变形反射镜薄膜应力与元件变形有限元研究

残余应力是变形反射镜面临的一个重要问题。考虑薄膜中残余应力的起源,利用有限元软件建立了变形反射镜有限元模型。基于所建立的有限元模型,计算变形镜各部分受薄膜残余应力作用后的变形与应力分布。与试验测量结果进行对比,计算结果表明,建立的模型是合理的,薄膜产生的残余应力为张应力,氟化物薄膜产生的张应力大于ZnS薄膜产生的压应力,残余应力主要集中在变形反射镜镜面上,基本呈放射状分布,外圈驱动器受到应力较大。     

高性能铜合金板带残余应力测量中的转动结构的应用和分析

利用转动结构对面内位移高度灵敏的特性提出了高性能铜合金板带残余应力测量的新方法,对转动结构作了有限元分析和结构优化。设计了实验装置模拟残余应力释放对转动结构变形的影响。实验与有限元分析结果取得良好一致。本研究表明转动结构具有较高的测量灵敏度和良好的线性,试样制作及数据测量方便,为高性能铜合金板带残余应力测量提供了一种新的检测手段。     

基于全场位移测量的鼓膜法表征铝箔力学性能

铝箔的力学性能通常是采用拉伸法来测量,且测量其弹性模量和残余应力的报道也很少见。本文通过利用鼓膜法结合数字散斑相关法(DSCM)对铝箔变形进行了高精度的全场位移测量,根据测得的薄膜压力与中心挠度关系再结合方形膜鼓膜理论模型,测量了厚度为6μm的铝箔的弹性模量和残余应力。实验测得的铝箔的平均弹性模量为65GPa,由粘接过程中引入的残余应力在12~50MPa之间变化。最后根据实验结果对鼓膜实验进行有限元反分析,结果表明,实验结果与有限元模拟结果基本一致。     

钻环法测量水泥路面表面残余应力的初步研究

水泥混凝土在强度形成过程中,温度、湿度变化以及水化反应等因素将引起水泥砂浆体积变化,当体积变化受到约束时,水泥混凝土内将产生残余应力,导致水泥混凝土内部出现微裂缝。国内外进行了大量收缩变形等因素引起的水泥混凝土内部应力变化的研究,但尚需要验证。该文将从"反"方向对水泥混凝土内的残余应力进行研究,即如何测量得到水泥混凝土表面的残余应力。根据金属工程中应用较为广泛的钻孔法测量表面残余应力技术,考虑水泥混凝土主要由水泥石和石料组成,尺寸差别较大,提出利用钻环法对水泥混凝土表面残余应力进行测量的可行性。2007年美国联邦航空管理局(FAA)的机场道面实验室,进行了钻环法测量水泥混凝土表面残余应力的初步试验,该文将建立有限元模型,对存在初始应力的板进行钻环模拟,通过与封闭解的对比,验证有限元模型的准确性,通过与FAA的试验结果进行对比分析,验证了钻环法测量水泥混凝土表面残余应力的可行性。     

等离子喷涂热障涂层残余应力的实验与模拟研究

分别采用真空和大气等离子体喷涂工艺在GH3128镍基高温合金基材表面制备CoNiCrAlY结合层和氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆陶瓷层组成热障涂层。采用有限元模拟计算了涂层的残余应力, 研究了基材预热对打底层与陶瓷层界面应力分布的影响规律。结果表明, 预热基材可以显著地降低陶瓷顶层内部产生的残余拉应力。采用钻孔法测量了涂层中的残余应力并与模拟结果作定量比较, 结果表明: 有限元模拟计算结果与实验测量结果能较好吻合。     

三维光学轮廓法测试多个焊接残余应力分量

目的测试焊接工件内部残余应力。方法采用多切割轮廓法,对工件进行一次切割,测试其纵向应力即纵向残余应力,基于叠加原理进行二次切割以及应力重构,测试第二切割面的法向应力即横向残余应力,切割过程采用200μm铜丝进行慢走丝线切割。轮廓测量采用XJTUOM面扫描系统进行测试,并对测量的原始点云进行转正、去燥、拟合等,最终作为有限元模型的边界条件来计算残余应力。结果通过二次切割应力重构,可以获得焊接工件内部纵向、横向残余应力分布云图,并在两截面交线处可以获得两个方向的应力分量。结论三维光学轮廓法可以有效地对工件内部的残余应力进行测试,基于叠加原理进行多切割轮廓法可以测试其内部多个方向的残余应力分量。     

基于热-力耦合模型的纤维丝束带铺放残余应力的模拟及实验研究

采用有限元分析计算和实验测试2种方法,在热-力耦合载荷作用下,对纤维丝束带铺放成型时的残余应力进行了研究。首先,建立纤维丝束带铺放的热-力耦合模型,利用有限元分析研究了不同温度和压力参数条件下纤维丝束带铺放残余应力的模拟结果。其次,对结果进行分析比较得到各个因素对纤维丝束带铺放残余应力的基本影响规律;最后进行不同温度和压力等铺放参数对纤维丝束带铺放成型时残余应力影响的实验测试研究,以验证热-力耦合有限元模型计算结果的正确性。结果表明:2种方法得到的残余应力分布基本一致,只是残余应力的最大值之间存在着差别。      

初始应力对三维光学轮廓法测试焊接接头残余应力的影响

目的研究不同初始应力状态下,三维光学轮廓法测试焊接接头残余应力的变化规律。方法采用MIG焊分别对供货态与去应力退火态试板进行多层多道焊,焊后试板经慢走丝切割,经三维光学测量技术扫描切割面轮廓,将所得轮廓数据经所建立的数据处理平台处理,将其结果作为有限元计算的边界条件,经应力反算得到残余应力分布。最后再进行有限元模拟,计算焊接接头残余应力。结果含初始应力、去应力退火和数值模拟的焊缝中心均为拉应力区,最大拉应力分别为480, 450, 523 MPa,且都位于焊缝根部区域。三者试板两侧为压应力区域,最大压应力分别为380, 280, 157 MPa,三者数值相差较大。结论将含有初始残余应力试板、退火处理试板与数值模拟结果的残余应力分布进行对比,可以发现三者在焊缝中心处的残余应力分布较为一致,但沿着焊缝向两侧的区域内,应力差别逐渐变大。主要原因为焊接热循环温度高于金属再结晶温度时可以消除部分残余应力,而温度循环较低时对应力消除不明显,导致实验结果相差较大。     

不同焊接参数下CT70连续钢管高频电阻焊残余应力分布的数值模拟

目的研究CT70连续油管高频电阻焊接后的残余应力值和分布规律,以及焊接速度和挤压量等焊接参数对残余应力的影响。方法通过有限元计算的方法施加移动面热源和移动挤压辊,来模拟高频电阻焊的加热和加压过程,并用小孔法测量了高频电阻焊后连续钢管的残余应力值。结果对比计算的和实际的焊缝尺寸,均是内壁处为0.2 mm,壁厚中间部位为0.1 mm,内壁凸起高度为1.0 mm,宽度为2.1 mm,验证了有限元模型的准确性。计算得到的高频电阻焊后在焊缝处的轴向残余应力较大,在400～500MPa之间;环向残余应力较小,在-100～200MPa之间,与小孔法测量的残余应力一致。结论焊缝附近的残余应力主要由不均匀加热引起,远离焊缝处的残余应力主要由挤压引起。热源与挤压辊间距离和焊接速度增加会导致焊缝附近的残余应力增加;挤压量增加和焊接功率增加会导致焊缝附近的残余应力降低。     

基于传递矩阵的钻孔应变法测量薄板残余应力

针对ASTM E837标准中钻孔应变法测量薄板工件残余应力计算精度低、计算过程复杂的现状,引入弹性力学应变传递矩阵,根据应力叠加原理推导出残余应力与测量应变关系的解析表达式,进而实验研究采用应变传递矩阵计算残余应力的精度。结果表明:与标定值相比,采用传递矩阵计算的残余应力相对误差绝对值均值小于2%,采用ASTM E837标准中校准系数计算的相对误差绝对值均值为5%左右,采用传递矩阵计算残余应力的精度较高。计算残余应力的传递矩阵解析表达式具有严谨的力学理论推导,包含应变花几何尺寸、钻孔直径、泊松比等参数,具有较高的通用性,避免ASTM E837标准中校准系数的有限元标定,简化测量过程,提高残余应力的测量精度。     

高强度钢加劲板焊接残余应力测试及分析

为研究高强度钢的板肋加劲板焊接残余应力分布特点,该文利用切割法对板肋加劲板试件进行了应力测试研究,建立了三维实体热弹塑性有限元模型,采用单元生死和动态约束技术模拟焊缝填充和焊接热输入过程,对比分析了高强度钢和普通钢的应力分布特点,比较研究了母板厚度、肋板厚度、肋板间距和高度对焊接残余应力的影响。研究结果表明:板肋加劲板T型接头角焊缝的焊接顺序与残余应力的分布不相关;高强度钢非焊接区域残余压应力小于普通钢;板件厚度和肋板高度是影响高强度钢的板肋加劲板焊接残余应力的主要因素。     

预拉伸条件下铝合金筒体焊接残余应力和变形的数值模拟

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,分别对施加及不施加拉伸应力的铝合金筒体环焊缝对接焊接过程中的应力场及变形进行了模拟分析。计算结果表明:预拉伸焊接可以有效减小铝合金薄板的焊后残余应力和变形。当预拉伸应力为材料屈服强度的90%时,焊缝残余应力较无预拉伸的降低近52%,同时,铝合金筒体焊接残余变形也大幅减小。     

Finite Element Analysis of Modeling Residual Stress Distribution in All-position Duplex Stainless Steel Welded Pipe

On the basis of the thermal-elastic-plastic theory, a three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation is performed on the girth welded residual stresses of the duplex stainless steel pipe with ANSYS nonlinear finite element program for the first time. Three-dimensional FEM using mobile heat source for analysis transient temperature field and welding stress field in circumferential joint of pipes is founded. Distributions of axial and hoop residual stresses of the joint are investigated. The axial and the hoop residual stresses at the weld and weld vicinity on inner surface of pipes are tensile, and they are gradually transferred into compressive with the increase of the departure from the weld. The axial residual stresses at the weld and weld vicinity on outer surface of pipes is compressive while the hoop one is tensile. The distributions of residual stresses compared positive-circle with negative-circle show distinct symmetry. These results provide theoretical knowledge for the optimization of p     

Influences of heat source model on welding residual stress and distortion in a multi-pass J-groove joint

Welding mechanical behaviors including residual stress and distortion are highly non-linear phenomena in nature. When numerical simulation methods such as thermal elastic plastic finite element method (FEM) are used to quantitatively predict welding residual stress and distortion, a long computational time is required especially for multi-pass joints. In real engineering structures, many weldments have large dimensions and complex shapes, and they are usually assembled by a multi-pass welding process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop time-effective computational approaches for practice engineering analysis. In this study, a method based on variable length heat sources was proposed for the analysis of thermo-mechanical behaviors for multi-pass joints. The welding residual stress field in a dissimilar metal J-groove joint with axis-symmetric geometrical shape, which was performed by a semi-circle balanced welding process, was investigated using the proposed method. The simulation results were compared with the measured data as well as the simulation results computed by a moving heat source. Meanwhile, the instantaneous line heat source was also employed to estimate the welding residual stresses in the same joint in an extreme case. The influences of heat source model (type) on welding residual stress and distortion were discussed.     

平板焊接接头纵向残余应力修正估算公式

为研究不同焊接参数对平板焊接接头残余应力大小的影响规律, 采用ANSYS软件, 建立了大量焊接试件的三维热弹塑性有限元模型, 对其温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟. 根据数值模拟结果, 考虑不同焊接参数、焊道数以及板件热流分配系数的影响, 对拉应力区半宽的计算公式进行了修正. 在此基础上, 采用指数函数对纵向焊接残余应力进行了拟合, 得到了预测不同焊接接头纵向残余应力分布规律和大小的修正估算公式. 最后设计了多组焊接构件模型, 采用盲孔法实测了其残余应力大小和分布规律, 并与估算公式的计算结果进行了对比, 结果表明:两者吻合良好, 验证了该文修正残余应力估算公式的有效性.     

Numerical and experimental investigations on the residual stresses of the butt-welded joints

Welding is a reliable and efficient joining process in which the coalescence of metals is achieved by fusion. Localized heating during welding, followed by rapid cooling, can generate residual stresses in the weld and in the base metal. Estimating the magnitude and distribution of welding residual stresses is important. This study applies thermal elasto-plastic analysis, using finite element techniques, to analyze the thermomechanical behavior and evaluate the residual stresses in butt-welded joints. The residual stresses at the surface of the weldments were measured by X-ray diffraction. The results of finite element analysis were compared with experimental residual stress data to confirm the accuracy of the method. The aim is to present data that may confirm the validity of currently employed fabrication processes in welded structures and even improve them.     

6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊数值模拟

为研究铝合金中厚板-节点套接头在多层多道焊后的残余应力和变形分布,本文基于ABAQUS软件建立了该接头三维有限元模型,采用双椭球热源、生死单元法以及顺序耦合法,对6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊进行数值模拟,并分析了接头的温度场,以及在夹具约束下的焊接残余应力及变形的分布情况。研究结果表明:数值模拟与实际接头的熔池形状吻合度较高;摆动焊接过程中温度曲线呈多峰结构;焊件的升温速率明显大于冷却速率,且冷却速率随时间逐渐减小;焊接残余应力主要集中在焊缝及夹具区域,且小于6061-T6铝合金在室温下的屈服强度;接头的最大横向残余应力为129.9 MPa,中厚板上的横向残余应力大于节点套上的横向残余应力;接头的最大纵向残余应力为132.9 MPa,沿焊接方向,焊缝处的纵向残余应力呈山峰状分布;该接头在Y轴方向上的变形最大,为1.494 mm,该接头的最终变形结果为上凸变形。     

Finite element computation of fatigue growth rates for mode I cracks subjected to welding residual stresses

This paper presents a finite element modeling procedure for predicting fatigue crack growth rate in butt welds subject to mode I loading condition. Sequentially coupled three-dimensional thermal–mechanical finite element model to simulate welding residual stress was first developed. The weld-induced residual stress effect on the fatigue crack growth rate was then modeled by calculating the stress intensity factor due to the residual stress field based on the superposition rule of the linear elastic fracture mechanics. The results demonstrated the significance of the residual stresses in assessment of the fatigue crack growth rate in the welds.     

FEM prediction of welding residual stresses in a SUS304 girth-welded pipe with emphasis on stress distribution near weld start/end location

A finite element approach based on Quick Welder software is developed to simulate welding temperature field and welding residual stress distribution in a 3D multi-pass girth-welded pipe model. The characteristics of welding residual stress distributions in a SUS304 stainless steel pipe induced by heating with a tungsten inert gas arc welding torch are investigated numerically. Meanwhile, an emphasis is focused on examining the welding residual stress distributions in and near the weld start/end location. Moreover, the residual stresses predicted by the present computational approach are compared with the measured data; and the comparison suggests that the numerical simulation method has basically captured the feature of welding residual stress distribution near the weld start/end region. The numerical simulation results show that both the hoop and the axial residual stresses near the weld start/end region have sharp gradients and are significantly different from those in the steady range.     

Residual stress reduction in the penetration nozzle weld joint by overlay welding

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the penetration nozzle weld joint endangers the structural reliability of pressure vessels in nuclear and chemical industries. How to decrease the residual stress is very critical to ensure the structure integrity. In this paper, a new method, which uses overlay welding on the inner surface of nozzle, is proposed to decrease the residual stresses in the penetration joint. Finite element simulation is used to study the change of weld residual stresses before and after overlay welding. It reveals that this method can mainly decrease the residual stress in the weld root. Before overlay welding, large tensile residual stresses are generated in the weld root. After overlay weld, the tensile hoop stress in weld root has been decreased about 45%, and the radial stress has been decreased to compressive stress, which is helpful to decrease the susceptibility to SCC. With the increase of overlay welding length, the residual stress in weld root has been greatly decreased, and thus the long overlay welding is proposed in the actual welding. It also finds that this method is more suitable for thin nozzle rather than thick nozzle.