温度对40Cr13钢等离子表面渗铌层组织的影响

为提高马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀和耐磨性能,选择40Cr13不锈钢为基材、纯铌板为靶材,采用双辉等离子表面冶金技术在不锈钢表面制备合金化层.用SEM、GDOES、XRD等方法分析渗铌温度对铌合金层组织、成分、相组成、表面形貌及硬度的影响,并对渗层形成机制及表面硬化机理进行了研究.结果表明:在900~1 000℃形成的铌合金层组织均匀致密,合金层主要由Nb2C、Nb C、Fe2Nb、Cr2Nb及铌组成;合金层表面粗糙度随渗铌温度的提高而增加;合金层厚度随渗铌温度改变发生不同变化规律,950℃渗铌形成的渗层约13μm,900和1 000℃渗铌后合金层厚度均为7μm左右;不同温度渗铌后试样的表面硬度与基体相比均有较大幅度的提高,1 000℃渗铌后试样表面硬度高达约985 HV0.025,900℃渗铌后约758 HV0.025,而950℃渗铌后表面硬度最低,约698 HV0.025.     

应用纳米压痕技术研究表面纳米化后316L不锈钢力学性能

316L不锈钢经表面纳米化(SNC)处理后,表面形成一层纳米层。样品表面晶粒细化至纳米级大约12nm左右,随着深度的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大。该文应用纳米压痕技术分析了纳米层力学性能,结果表明:纳米层的纳米硬度和弹性模量分别为6.05GPa和227GPa,是基体硬度和弹性模量的1.4倍和1.2倍。随距表面距离的增加而降低,并逐步趋近于一个稳定值。同时测得纳米层的应变硬化指数为0.44为基体的1.5倍。     

Evaluation of Hard TiN Coatings by Depth Sensing Indentation and Scratch Testing Methods

The IAR Nanomechanical Probe (NMP) was used in the depth sensing indentation mode to evaluate the Vickers hardness (HV) and elastic modulus E of five commercial TiN coatings applied to a 17-4 PH stainless steel substrate. The HV values of the TiN layers at depth to thickness (DTT) ratios of less than 0.1 varied between about 28 and 39 GPa, depending on the deposition process. The elastic modulus was within the range of 300 to 400 GPa, corresponding to published values, at DTT ratios of less than or equal to 0.05. At higher DTT values, the elastic modulus decreased with increasing DTT ratio due to larger and larger interference from the less rigid stainless steel substrate. Depth sensing scratch tests were also performed on the samples to determine the critical load _crvalues needed to cause spallation of the coatings. For each coating, the interfacial fracture toughness K_ic was calculated from _crand used to describe the adhesive strength. Distinct differences between the K_ic values of the different samples were observed, reflecting differences in adhesive strength. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the application of titanium nitride coatings to gas turbine engines.     

表面纳米化预处理对316L不锈钢渗氮层摩擦学性能的影响

为改善奥氏体不锈钢的表面硬度和耐磨性,采用超声滚压与离子渗氮复合工艺对316L不锈钢表面进行了表面强化处理。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、硬度计、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪以及摩擦磨损试验机等测定了渗氮层的硬度、深度、含氮量和物相组成,研究了表面晶层组织结构对离子渗氮行为和渗氮层在润滑油条件下摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:直接渗氮和超声滚压/渗氮试样表层组织均由S、γ'、ε和Cr N相组成,渗氮层厚度均为20μm,直接渗氮层以S相为主,超声滚压后渗氮层以ε和γ'相为主,组织结构较为致密;超声滚压/渗氮层的平均渗氮含量是直接渗氮层的2.88倍,摩擦系数降低了0.04,显微硬度和耐磨性是直接渗氮层的1.15倍和2.76倍;超声滚压处理诱使316L不锈钢表面形成的纳米晶层组织结构增强了渗氮试样表面的催渗效能和对渗氮层的支撑强度,超声滚压后渗氮试样的表面耐磨性能最好。     

Structural evolution of La-Cr-O thin film: Part II. Elasto-plastic properties by nanoindentation

The goal of this research is to study the elasto-plastic properties of La-Cr-O thin films deposited by RF-magnetron sputtering on stainless steel interconnect materials after annealing at high temperatures in air. Elastic modulus, hardness and yield pressure derived from nanoindentation data are reported for thin films in different structural states. The amorphous film has an estimated elastic modulus of 174 GPa. The moduli of annealed films are calculated to be 150, 185 and 120 GPa after annealing at 500 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C, respectively. The film annealed at 800 °C has the lowest hardness and is dramatically different from the other structural states due to formation of the nanoporosity. The amorphous film and the films annealed at 500 °C and 600 °C both have hardness of 14 GPa, which is close to the value estimated by modeling.     

纳米压痕试验标准块均匀性的检验

应用显微维氏硬度计和纳米压痕仪，对高硬度钢样品（GCr15）和高纯度熔融石英分别进行了试验，得到该钢样品的弹性模量值和硬度值分别为238．140GPa和9．468GPa，高纯度熔融石英样品的弹性模量值和硬度值分别为71．386GPa和9．502GPa。按照标准块均匀性的统计检验方法对试验得到的数据进行了统计分析，发现高纯度熔融石英样品的均匀性比高硬度钢样品的均匀性高。     

Gradually varying mechanical properties of in situ synthesized NbC–Fe-graded composite coating

NbC–Fe-graded composite coating was fabricated by in situ synthesis using a pure niobium plate and grey cast iron as the raw materials. SEM analysis demonstrates that the thickness of coating is about 400?μm. From the surface to the matrix, the volume fraction of NbC particulates continuously decreases from 95 to 0%, while the average particulate diameter gradually increases from 200?nm to 1?μm. Along the depth towards the matrix, the nano-hardness and elastic modulus of the graded coating decrease from 23.5 to 3?GPa and from 435 to 150?GPa, respectively. In addition, the fracture toughness (K_C) of 8.62?MPa?m^1/2 is obtained on the surface of the coating by the Vickers indentation technique. And the fracture mechanism is intergranular cracking.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of M50NiL steel plasma nitrocarburized with and without rare earths addition

M50NiL steel was plasma nitrocarburized at 500 °C with and without rare earth (RE) addition. The nitrocarburized layers were characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer, X-ray diffraction, hardness tests and pin-on-disc tribometer. The results show that the RE atoms can diffuse into M50NiL steel surface and change the surface morphology of the nitrocarburized layer. The incorporation of RE atoms increases the surface hardness of the nitrocarburized layer (approximately 130HV_0.1 higher), layer thickness (about 14% thicker) and carbon content of the modified layer, respectively. The wear rates of the nitrocarburized specimens are significantly lower than that of the un-nitrocarburized one. The wear mechanisms of the specimens plasma nitrocarburized with and without RE addition are different mainly due to the differences in the surface morphology, the phase proportion and the hardness of the modified layer.     

不锈钢背锡青铜梯度自润滑材料的评价

为了研制一种高性能自润滑轴承内套圈材料,以锡青铜、316L不锈钢和MoS₂粉末为原料,采用多坯料挤压成形与烧结致密化相结合的方法,制备了芯部承压层为316L不锈钢,表面固体润滑层为锡青铜和MoS₂,中间过渡层为锡青铜、? 316L不锈钢和MoS₂的不锈钢背锡青铜梯度自润滑复合棒材,采用光学金相显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其微观组织进行观察、并采用万能材料试验机(MTS)和摩擦磨损试验机对其物理力学性能和摩擦性能进行测试。结果表明:在氢气保护气氛下,1050℃保温2 h可以制备出致密性良好,各层显微组织过渡平缓,硬度和摩擦因数沿径向呈梯度分布的自润滑材料。材料实测平均密度8.35 g·cm-3,相对密度96.8%;径向压溃强度950 MPa;自润滑层工作面摩擦因数约0.30,显微维氏硬度1。44 GPa;磨损率5.2×10-9 m·N-1·m-1。与其他固体自润滑材料相比,不锈钢背锡青铜梯度自润滑材料的力学性能、耐磨性能等显著提高。      

Effect of brazing temperature on the microstructure of martensitic–austenitic steel joints

Dissimilar joining of reduced activation ferritic–martensitic steel to AISI 316LN austenitic stainless steel is carried out by brazing in inert atmosphere at three different temperatures, i.e. 980, 1020 and 1040°C using AWS BNi-2 powder. The braze joints are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness measurement. With increasing brazing temperature from 980 to 1040°C, the approximate width of the braze layer decreases from 350 to 80?µm and hardness reduces from 600 to 410?VHN. However, not much difference is found in microstructure and hardness between braze joints produced at 1020 and 1040°C. With increasing brazing temperature, morphology and volume fraction of intermetallics formed in the braze layer change, thereby reducing the hardness variation between the braze layer and the base metal.     

304不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的评定

采用共聚焦显微镜测量了经不同敏化处理的304不锈钢晶间腐蚀后的晶间裂纹深度,通过统计晶间裂纹深度值的分布建立了304不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的评价方法。如果晶间裂纹深度值大于0．5μm,则可认为所测试的304不锈钢发生了晶间腐蚀现象。     

Effect of initial microstructure on high velocity and hypervelocity impact cratering and crater-related microstructures in thick copper targets: Part II Stainless steel projectiles

Three different, thick copper targets (an as-received, 98 m grain size containing 1010 dislocations/cm2 (Vickers hardness of 0.89 GPa); an annealed, 124 m grain size containing 109 dislocations/cm2 (Vicker's hardness of 0.69 GPa); and a 763 m grain size containing 109 dislocations/cm2 (Vickers hardness of 0.67 GPa) were impacted with 3.18 mm diameter ferritic stainless steel projectiles at nominal velocities of 0.7, 2 and 5 km s-1. Like companion experiments utilizing soda-lime glass projectiles (Part I), absolute grain size of the target was observed to be less important than the dislocation density in the cratering process. At low impact velocity, depth/diameter ratios were observed to increase dramatically in contrast to less dense soda-lime glass impactors, and the impactor behaviours were also very different. The ferritic stainless steel impactors spalled into small fragments at or above 2 km s-1 impact velocity and a significant fraction of these fragments remained in the craters. No significant melt phenomena were observed either in connection with projectile fragmentation or in the crater-related, residual microstructures. Dynamic recrystallization, dislocation cell structures and microbands were significant microstructural features in the targets. They extended from the crater walls and contributed to hardness profiles within the cratered targets. These hardness profiles and actual hardness zones generally increased in extent from the crater wall with both impact velocity and projectile density.     

Mechanical characterization of LiPON films using nanoindentation

Nanoindentation has been used to characterize the elastic modulus and hardness of LiPON films ranging in thickness from 1 to 10 μm. Four fully dense, amorphous films were deposited on glass and sapphire substrates with one film annealed at 200 °C for 20 min. The modulus of LiPON is found to be approximately 77 GPa, and argued to be independent of the substrate type, film thickness, and annealing. Based on the numerical analysis of Monroe and Newman, this value may be sufficiently high to mechanically suppress dendrite formation at the lithium/LiPON interface in thin film batteries [1]. Using Sneddon's stiffness equation and assuming the modulus is 77 GPa, the hardness is found to be approximately 3.9 GPa for all but the annealed film. The hardness of the annealed film is approximately 5% higher, at 4.1 GPa. Atomic force microscopy images of the residual hardness impressions confirm the unexpected increase in hardness of the annealed film. Surprisingly, the indentation data also reveal time-dependent behavior in all four films. This indicates that creep may also play a significant role in determining how LiPON responds to complex loading conditions and could be important in relieving stresses as they develop during service.     

Effects of DC plasma nitriding parameters on microstructure and properties of 304L stainless steel

A wear-resistant nitrided layer was formed on a 304L austenitic stainless steel substrate by DC plasma nitriding. Effects of DC plasma nitriding parameters on the structural phases, micro-hardness and dry-sliding wear behavior of the nitrided layer were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, micro-hardness testing and ring-on-block wear testing. The results show that the highest surface hardness over a case depth of about 10 µm is obtained after nitriding at 460 °C. XRD indicated a single expanded austenite phase and a single CrN nitride phase were formed at 350 °C and 480 °C, respectively. In addition, the S-phase layers formed on the samples provided the best dry-sliding wear resistance under the ring-on-block contact configuration test.     

Effect of carbon content of substrate on alloying layer in double glow plasma surface alloying

Surface age-hardening high-speed steel has been formed on the surface of different substrates by double glow plasma surface alloying (DGPSA) technique, which possesses many excellent properties such as high hardness, high anti-temper stability, high wear resistance, etc. The hardness of the surface alloying layer is mainly determined by the construction of alloying layer as thickness, element distribution, structure and constituent phases of the alloying layer. In this paper, composition of the alloying layer and its constituent phases were studied for different substrates after the plasma surface alloying with W, Mo and Co. The results showed that the thickness, distribution of elements, structure and constituent phases of alloying layer were influenced greatly by the carbon content of the substrate. It is found the increase in the carbon content in the sample substrate decreases the depth of the surface compound layer. The constituent phases of the surface layer were (FeCo)₇ (WMo)₆-type μ phase, (FeCo)₂ (WMo)-type laves phase and W (Mo) solid solution for the ingot and 20 steel and MC-type carbide and M₆C-type carbide for the 45 steel and the T8 steels, respectively. The surface alloying layer exhibited high hardness of 1200-1400 HV_0.2.The thickness of the surface alloying layer was 120 μm for ingot, 50-95 μm for 20, 45, T8 steels. The advantage of the DGPSA is that thick alloying layer is formed without adhesion problem, almost every metal including W, Mo can be surface-alloyed without environment contamination problem.     

Thin film hardness determination using indentation loading curve modelling

A methodology for determining the thin film hardness from a microindentation loading curve is proposed. The loading curve is modelled to compute the dynamic Martens hardness using the indentation depth reached during the test. Moreover, the indentation size effect is taken into account by applying the strain gradient plasticity theory. Then, the dynamic Martens hardness and the hardness length-scale factor are used to express the applied load as a function of the indentation depth. The proposed model involves three parameters: (i) the dynamic Martens macro-hardness, equivalent to the hardness obtained for an infinite applied load, (ii) the hardness length-scale factor, which represents the material resistance to plastic deformation under indentation and (iii) a corrective load, considering the rounded tip effect of the indenter and the zero shift. The model is validated on a 316L stainless steel which subsequently is used as a substrate material for two different Diamond Like-Carbon thin films. The coated systems involved both a hydrogen-free mostly amorphous carbon-chromium (a-C) film of ∼ 2.6 μm in thickness and a hydrogenated, amorphous carbon (a-C:H) solid lubricant of ∼ 2 μm.     

Characterization of the Diamond—like Carbon based Functionally Gradient Film

Diamond-like carbon coatings have been used as solid lubricating coatings in vacuum technology for their good physical and chemical properties. In this paper, the hybrid technique of unbalanced magnetron sputtering and plasma immersion ion implantation (Pill) was adopted to fabricate diamond-like carbon-based functionally gradient film, N/TiN/Ti(N,C)/DLC, on the 304 stainless steel substrate. The film was characterized by using Raman spectroscopy and glancing X-ray diffraction (GXRD), and the topography and surface roughness of the film was observed using AFM. The mechanical properties of the film were evaluated by nano-indentation. The results showed that the surface roughness of the film was approximately 0.732 nm. The hardness and elastic modulus, fracture toughness and interfacial fracture toughness of N/TiN/Ti(N,C)/DLC functionally gradient film were about 19.84 GPa, 190.03 GPa, 3.75 MRa.m1/2 and 5.68 MPa-m1/2, respectively. Compared with that of DLC monolayer and C/TiC/DLC multilayer, this DLC grad     

Predicting recrystallized grain size in friction stir processed 304L stainless steel

A major dilemma faced in the nuclear industry is repair of stainless steel reactor components that have been exposed to neutron irradiation. When conventional fusion welding is used for repair, intergranular cracks develop in the heat-affected zone(HAZ). Friction stir processing(FSP), which operates at much lower peak temperatures than fusion welding, was studied as a crack repair method for irradiated 304 L stainless steel. A numerical simulation of the FSP process in 304 L was developed to predict temperatures and recrystallized grain size in the stir zone. The model employed an Eulerian finite element approach,where flow stresses for a large range of strain rates and temperatures inherent in FSP were used as input. Temperature predictions in three locations near the stir zone were accurate to within 4%, while prediction of welding power was accurate to within 5% of experimental measurements. The predicted recrystallized grain sizes ranged from 7.6 to 10.6 μm, while the experimentally measured grains sizes in the same locations ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 μm. The maximum error in predicted recrystallized grain size was about 39%, but the associated stir zone hardness from the predicted grain sizes was only different from the experiment by about 10%.     

Nanoscale viscoelastic properties of an aligned collagen scaffold

Localised mechanical properties for aligned collagen scaffolds derived from Type 1 collagen were determined by application of nanoindentation based techniques. It was possible to measure the modulus and hardness with nanometre control over the depth of penetration and quasi-static testing under displacement control yielded average modulus values ranging from 1.71 GPa to 3.31 GPa; a narrower range of values than obtained by other methods. Hardness values of 222 MPa to 256 MPa were recorded and showed little scatter, highlighting the potential of nanoindentation hardness values as a reproducible and accurate measure of soft material properties. Open loop Load-displacement curves for the collagen exhibited the expected shapes for a viscoelastic material and it was thus possible to apply dynamic stiffness measurement at the nano scale. As well as determining the storage modulus (0.71 GPa) and the loss modulus (0.40 GPa) at the sub-micron length and nano depth resolution it was also possible to discriminate between surface and bulk readings allowing surface effects to be discarded if necessary. In addition to being a more accurate indentation method than atomic force microscopy, the localised dynamic mechanical properties of collagen were measured for the first time. These results demonstrate that this nanoindentation technique can serve as a powerful tool for the characterisation of collagen based biomaterials that are used as scaffolds for a variety of engineered tissues, such as artificial skin, skeletal muscle, heart valves and neuroregeneration guides.     

Structure and mechanical properties of low temperature magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline (nc-)Ti(N,C)/amorphous diamond like carbon (a-C:H) coatings

This paper reports on the structure and mechanical properties of ~ 2 μm thick nanocomposite (nc-) Ti(N,C)/amorphous diamond like carbon (a-C:H) coatings deposited on 100Cr6 steel substrates, using low temperature (~ 200 °C) DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The carbon content was varied with acetylene partial pressure in order to obtain single layer coatings with different a-C:H carbon phase fractions. The nanocrystalline Ti(N,C) phase is approximately stoichiometric for all coatings and the a-C:H phase fraction increases from 31 to 47 at.% as the coatings stoichiometry changed from TiC_1.34 N_0.51 to TiC_2.48 N_0.48, respectively. TiC_1.34 N_0.51 coatings showed the highest nanoindentation hardness (H) of ~ 14 GPa and a modulus (E_r) of ~ 144 GPa; H reduced to < 6 GPa and E_r to < 70 GPa for TiC_2.48 N_0.48 coatings. nc-Ti(N,C)/a-C:H coatings are promising candidates for applications where better matching of the modulus between a relatively low modulus substrate, hard loading support layer and low modulus-high H/E ratio top layer is required.