Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of the leaf extract of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) in mice exposed to a lethal dose of γ‐irradiation

The effects of various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 80 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of the leaf extracts of Syzygium cumini Linn. and Eugenia cumini (SCE, black plum, Jamun, family Myrtaceae) on the radiation‐induced sickness and mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy γ‐irradiation were studied. The treatment of mice with different doses of SCE, consecutively for five days before irradation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the nondrug‐treated irradiated controls. All doses of SCE provied protection against the gastrointestinal death increasing the survival by 66.66% after treatment with 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg SCE versus a 12% survival in the irradiated control group (oil + irradiation). Similarly, SCE provided protection against the radiation‐induced bone marrow death in mice treated with 10–60 mg/kg b.wt. of SCE. However, the best protection was obtained for 30 mg/kg b.wt. SCE, where the number of survivors after 30 days post‐irradiation was highest (41.66%) when compared with the other doses of SCE.     

Cystone,an ayurvedic herbal drug imparts protection to the mice against the lethal effects of gamma-radiation: a preliminary study

The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 160 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of aqueous extract of cystone (an ayurvedic herbal medicine) administered intraperitoneally was studied on the radiation-induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of gamma-radiation. Treatment of mice with different doses of cystone, consecutively for five days before irradiation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the non-drug treated irradiated controls. The pretreatment of mice with different doses of cystone before exposure to 10 Gy of gamma-radiation resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the survival up to 40 mg/kg b.wt., where the highest number of survival (55.55%) was observed by 30 days post irradiation, when compared with the 10 Gy irradiated control (6.66%). Thereafter, the number of survivors declined and reached a nadir at 160 mg/kg, where no survivors could be observed. The optimum protection against irradiation was observed for 40 mg/kg cystone, where the highest number of survivors were reported by 30 days post irradiation and it was 8.34-fold greater than that of the irradiated control group.     

Cystone,an ayurvedic herbal drug imparts protection to the mice against the lethal effects of γ‐radiation: A preliminary study

The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 160 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of aqueous extract of cystone (an ayurvedic herbal medicine) administered intraperitoneally was studied on the radiation‐induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of γ‐radiation. Treatment of mice with different doses of cystone, consecutively for five days before irradiation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the non‐drug treated irradiated controls. The pretreatment of mice with different doses of cystone before exposure to 10 Gy of γ‐radiation resulted in a dose‐dependent elevation in the survival up to 40 mg/kg b. wt., where the highest number of survival (55.55%) was observed by 30 days post irradiation, when compared with the 10 Gy irradiated control (6.66%). Thereafter, the number of survivors declined and reached a nadir at 160 mg/kg, where no survivors could be observed. The optimum protection against irradiation was observed for 40 mg/kg cystone, where the highest number of survivors were reported by 30 days post irradiation and it was 8.34‐fold greater than that of the irradiated control group.     

Synbiotic sheep milk ice cream reduces chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis

Sheep dairy products containing prebiotic and probiotic ingredients may have health-promoting properties. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of sheep milk ice cream [conventional full-fat (CONV), full-fat enriched with probiotic (PROB, 100 mg % wt/wt of Lacticaseibacillus casei 01), or nonfat synbiotic (SYNB, Lacticaseibacillus casei 01 and inulin, 10% wt/wt)] on carcinogen-induced colonic crypt cytotoxicity and premalignant lesion development. Male Swiss mice received 2 doses of colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM, 15 mg/kg of body weight) at wk 3 and 4. Two weeks before and during AOM administrations (4 wk) mice were treated with CONV, PROB, or SYNB by gavage (10 mL/kg). Mice were euthanized at wk 4 or 25 (n = 5 or 10 mice/group, respectively). At wk 4, a significant reduction in micronucleated colonocytes was observed in PROB and SYNB groups, and a significant decrease in both p53 expression and apoptosis indexes in colonic crypts was observed in SYNB group. At wk 25, both PROB and SYNB interventions reduced the mean number of colonic premalignant lesions. However, only SYNB group showed lower incidence and number of high-grade premalignant lesions in the colonic mucosa. These findings indicate that PROB or SYNB sheep milk ice cream, especially SYNB intervention, can reduce chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis.     

Radioprotection by quercetin-3-O-rutinoside,a flavonoid glycoside – A cellular and mechanistic approach

The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo radioprotective efficacy of quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (PMC-1), the key bioactive constituent flavonoid glycoside isolated from the whole plant of Pilea microphylla was evaluated. In vivo survival studies established the optimum effective dose of PMC-1 at 25 mg/kg/i.p. At the optimum dose, PMC-1 prevented the depletion of endogenous antioxidants in the liver of irradiated mice. In vivo protection towards gastrointestinal tract and haematopoietic system was confirmed by the restoration of radiation-induced reduction in villi height, number of crypt cells and spleen index. PMC-1 also attenuated the radiation-induced apoptosis in spleenocytes significantly. Single cell gel electrophoresis of peripheral blood leukocytes showed inhibition of radiation-induced DNA damage by PMC-1. PMC-1 pretreatment significantly reversed the changes by increasing pro-survival (ERK) and decreasing pro-apoptotic (BAX) gene expressions compared to radiation control. Thus, PMC-1 exhibits protective effects against γ-radiation and the probable mechanism of action involves maintenance of antioxidant enzymes, prophylactic action and inhibition of apoptosis.     

辐照处理对桦褐孔菌多糖抗疲劳作用的影响

目的:研究经过辐照处理的桦褐孔菌多糖对小鼠的抗疲劳作用.方法:用60Co-γ射线进行辐照,得到5、10、20、30 kGy辐照剂量和未辐照的桦褐孔菌菌粉制得多糖.分为对照组、辐照高中低剂量组和未辐照高剂量组,对雄性昆明种小鼠进行四周连续灌胃,测定小鼠爬杆、力竭游泳时间,肝糖原(LG)、肌糖原(MG)、全血乳酸(BLA)...     

橄榄叶中多酚含量的测定及其抗辐射作用研究

采用超声辅助水提法制备橄榄叶提取物(olive leaf extracts,OLE),测定其多酚含量,并研究OLE对辐射小鼠的防护作用。给予小鼠不同剂量OLE(150、500、1000 mg/kg)后,1 Gy X射线全身辐照小鼠,测定辐射小鼠外周血细胞数量、血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、骨髓细胞微核率和肝脏Bcl-2与Bax凋亡蛋白的表达水平。结果表明,OLE中的多酚含量丰富,高达(57.55±2.98)mg/g,可有效提高小鼠外周血细胞数量与血清SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量,抑制骨髓细胞微核的形成,调控肝脏凋亡蛋白的表达,对辐射损伤具有良好的防护作用。     

艾蒿黄酮对低剂量X-射线辐射损伤小鼠的防护作用

目的:研究艾蒿黄酮对低量X-射线辐射小鼠的白细胞和主要器官的防护作用。方法:将小白鼠随机分为5组,正常对照组、辐射对照组、低剂量药物组(30mg/kg)、中剂量药物组(60mg/kg)和高剂量药物组(90mg/kg)。每组20只,均灌胃给药,每只小鼠1mL/次,2次/d(早晚各一次)。以1.0Gy的X-射线辐射处理,每次210s,连续15d。对体重、血液中白细胞以及各主要器官的SOD、MDA检测。结果:中剂量组的各项检测指标与正常对照组相比差异不大,与辐射对照差异显著。结论:一定剂量的艾蒿黄酮能抑制X射线给机体的白细胞以及各主要器官带来的损伤和毒害作用。     

藤茶提取物的降尿酸作用研究

目的:研究藤茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠的降尿酸效果和对肝肾的保护作用。方法:腹腔注射氧嗪酸钾诱导建立高尿酸血症小鼠模型,以藤茶提取物低、中、高剂量（100、200、400 mg/kg）和别嘌呤醇（10 mg/kg）连续灌胃14 d,检测小鼠血清尿酸（Uric acid, UA）、尿素氮（Blood urea nitrogen, BUN）、肌酐（Creatinine, CRE）、天门冬氨酸氨基转氨酶（Aspartate aminotransferase, AST）、谷氨酸氨基转氨酶（Alanine aminotransferase, ALT）和肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶（Xanthine oxidase, XOD）水平;计算肝肾系数后切片染色,观察肝肾组织的病理学特征。结果:与模型组相比,200和400 mg/kg藤茶提取物组小鼠血清尿酸值分别降低22.65%（P<0.05）和29.15%（P<0.01）,显著降低血清肌酐和尿素氮水平（P<0.05）, 下调天门冬氨酸氨基转氨酶、谷氨酸氨基转氨酶和肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶水平（P<0.05）,降低肝肾系数;病理组织形态学检查结果发现藤茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠肝组织和肾组织有明显改善作用。结论:200、400 mg/kg藤茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠有良好的降尿酸效果和肝肾保护作用。     

Detection of o-tyrosine in irradiated chicken by reverse-phase HPLC and fluorescence detection.

A method for the measurement of o-tyrosine in irradiated chicken has been developed. The procedure involves the solvent extraction and removal of free o-tyrosine, which is present in unirradiated tissue, followed by acid hydrolysis of bound o-tyrosine in the proteinaceous residue and measurement of the cleaved residues by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Bound o-tyrosine was not detected above 0.01 mg/kg in unirradiated tissue but was observed, in increasing amounts of up to 5.18 mg/kg, when the tissue was irradiated at doses of between 2.5 and 20 kGy. The precision of the analysis was assessed by duplicate determinations, the agreement between duplicates and their respective means averaged 1.7% as defined by the term [(a-b)/(a+b)] x 100% where a and b are the repeat determination values.     

薄荷中L-薄荷醇的抗惊厥活性研究

目的:研究L-薄荷醇的抗惊厥作用。方法:分别采用戊四唑和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)致惊厥模型,通过观察L-薄荷醇高(70 mg/kg),中(30 mg/kg),低(8 mg/kg)三个剂量组对小鼠惊厥潜伏期,惊厥持续时间,惊厥次数和死亡率的影响,及对小鼠脑组中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和谷氨酸(Glu)的含量的影响,研究了L-薄荷醇的抗惊厥效果,及其发挥抗惊厥作用的机理。结果:L-薄荷醇(70 mg/kg)可极显著缩短由戊四唑和NMDA所致惊厥持续时间(p<0.01),延长惊厥潜伏期(p<0.01),减少惊厥次数,使戊四唑与NMDA所致死亡率降低至30%和20%;L-薄荷醇中剂量组(30 mg/kg)与空白对照组比较可显著缩短惊厥持续时间(p<0.05),延长惊厥潜伏期(p<0.05),将戊四唑所致死亡率降低至50%,NMDA所致死亡率降低至40%,但低剂量(8 mg/kg)无明显的抗惊厥作用。同时L-薄荷醇的高剂量组(70 mg/kg)和中剂量组(30 mg/kg)可以拮抗由戊四唑所致脑组织中GABA含量的降低和NMDA所致脑组织中谷氨酸Glu含量的升高。结论:L-薄荷醇具有良好的抗惊厥作用,其作用机理可能涉及对γ-氨基丁酸能系统和谷氨酸能系统的调节。     

西洋参片对小鼠抗疲劳作用的实验研究

目的：研究西洋参片的抗疲劳作用。方法：将小鼠按体重随机分为对照组和低、中、高剂量组。低、中、高三个剂量组分别灌胃给予67、133、200mg／kg的西洋参片30d，对照组给蒸馏水。测定小鼠游泳时间及血乳酸、尿素氮、肝糖原等指标。结果：西洋参片的三个剂量组均能显著提高小鼠肝糖原的储备量；降低小鼠游泳后血乳酸曲线下面积；降低运动后血清尿素氮含量，加速体内尿素氮的清除速率，提高小鼠的游泳时间。结论：西洋参片具有抗疲劳作用。     

AMELIORATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF ETHYLIDENE GYROMITRIN (FALSE MOREL POISON) WITH PYRIDOXINE CHLORIDE

Repeated (five) doses of pyridoxine chloride (vitamin B₆, 10 mg) reduced botht he neurological symptoms caused by ethylidene gyromitrin, the main poisonous compound of the mushroom false morel (Gyromitra esculenta pers. Fr.), and the overall mortality due to ethylidene gyromitrin poisoning in mice treated orally with this poison (400 mg/kg). In contrast, little or no effect was found when the mice were treated with γ-aminobutyric acid (1 mg) or vitamin C (10 mg) after treatment with poison. The significance of these findings is discussed in perspective to possible treatments of human poisonings caused by false morel.     

红景天胶囊对小鼠抗应激作用的实验研究

目的：研究红景天胶囊的抗应激作用。方法：将小鼠按体重随机分为三个组,即对照组、红景天胶囊高剂量组(1.0g/kg bw)和红景天胶囊低剂量组(0.5g/kg bw)。小鼠每天灌胃给药0.1ml/10g,连续30d 后,测定小鼠常压缺氧耐受时间、亚硝酸钠中毒存活时间、血红蛋白含量和对高、低温的耐受时间。结果：实验组小鼠较对照组小鼠耐缺氧时间显著延长,血红蛋白含量较相同条件下对照组小鼠含量显著增高。结论：红景天胶囊具有提高小鼠抗应激的能力。     

Dose-response of RAG2-/-/gammac-/- mice to busulfan in preparation for spermatogonial transplantation

Practical applications of spermatogonial transplantation require good rates of colonization by the donor cells. Recipient testes are usually depleted of competing endogenous spermatogonia by administration of 32-44 mg busulfan kg(-1) body weight before transplantation. However, it is not clear that this is the optimum dose, especially for immunodeficient mice. In the present study, the response of adult RAG2(-/-)/gamma(c)(-/-) (RAG2) male mice to treatment with 10-50 mg busulfan kg(-1) body weight was determined in terms of mortality rates, testicular masses and histology, and colonization of seminiferous tubules by transplanted spermatogonia. Mortality increased from 0 to 50% at doses between 20 mg busulfan kg(-1) and 40 mg busulfan kg(-1), whereas the maximum effects on testicular mass and histology were observed at 20 mg busulfan kg(-1). Colonization of testes by genetically marked spermatogonia after treatment of mice with 20 mg busulfan kg(-1) was equivalent to rates previously reported in recipients treated with 32-44 mg busulfan kg(-1). Thus, 20 mg busulfan kg(-1) appears to be the optimum dose for preparing RAG2 mice for spermatogonial transplantation. However, because the steepness of the dose-response curves indicates that direct administration of busulfan is not ideal for this purpose, 15 mg busulfan kg(-1) was administered to pregnant females at various times between day 10.5 and day 16.5 of gestation to determine whether this would deplete the number of germ cells in male offspring. Although there were large variations in testicular mass and histology, no mortality was observed and administration of busulfan at day 10.5 or 12.5 after mating delayed initiation of spermatogenesis, indicating that prenatal administration of busulfan combined with neonatal transplantation might be an effective method for further increasing rates of colonization by donor spermatogonia.     

Mutagenicity Testing of Irradiated Onion Powder

Onion powder, irradiated at average doses of 15, 950, and 1360 krad, was investigated using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity assay and the in vivo sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test. Cold-water and hot-water extracts of nonirradiated and irradiated onion powder did not show any mutagenic effect when tested with or without metabolic activation in the Ames test. Neither were differences between irradiated and unirradiated onion powder observed in the SCE test.     

LACK OF GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF PIPERINE, (THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF BLACK PEPPER) IN ALBINO MICE

The potency of piperine, the active principle of black pepper, to induce micro-nuclei in bone-marrow erythrocytes and dominant-lethal mutations was investigated in male mice. Preliminary studies indicated that piperine administered (i.p.) to adult male mice at sublethal doses of 1,2 or 4 mg/kg b.w. (1/20, 1/10 or 1/15 LD₅₀) on 5 consecutive days did not induce any clinical signs of toxicity or any significant alterations in epididymal weights, testicular weights or tes-ticular histology. In the bone-marrow micronucleus assay, piperine induced no significant increase in micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes suggesting its nonclastogenic nature at the tested doses. Further, it also failed to induce dominant-lethal mutations during an 8–week sequential mating schedule of males at a dosage of 4 mg/kg b.w./ day for 5 days. The caudal sperm counts and the incidence of sperm-head abnormalities measured at 1,3,5 and 7 week were not altered in Piperine administered males at any of the doses.     

氧乐果对小鼠心脏的氧化损伤以及抗氧化维生素的防护作用

本文研究了有机磷杀虫剂氧乐果对小鼠心脏的氧化损伤以及抗氧化维生素E、C的防护作用。结果表明,随着氧乐果染毒剂量的增加,小鼠心脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力降低,高剂量氧乐果染毒使SOD活力明显降低,与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05);小鼠心脏脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量随着氧乐果染毒剂量的增加而升高,高剂量氧乐果染毒使MDA含量明显升高,与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05)。抗氧化维生素E、C对氧乐果引起的小鼠心脏氧化损伤均有一定的拮抗作用。     

Effectiveness of spinosad and spinetoram against three Sitophilus species: Influence of wheat endosperm vitreousness

The influence of wheat endosperm vitreousness on the effectiveness of spinosad and spinetoram against lab populations of Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae (from Serbia) and Sitophilus zemais (from Serbia and Slovenia) were evaluated in a laboratory conditions. Characteristics of two test wheat varieties were determined, i.e. a variety with high (HVWG) and another with low (LVWG) endosperm vitreousness. Spinosad and spinetoram were applied at the doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg (ppm) to both wheat varieties. Mortality was assessed after 7, 14 and 21 days, while impact on progeny production/reduction PR (%) was assessed after 8 weeks. All doses of spinosad applied to the HVWG variety and 1–2 mg applied to the LVWG variety achieved high mortality (93–100%) of S. granarius after 14 days, while high mortality of the other test species (97–100%) was achieved by 1–2 mg doses on the HVWG and 2 mg on LVWG varieties. After 14 days, all doses of spinetoram achieved high mortality (96–100%) of S. granarius on both wheat varieties, while high mortality of S. oryzae (97–100%) and both populations of S. zeamais (93–100%) was achieved using 1–2 mg doses on the HVWG and 2 mg dose on the LVWG variety. The highest S. granarius PR (>90%) was found in both wheat varieties treated with 2 mg/kg of spinosad or spinetoram, while the highest PR of S. zeamais was observed in HVWG treated with 2 mg/kg of spinosad and 1–2 mg/kg of spinetoram, and in LVWG treated with 2 mg/kg of spinetoram. The greatest PR (91–94%) of S. oryzae in both wheat varieties was observed only in grain treated with 2 mg/kg spinetoram. In general, endosperm vitreousness was found to influence the effectiveness of spinosyns to all Sitophilus species, especially their doses not causing high mortality.     

乙醇对小鼠免疫系统影响的研究

为给评价声称具有提高免疫的能力的含乙醇保健食品提供依据 ,观察不同剂量乙醇对小鼠免疫系统的影响。采用 17～ 2 0g的雄性BalB c小鼠 90只 ,随机分为 6组 ,每组 15只 ,分别以 0、0 6 7、1 33、3 33、6 0 8、8 0 0g kgBW 乙醇每天一次灌胃给予 ,灌胃量为 2 0mL kgBW,连续灌胃 30d后 ,分别测定细胞免疫、体液免疫、单核巨噬细胞及NK细胞活性等 7项指标。结果表明 :(1)乙醇可以导致小鼠的免疫系统损伤。 (2 ) 8 0 0g kgBW(5 0 % )剂量组在一次灌胃后 2 0min内全部进入昏睡状态 ,2 4h内全部死亡。 (3) 6 0 8g kgBW(38% )组小鼠死亡率为 82 2 %。存活小鼠碳粒廓清能力低下 ,至 30d时仍未恢复。 (4 ) 1 33g kgBW(8% )组腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力 (吞噬率 )降低 ,但对鸡红细胞吞噬指数无显著性影响。 (5 ) 0 6 7g kgBW(4 % )组NK细胞活性降低。 (6 ) 3 33g kgBW(2 0 % )组小鼠的 7项免疫指标均无显著性影响。 (7)以酒精为载体的保健食品在进行免疫调节作用评价实验时 ,小鼠灌胃液中酒精的浓度不宜超过 2 0 %。