移动荷载作用下三塔悬索桥的强迫振动研究

针对泰州大桥开展结构动力特性计算,分析了不同移动速度以及不同移动荷载大小对于三塔两跨悬索桥结构动力响应的影响。结果表明,三塔两跨悬索桥的一阶竖弯振动基频约为0.08 Hz,远低于载重汽车的固有频率,不会形成共振条件。简单的移动荷载作用下三塔两跨连续支承悬索桥的内力、位移响应与同等静力荷载作用效果比较接近。移动荷载的质量越大、速度越大,结构的内力、位移响应就越大,并与车重呈近似正比例关系。结构内力、位移的荷载放大系数不随移动荷载质量的大小而改变。     

根据响应识别桥上列车荷载的模糊模式识别方法

为准确快速的获知通过桥梁的列车荷载大小，将模糊模式识别的方法引入桥梁列车荷载识别问题，将列车荷载识别过程转变为与列车荷载响应标准模式库的模式匹配过程。采用数值分析方法，分别基于桥梁位移、速度和加速度响应对鄱阳湖连续钢桁桥列车荷载进行识别，结果表明利用加速度响应获得的识别结果精度要明显好于采用位移和速度响应获得的识别精度，同时通过对在噪声干扰下列车荷载识别结果的分析，验证了本文所述方法对桥上移动列车荷载进行识别的可行性和准确性。     

移动荷载作用下简支梁共振与消振机理研究

推导了简支梁在移动荷载列作用下的振动响应理论解,得到了简支梁发生共振及两类消振效应的车速计算公式,阐明了二者的发生机理。提出移动荷载作用下简支梁存在两类消振效应,第一类消振为单个荷载行为,第二类消振与荷载间距有关;发生消振效应时,已经离开桥梁的荷载所引起简支梁的自由振动抵消为零,桥梁的动力响应较小;消振发生的条件较共振更为严格,当车速同时满足二者的要求时,消振效应起主要作用,将出现共振消失现象;理论上通过调整车厢长与桥跨之比可避免共振现象发生。通过算例分析了两座简支梁在列车过桥时的动力响应,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

轮载作用下正交异性钢桥面板构造细节受力特征及机理研究

为明确正交异性钢桥面板(OSD)构造细节的轮载局部应力效应及受力特征,开展了横桥向3个典型工况的货车加载试验和有限元分析,记录了货车低速通行下OSD构造细节的应力时程,研究了构造细节轮载应力行为和机理。研究表明：OSD构造细节轮载局部应力效应显著,构造细节的明显加载效应局限在横桥向轮载中心两侧各1倍纵肋中心距范围,表明OSD疲劳研究无须考虑货车左右轮或相邻车道货车并行的叠加效应。在显著局部应力范围内,货车每个车轴在纵肋-面板(RD)构造细节产生一个应力循环;跨肋式是RD、纵肋-横隔板(RF)焊缝和弧形切口(Cutout)构造细节横桥向最不利轮载位置。轮载作用下沿横桥向,RD面板侧以面板受纵肋腹板支承的连续梁受力为机理,纵肋侧以RD两侧面板和纵肋的弯矩平衡受力为机理;纵肋-横隔板纵肋侧(RF-R)构造细节以横隔板支承的连续梁支点负弯矩受力为机理;纵肋-横隔板横隔板侧(RF-F)构造细节以位于横隔板腹板上方受压为机理;弧形切口细节以空腹桁架竖杆受压为机理。明确的轮载应力局部范围和机理,能简化OSD结构疲劳有限元分析,有助于改善OSD结构抗疲劳设计。     

桥梁应变与挠度动力放大系数的大小关系研究

比较了简支梁桥和连续梁桥的应变和挠度动力放大系数的大小关系。首先对作用有移动常量力的简支梁和连续梁进行理论推导,分别得到了应变和挠度动力放大系数并进行了比较。为考虑动力车辆荷载影响,采用移动弹簧质量作为车辆模型建立了车桥耦合振动模型进行数值模拟。理论推导和数值模拟的结果均表明:应变动力放大系数基本小于挠度动力放大系数;两者比值受很多因素影响,其中计算桥梁响应所用的桥梁模态阶数对比值的影响较大。     

一种基于冲击振动响应分析的桥梁橡胶支座病害诊断方法

提出了一种利用桥梁在冲击荷载作用下动力响应诊断既有桥梁橡胶支座脱空或者受力不均病害的理论方法。以支座刚度的相对下降量为病害指数,计算桥梁冲击响应及其对病害指数的灵敏度,建立灵敏度方程,采用有限元更新技术和优化算法识别支座刚度。一座铁路简支单箱梁桥和一座公路装配式简支箱梁桥的分析结果表明,利用所提病害诊断方法可以准确识别单个或多个支座的刚度变化量,从而判断桥梁支座是否脱空或受力不均。对于铁路简支单箱梁桥,宜将冲击点和响应点布置在扭转振动较大的梁翼缘上;对于公路装配式简支箱梁桥,宜将冲击点和响应点设置在每片主梁的轴线上。     

Impact factors for a composite steel bridge using non-linear dynamic simulation

Traditionally, bridges are designed using static loads that are increased by the dynamic load allowance (DLA) factor (or dynamic amplification factor). The DLA factor is a function of span or first flexural natural frequency of the bridge, and indirectly incorporates the dynamic effects of moving vehicles in the design. This article firstly reviews the literature on impact loading of bridge decks. Analytical methods published previously are evaluated and the bridge–vehicle interaction is found to be the most reliable method among them. The article then presents a 3D finite element model to study the bridge–vehicle interaction. Finite elements are developed to simulate the trucks, the road surface and the composite girder bridge itself. Truck parameters include the body, suspension and tires, with variables being the total weight and the speed. The bridge superstructure is treated as a 3D composite steel girder bridge incorporating special end springs that simulate the elastomeric bearings. A parametric study is performed to identify the effect of various parameters on DLA, such as vehicle speed, aspect ratio of steel girders, stiffness of neoprene, type of vehicle, vehicle lane eccentricity and initial bounce of the vehicle due to road surface roughness. The results indicate that the DLA is correlated well with the velocity of the truck, especially at high speed. DLA is vehicle dependent and the dynamic and static live loads can be considered uncorrelated, except when the truck weight is less than 10 percent of the total deck weight, for which a low degree of correlation is observed. The DLA is decreased as the vehicle lane eccentricity (with respect to the deck centerline) is increased, and the same relationship exists with the bridge span length. No distinctive correlation is observed between the DLA and the initial bounce of vehicle at the time of entrance to span.     

简支梁桥与多跨连续梁桥上移动荷载的识别与参数分析

移动车辆荷载反复作用会导致桥梁疲劳损伤甚至破坏,移动荷载识别是桥梁健康监测的重要措施之一。采用样条函数逼近法对简支梁桥与多跨连续梁桥上的移动荷载进行识别和参数分析。基于模态叠加法和梁固有振动的精确解,建立了移动荷载作用下简支梁和连续梁的运动方程;利用样条最小二乘法逼近桥梁应变响应,由样条数值微分求得响应导数;再通过Tikhonov正则化方法结合奇异值分解技术得到了荷载识别的正则解。对一简支梁和一三跨连续梁进行了数值仿真,并对一些影响因素进行了参数分析。利用已有的试验数据验证了方法的可靠性。结果表明,样条函数逼近法能有效地识别简支梁与连续梁桥上的移动荷载,具有很强的实用性和抗噪性能;而且简支梁桥上的荷载识别精度和抗噪性能高于连续梁桥;利用Tikhonov正则化方法可得到荷载识别的稳定解,并有利于提高识别精度,降低对噪声的敏感性。     

西南山区高速公路桥梁标准疲劳车辆荷载研究

摘 要：疲劳车模型在桥梁疲劳评估中有着非常重要的作用,本文根据动态称重系统获得的车辆数据,并以等损伤度为理论基准,推导出适用于中国西南山区高速公路桥梁的3轴标准疲劳车模型。车辆统计数据和疲劳损伤度模拟计算表明,超过一半的疲劳损伤由6轴车引起,故根据统计数据以6轴车为原型设计出简化的3轴标准疲劳车模型,并根据Miner线性累积损伤法则,以实际车辆导致的损伤度为目标对疲劳车模型轴重和轴距进行修正。同时,本文针对西部山区高速公路桥梁提出两项建议：其一为基于弯矩概率函数曲线分析,建议最大应力幅峰值取为等效应力幅的3倍而不是AASHTO所规定的2倍,这主要由于该地区部分车辆超载较多所致;其二为BS5400疲劳车模型是实际车辆引起疲劳损伤的1.15倍从而高估了本地区的疲劳损伤,而AASHTO疲劳车引起的疲劳损伤与实际车辆导致的损伤也基本一致,故建议在西部山区高速公路疲劳车规范的选择时,宜选择AASHTO规范,但应根据实际通行车辆对疲劳车通行量进行修正。     

Application of knowledge-based expert systems for rating highway bridges

This paper presents the establishment of a Bridge Rating Expert System (BRES) by using a knowledge-based computer artificial intelligent expert system for analysis and rating of existing short span prestressed concrete highway bridges. The rating methods considered were: Inventory Rating, Operation Rating, Rating Factor Rating and Sufficiency Rating. A strength rating is based on the evaluation of existing prestressed concrete bridges in accordance with the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications, and inventory rating for all bridges according to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guide for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation's Bridges. The parameters considered were bridge type, dead loads, type of vehicle loading, bridge dimensions and cross-section, material properties, reinforcement details, and existing physical condition of the bridge. The results show that, through its runtime rule controller, user interface and linkage mechanisms, the BRES is a friendly user system for rating highway bridges. In addition, the EXSYSP shell provides an effective tool for other possible applications in civil engineering practice.     

大跨度连续拱桁组合钢桥空间振动分析

运用桥梁结构动力学与车辆动力学的研究方法,将车轿作为联合动力体系,以一座跨径布置为１４４＋１９２＋２６４＋１９２＋１４４ｍ的连续拱桁梁桥为研究对象,对高速列车过桥时空间振响应进行了分析,,着重研究了列车速度变化时桥梁的挠度,车辆舒适度及脱轨安全度的影响,并对列车运行走进行了评价。     

基于小波有限元法的连续梁移动荷载识别

将待识别车载简化为移动荷载投影到小波空间;车载所作用的连续梁模型以小波尺度函数为插值函数,以小波有限元法为建模方法,并通过单元转换矩阵实现了小波空间向物理空间的变换;采用部分加速度信号作为测得动响应数据,据此积分求出速度与位移响应并用于识别移动荷载。识别方法则借助了动态规划法与正则化法,避免了时程分析中的振荡现象。仿真算例验证了小波有限元用于连续梁模型移动荷载识别的可行性,且单元数较少;识别过程中所用一阶Tikhonov正则化法具有平滑去噪能力。     

正对称Pratt桁架直腹杆受压大偏心N型圆钢管节点静力性能实验研究

对在正对称Pratt桁架中出现的直腹杆受压大偏心N型圆钢管节点的静力性能进行了单调加载的实验研究。实施了4个负向大偏心、4个正向大偏心和1个无偏心直腹杆受压N型圆钢管节点实验。该文介绍了节点实验方案,考察了直腹杆受压大偏心圆钢管节点破坏现象,给出了竖向荷载-端位移曲线以及应变强度分布曲线,并将偏心率对节点极限承载力、刚度和延性的影响进行了讨论。实验研究结果表明:节点实验值基本接近刚接理论值,节点可以按照刚接节点处理;节点由负向大偏心过渡到正向大偏心率为0.25过程中,随着偏心率的增大极限承载力逐渐增大,在偏心率为0.25时节点的极限承载力达到最大,随着节点偏心率从0.25增加到1.00,节点极限承载力又逐渐减小;不论中国还是欧洲规范在负向大偏心时计算值均为一固定值与实验结果完全不符,且其计算结果偏于不安全;节点变为正向大偏心后由于两腹杆之间间隙较大,N型节点就逐步过渡到单独的两个Y型节点,节点形式的彻底变化导致两规范值小于实验值。     

竖向荷载作用下交错桁架结构的内力计算

以位移为未知量,根据平衡条件建立了竖向荷载作用下端部固定的空腹桁架节点转角和节间侧移迭代计算公式与固端弯矩的计算方法。运用节点力学平衡和各节间相对侧移之和为零这两个条件,建立了端部固定的空腹桁架在某端发生单位转角时节点转角和节间侧移的迭代计算公式以及空腹桁架转动刚度和传递系数的计算方法。在此基础上,将空腹交错桁架结构简化为无侧移刚架,提出了包含空腹桁架转动刚度、传递系数和固端弯矩的结点转角的迭代计算公式和构件内力计算方法。还以力法为基础,提出了只包含3个赘余力的混合交错桁架结构内力的力学计算模型,并给出了赘余力的计算公式和内力计算方法。空腹交错桁架结构的计算实例表明引入桁架转动刚度和传递系数的概念后,把单榀横向框架简化为无侧移刚架,使得参与迭代的构件数量大大减少,迭代收敛速度提高。因此,本文方法计算工作量少、计算方便实用。将计算结果与ANSYS分析结果比较,吻合良好。     

Strengthening of Garudchatti bridge after failure of Chauras bridge

Two continuous lattice steel truss bridges spanning 190 m with subdivided top chord members were constructed on the same design across river Alaknanda at Dugadda and Srinagar, respectively, in Uttarakhand, India. Both bridges were similar in design and geometry having middle span of 110.0 m and two end spans of 40.0 m. Garudchatti bridge at Dugadda was constructed first and opened to traffic, but excessive vibrations and lifting of end supports under live load condition were observed. Construction of Chauras bridge at Srinagar started later, but it collapsed during casting of the deck slab due to buckling of one of its top chord compression members. Failure of Chauras bridge led to the serious concerns in the minds of people and technocrats about the safety of Garudchatti bridge also, because it was constructed using the same design of Chauras bridge. Therefore, it was decided to strengthen and carry out load testing of Garudchatti bridge before reopening to the traffic.In the present work analyses of Garudchatti bridge are presented to identify structurally unsafe members for most severe live loads given in IRC:6-2010 code, and recommendations for strengthening of the critical members. Finite element space frame analyses of the bridge were carried out using STAAD Pro. v8i software to find excessively stressed members beyond their permissible stress limit. The critical compression members were strengthened by welding additional channel sections. RCC anchor blocks were constructed to restrict lifting of end supports under live load. After strengthening, load testing of the bridge was performed to ensure the safety of the bridge. The bridge is now reopened for traffic.In the past a number of bridges have collapsed during load testing. In case of any shortcoming in the design or overloading during load testing, compression members of the truss may suddenly buckle and cause collapse of the bridge. Therefore, it is not advisable to load test steel truss bridges which do not have adequate margin beyond the service load condition.     

Raffia palm-reinforced concrete beams

Fourteen simply-supported, raffia palm-reinforced concrete beams were tested to failure under three-point loading. Stirrups formed from raffia palm were provided. There were no diagonal cracks in any of the beams and collapse was mainly due to crushing of the concrete. Failure loads averaged 117 percent of the theoretically predicted values.     

Evaluation of effective flange width by shear lag model for orthotropic FRP bridge decks

In bridge engineering, the three-dimensional behavior of a bridge system is usually reduced to the analysis of a T-beam section with a reduced width of deck in relation to center-to-center spacing of stringers, over which the longitudinal normal stresses are assumed to be uniformly distributed, which is termed as effective flange width. It is defined in the AASHTO specifications primarily for concrete slabs and has inherent applicable limitations because of its empirical nature. This paper provides an analytical shear lag model for effective flange width for orthotropic bridge decks, applicable to various materials including Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) and concrete decks. To verify this solution, a Finite Element (FE) parametric study is conducted on 44 simply-supported FRP deck-on-steel girder bridges. The results from the shear lag model correlate well with the FE results. The accuracy of this model is further verified by close correlations with an existing empirical solution. It is also illustrated that the shear lag model, with the introduction of a reduction factor, can be applied to predict effective flange width for FRP deck-on-steel girder bridges with partial composite action, by favorable comparisons between the analytical and testing results for a T-beam section cut from a one-third scaled bridge model, which consists of an FRP sandwich deck attached to steel girders by mechanical connectors.     

多个移动车辆作用下简支梁的动力响应分析

将简支梁桥简化为欧拉-伯努利梁模型,考虑四自由度车辆移动系统与结构表面接触处不平顺产生的随机激励,建立了多个移动车辆振动系统与梁的耦合动力效应模型。在数值算例中,计算了不同模态截断阶数情况下由动力效应产生的挠曲线;讨论了移动速度变化时,在梁上作用不同荷载组合情况下冲击系数的变化规律;并讨论了跨径变化时冲击系数的变化规律;最后比较了在不同等级平整度情况下梁的动弯矩、动剪力的结果。     

移动荷载作用下的桥梁振动及其TMD控制

为了全面地了解移动荷载作用下桥梁的振动机理及其调质阻尼器(TMD)控制,将列车简化成移动简谐力模型,对列车过桥时桥梁的振动形态幅频特性作了详细的探讨。然后论述了移动荷载作用下的TMD控制。给出了桥梁在不同速度下的幅频特性曲线以及TMD控制的质量比影响曲线,揭示了移动荷载作用下的桥梁振动及其控制的特点,同时为进一步的桥梁振动控制提供详尽的参考数据。     

Shear Strength of Pre-Cast Prestressed Composite Beams with Discontinuous Connections Made of Cast-in-Place Shear Keys

This work investigates the horizontal and web shear resistance of continuous and discontinuous slab-web connections in pre-cast pre-tensioned bridge systems. The beams were full scale pre-cast pre-tensioned girders and the slabs were made of ordinary reinforced concrete either cast in place, for continuous connections, or pre-cast slabs with holes spaced at 312.5 mm to be set in place, for discontinuous connections. The main variables were the connection type (continuous or discontinuous) and the ratio of the connection steel. From the test results and the numerical analysis performed, a modified stress field for the inclined compressive strut in the truss model is proposed for continuous and discontinuous slab-web connections. The analytical results obtained with the proposed modified stress field in the truss model compared well with the tests results. Design procedures for these types of elements are also discussed.