超细粉颗粒在内循环流化床中的流化特性

本文以平均粒径为387nm的TiO2超细粉为物料,在半圆柱形内循环流化床中对其流化特性进行了实验研究,结果表明:流化气能促进粉体循环,减小甚至消除环隙死区;高速射流可以有效的破碎聚团,减小环隙区聚团的尺寸,并使其在环隙区与导流管之间形成稳定循环。在一定的射流气速和流化气速条件下,TiO2超细粉可以在环隙区实现流态化,同时在环隙区和导流管之间形成稳定循环。     

超细粉在声场导向管喷流床中的聚团尺寸预测模型

超细粉的流化性能与聚团尺寸密切相关。通过分析超细粉聚团在声场导向管喷流床中的形成过程,提出了高速射流的剪切作用和聚团间的碰撞作用是决定聚团尺寸的主要原因。在此基础上,结合聚团在射流剪切过程和聚团间碰撞过程中的力平衡分析,建立了声场导向管喷流床中聚团尺寸分布的预测模型;并运用这一模型成功预测了不同射流气速下,超细TiO_2颗粒在声场导向管喷流床中的聚团平均直径和聚团尺寸分布。     

超细粉在声场导向管喷流床中的聚团尺寸预测模型

超细粉的流化性能与聚团尺寸密切相关。通过分析超细粉聚团在声场导向管喷流床中的形成过程,提出了高速射流的剪切作用和聚团间的碰撞作用是决定聚团尺寸的主要原因。在此基础上,结合聚团在射流剪切过程和聚团间碰撞过程中的力平衡分析,建立了声场导向管喷流床中聚团尺寸分布的预测模型;并运用这一模型成功预测了不同射流气速下,超细TiO₂颗粒在声场导向管喷流床中的聚团平均直径和聚团尺寸分布。     

声场对导向管喷流床环隙区流化质量的影响

以平均粒径150μm的空心微珠作为实验物料代替超细粉聚团,在以高速射流为喷动气的半圆柱形导向管喷流床中,分别利用光纤探针和压力传感器测量环隙区颗粒浓度信号、压力脉动信号,通过统计分析和功率谱分析考察了声场对环隙区流化质量的改善作用。结果表明:低频高强度的声场能有效破碎环隙区上部的气泡,减小气泡尺寸,增加气泡内颗粒浓度,使床层两相结构减弱,颗粒平均浓度增大,浓度波动减小。且声压级越大,作用效果越明显;而声波频率的影响则存在一个最佳值,本实验条件下为70Hz,大于或小于该值,声波的作用效果都会减弱。同时声场能消除环隙区下部沟流,促进流化气均匀分布,使颗粒浓度减小,浓度波动增大,并随声压级增加而逐渐与上部接近,从而使环隙区轴向上的流化状态变得更加均匀,流化质量提高。     

气固流化床内射流穿透深度的CFD模拟及其实验验证

在经典的Gidaspow无黏性双流体模型中考虑离散颗粒对流体和固体动量守恒方程的影响后,建立了一个具有模拟大规模流化床内气固两相流体动力学特性潜在优势的简化数学模型。在CFX4.4商业化软件平台上通过增加用户自定义子程序考察了二维气固流化床(高2.00 m、宽0.30 m)内射流气速、喷嘴尺寸、环隙气速和静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响,并以树脂颗粒(粒径670 μm、密度1474 kg·m^-3)为研究对象在厚度为0.025 m的矩形床内进行了对比实验。结果表明,选取空隙率为0.8的等高线作为射流边界比较合适;射流穿透深度随射流气速或射流喷口尺寸的增加而增大;射流周围环隙气速由0变到最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度随环隙气速增加而增大,在最小流化速度时达到最大值,然后随环隙气速增加单调减小,当环隙气速大于2.5倍最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度减小程度变缓;在相同射流气速下射流穿透深度随着静床高度的增加而减小,静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响随着射流气速增加呈现扩大的趋势。     

超细粉流化机理和团聚现象的探讨

在直径60mm的流化床中，以SiO2和TiO2超细粉为原料，考察了粉体物性、粉体填充状态和空气湿度等因素对超细粉流化行为和聚团性质的影响，结果表明：超细粉的流态化经历了活塞流、过渡区和聚团流化3个阶段；聚团的流化行为与大颗粒相似；初始填充状态对超细粉流化行为和聚团大小有重要影响，松填充有利于减小聚团尺寸和减少颗粒夹带，提高流化质量；并结合粉体层受力分析，对超细粉的流化机理和团聚现象进行了探讨。     

导向管喷动床内单相流场及声波对流场影响的数值模拟

为阐明超细粉在声场导向管喷动流化床内的流化机理,并为进一步优化和完善床层结构及操作条件提供基础,采用标准k-ε湍流模型计算了导向管喷动流化床内的单相气体流场,考察了进口流化气速和射流气速对气体流动规律的影响,以及声场对导向管喷动流化床内气体轴向速度分布及其脉动均方根的影响。结果表明:在高速射流条件下,导向管喷动流化床内气体呈内循环流动,气体循环流量随流化气速度的增加而减小,但随射流气速度的增加而增加;外加声场使环隙区和喷泉区的气体流动更加均匀,显著增加环隙区和喷泉区气流的湍动程度,且湍动程度随声压级的增大而显著增大,随声波频率的升高而小幅度降低。     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内床层密度的实验研究

针对工业化中气-固环流反应器存在的缺陷,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器. 在一套冷模装置内系统地考察了局部床层密度分布. 实验中实现了稳定、连续的环隙气升式环流,环流推动力随着环隙区表观气速的增加而增加,随着导流筒区表观气速的增加而减小,当导流筒区表观气速为0.2 m/s时,颗粒环流方向改变为中心气升式. 受结构特性的影响,催化剂密度在导流筒区和环隙区沿径向的分布具有一定的不均匀性,在底部r/R≤0.47区域颗粒未能充分流化,床层密度接近820 kg/m3,在底部0.47≤r/R≤1.0区域颗粒流化较好,床层密度小于450 kg/m3;随着环隙区表观气速由0.2 m/s增加至0.54 m/s,环隙区、导流筒区平均密度分别降低约70和33 kg/m3,随着导流筒区表观气速由0.06 m/s增加至0.2 m/s,环隙区平均密度增加约90 kg/m3,导流筒区平均密度降低约33 kg/m3.     

提升管CSVQS系统预汽提段颗粒速度和停留时间分布

在一套φ600 mm CSVQS的环流预汽提段冷态实验床装置上,在导流筒区气速为0.2 m·s-1和0.3 m·s-1,环隙区气速为0.03 m·s-1和0.07 m·s-1,汽提段气速为0和0.13 m·s-1时,考察了预汽提导流筒区和环隙区的颗粒速度分布,同时在上述条件下,根据提出的计算方法,考察了由提升管引入环流预汽提段颗粒的平均停留时间分布。结果表明,在上述几种操作条件下,预汽提段均为中心气升式环流,汽提段气体大部分进入导流筒区。在导流筒区气速相同时,在无汽提风时,导流筒区颗粒速度随环隙区气速的增加沿径向由陡峭分布转变为平缓分布;在有汽提风时,导流筒区颗粒速度径向分布随环隙区气速的变化很小。在环隙区气速相同时,在有汽提风时,导流筒区颗粒速度随其气速的增加由平缓分布转变为陡峭分布;在无汽提风时,两种导流筒区气速下的颗粒速度径向分布均比较陡峭。与导流筒区相比,环隙区颗粒速度径向分布几乎不随操作条件的不同而变化。随着导流筒气速的增加或环隙气速的降低,颗粒平均停留时间分布变窄,质量分数降低;随着颗粒循环强度的增加,颗粒平均停留时间分布变窄;质量分数变化不一。     

在具有锥形料腿的循环流化床中流化CaCO3超细颗粒

根据粘附性颗粒在流化过程中形成的聚团具有较宽粒径分布并因此导致大聚团在流化床中沉积和死床的问题,提出了循环流化床的锥形回料系统设计. 该回料系统包括两部分：锥形料腿和带辅助进气的V型阀. 实验证明,锥形料腿通过提供变化的表观流化气速,克服了流化聚团沉积死床等现象;而V型阀的辅助进气,对于保证V型阀顺利输送粘附性颗粒具有关键性作用. 借助这种回料系统,实现了高粘附性超细CaCO3颗粒在循环流化床的稳定快速流化. 从提升管内部拍摄的照片显示,尽管提升管采用较高的流化气体速度,但超细CaCO3颗粒仍然是以聚团的形式被流化. 对在提升管不同高度采集的聚团分析表明,处于快速流化状态的CaCO3聚团的直径远小于传统流化床中聚团的直径,并且在提升管高度方向聚团直径没有较大的变化. 同时实验还显示,提升管轴向空隙率呈S型分布,而径向则体现环-核结构,具有典型的快速床特征.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.