中子学设计与热工水力的要求。     

Neutronics Analysis of Water-Cooled Ceramic Breeder Blanket for CFETR

In order to investigate the nuclear response to the water-cooled ceramic breeder blanket models for CFETR, a detailed 3D neutronics model with 22.5otorus sector was developed based on the integrated geometry of CFETR, including heterogeneous WCCB blanket models,shield, divertor, vacuum vessel, toroidal and poloidal magnets, and ports. Using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code MCNP5 and IAEA Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library FENDL2.1,the neutronics analyses were performed. The neutron wall loading, tritium breeding ratio, the nuclear heating, neutron-induced atomic displacement damage, and gas production were determined.The results indicate that the global TBR of no less than 1.2 will be a big challenge for the watercooled ceramic breeder blanket for CFETR.