核-双壳BT@TiO_(2)@PDA纳米粒子的制备及其复合薄膜的介电性能EI北大核心CSCD

为改善聚酰亚胺(PI)基复合薄膜界面相容性,达到提高其介电性能的目的,利用钛酸正丁酯的水解反应在钛酸钡纳米粒子(BT)表面包覆水合TiO_(2)。采用聚多巴胺(PDA)进一步包覆改性粒子,制备出具有核-双壳结构的钛酸钡纳米粒子(BT@TiO_(2)@PDA)。利用核-双壳结构形成双重梯度缓冲层,减小高介电钛酸钡纳米粒子和低介电聚合物之间由于介电常数差异造成的电场畸变。通过溶液流延法制备一系列含有不同质量分数的改性钛酸钡/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜(BT@TiO_(2)@PDA/PI)。结果表明:核-双壳结构可以改善钛酸钡纳米粒子在聚酰亚胺基体中的分散性及二者的界面相容性。当填料质量分数为40%时,BT@TiO_(2)@PDA/PI复合薄膜的介电常数κ提高到8.8(1 kHz),约为纯聚酰亚胺的2.7倍,为钛酸钡/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜(BT/PI)的1.4倍。介电-温度和介电-频率测试证实,BT@TiO_(2)@PDA/PI复合薄膜具有良好的温度和频率稳定性。在100 kHz的频率范围内,复合薄膜的介电损耗均小于0.010;当填料的质量分数低于40%时,温度从25℃增加到160℃,复合薄膜介电常数的降低数值均不超过0.6(1 kHz)。     

基于新型纳米复合介电材料的嵌入式微电容制备及特性

嵌入式微电容技术是一种能够使电子器件微型化,并提高其性能及可靠性的方法.研究适用于嵌入式环境的高介电材料,有着重要的意义.采用粒径为92 nm的钛酸钡（BaTiO3）颗粒作为纳米无机填充颗粒,选用聚酰亚胺（PI）作为有机基体制备新型BaTiO3/PI纳米复合薄膜,并对该薄膜的介电性能、耐压特性及温度特性进行了测试;并采用光刻、溅射、刻蚀等工艺,对BaTiO3/PI纳米复合薄膜进行图形化研究,制造嵌入式微电容器件原型,其后对该器件的介电性能进行了测试.测试结果显示,嵌入式电容器件原型的介电常数在低频下达到15以上,击穿场强达到58 MV/m以上,而刻蚀和溅射工艺对薄膜的性能影响不大.     

新型纳米ZrO2/聚酰亚胺复合超薄膜的制备表征及其介电性能

以油酸为有机配体,采用两相方法合成了油溶性的超小尺寸纳米晶体纳米ZrO₂（nano ZrO₂）,并对nano ZrO₂表面包覆的油酸改性使纳米晶体与聚酰胺酸（PAA）接枝,通过旋膜法热亚胺化后形成nano ZrO₂/聚酰亚胺（PI）复合超薄膜。利用TEM、XRD、FTIR和SEM等对nano ZrO₂及nano ZrO₂/PI复合超薄膜进行表征,并对nano ZrO₂/PI复合超薄膜的介电性能进行了探究。结果显示,nano ZrO₂尺寸均一（5.0 nm左右）,为锐钛矿晶型,其晶体结构和尺寸不受改性接枝影响。nano ZrO₂在复合超薄膜中分散良好。电学研究表明,复合超薄膜的介电性能受nano ZrO₂与PAA质量比及制膜热亚胺化温度的影响。当PAA∶ZrO₂质量比为2∶3、热亚胺化温度为320℃时,介电常数达到最大,几乎是纯PI薄膜的2倍。两相法-改性接枝-热亚胺化制备PI复合超薄膜的方法简单高效,能够避免无机粒子在PI基体内的团聚并提高介电性能,对于PI基复合薄膜的制备、应用及推广具有重要意义。     

纳米Al_2O_3/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的介电与力学性能

采用原位聚合与热亚胺化的方法,成功制备了一系列不同纳米Al_2O_3粒子质量分数的纳米Al_2O_3/聚酰亚胺(PI)复合薄膜。通过SEM、TEM、XRD、FTIR、LCR数字电桥、高压电源及电子万能材料试验机对纳米Al_2O_3/PI复合薄膜的微观结构、介电性能及力学性能进行了表征和测试。结果表明:纳米Al_2O_3粒子在均匀地分散在PI基体中;当纳米Al_2O_3粒子质量分数为8%时,纳米Al_2O_3/PI复合薄膜的击穿强度和拉伸强度均达到了最大值;纳米Al_2O_3/PI复合薄膜的介电常数随纳米Al_2O_3质量分数的增加而增加。     

纳米Mg(OH)2-ZnO/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的介电和热性能

采用反向沉淀法制备了Mg（OH）₂-ZnO纳米粒子,通过原位聚合和热亚胺化的方法成功制备了不同纳米Mg（OH）₂-ZnO粒子质量分数的纳米Mg（OH）₂-ZnO/聚酰亚胺（PI）复合薄膜,通过SEM、热重分析、介电谱测试仪和击穿场强测试仪对薄膜的表面形貌、热稳定性、介电性能和击穿强度进行表征和测试。结果表明：Mg（OH）₂-ZnO纳米粒子均匀地分散在PI基体中,Mg（OH）₂-ZnO/PI热稳定性下降,介电常数、介电损耗和电导率增加,击穿场强随纳米粒子增加先增加后减小,在纳米粒子含量为2%时,达到最大值296 kV/mm。     

聚酰亚胺/钛酸钡复合膜介电性能及其影响因素的研究

通过硅烷偶联剂改性的BaTiO3粒子与聚酰胺酸溶液共混成膜、亚胺化后制备出高介电常数聚酰亚胺/BaTiO3复合膜.考察了BaTiO3粒子的体积分数、粒径大小、偶联剂的种类与用量、频率等对介电性能的影响.研究发现,通过使用偶联剂对BaTiO3粒子进行表面改性、增加粒子的粒径都可以有效提高复合膜的介电常数,膜的介电常数随BaTiO3粒子的体积分数的增加而增加,由粒径为100nm改性BaTiO3制备的复合膜, BaTiO3的体积分数为0.5时,膜在10kHz电场中的介电常数达到35.     

微量SiO_2对PI/Al_2O_3复合薄膜性能的影响

通过固定纳米氧化铝(Al2O3)的含量,改变纳米氧化硅(SiO2)的含量,制备一系列纳米SiO2含量不同的聚酰亚胺(PI)/Al2O3/SiO2复合薄膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FT-IR)对复合薄膜的微观形貌和分子结构进行表征,结果表明纳米颗粒在PI基体中均匀分散,而且纳米颗粒的加入既不影响PI的分子结构又对聚酰胺酸的热亚胺化无影响。同时测试了薄膜的力学性能、击穿场强和耐电晕时间。结果表明,当纳米SiO2质量分数为0.5%时,复合薄膜的击穿场强和耐电晕时间分别为211.15 kV/mm、378 min,均优于纳米SiO2质量分数分别为0,0.1%,0.3%和0.7%的薄膜,并且其力学性能也较优异。     

溶胶–凝胶法制备Au-BaTiO_3纳米复合薄膜及其介电性能

采用溶胶–凝胶法在Pt/Ti/Si O2/Si基板上制备了Au-Ba Ti O3纳米复合薄膜,并且对其晶体结构、微观组织和介电性能进行了研究。结果表明,Au在复合薄膜中以直径为5~22 nm的Au纳米粒子弥散地分布在Ba Ti O3基体中。Au的添加量对复合薄膜的介电性能和表面形貌有很大影响,其最佳添加量约为5mol%。复合薄膜经过550℃的低温退火已经完全结晶为钙钛矿相,其介电常数与700℃退火的纯Ba Ti O3薄膜的相当。在Au-Ba Ti O3复合薄膜的结晶过程中,一方面,Au纳米粒子可能促进了中间相的分解;另一方面,Au纳米粒子诱发了钙钛矿相的异质形核,促进了Ba Ti O3的结晶化。因此,Au纳米粒子大幅度地降低了复合薄膜的退火温度,并显著提高了复合薄膜的介电性能。     

离子交换法制备聚酰亚胺/氧化铝复合薄膜及性能研究

采用离子交换技术以氯化铝溶液为铝源制备出了上下两个表层含氧化铝的聚酰亚胺/氧化铝(PI/Al2O3)复合薄膜。对制备的复合薄膜的形貌、力学性能、热性能和电性能进行了表征和测试,并与纯PI薄膜进行了对比。扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示复合薄膜表面无可见粒子,能谱(EDS)显示复合薄膜表面含有Al元素;力学测试结果显示复合薄膜基本上维持了纯膜优越的力学性能;热失重(TG)表明复合薄膜比纯膜有更好的热稳定性;击穿场强测试结果表明复合薄膜击穿场强由原纯膜的291kV/mm提高到了303kV/mm;耐电晕测试结果表明复合薄膜的耐电晕时间由原纯膜的8min提高到了53min,比原纯膜有了很大提升。     

具有核壳结构的纳米CaCO3@SiO2的制备与表征

采用简单的溶胶-沉淀法制备了具有核壳结构的纳米CaCO3@SiO2复合产物。用X-射线衍射、电子扫描显微镜、X-射线能谱以及耐酸性测试等方法对粒子的包覆效果、化学组成等做了分析和表征。结果表明,用硬脂酸改性后的碳酸钙比较容易包覆无机的SiO2,SiO2在CaCO3表面包覆后形成了CaCO3为核,SiO2为壳的核壳结构。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.