采用增量法的BCHP系统经济性分析

在与传统能源系统方案比较基础上,提出冷热电联供(BCHP)系统经济性的增量评价法,从而避免了热价、冷价等人为因素干扰,使 BCHP 系统经济性的评价更加客观,并针对大学的 BCHP 系统进行经济性案例分析.分析认为,最大利用小时数、运行效率、能源价格乃至系统容量等因素对冷热电联供系统经济性影响很大,进而认为体育场馆、会馆等设备利用小时数少,住宅电价低,这类用户不宜采用BCHP系统.合适的容量利于提高 BCHP 系统的经济性.     

天然气水蒸气重整与SOFC耦合应用

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）系统具有高能源效率和使用可再生燃料的可能性,将在未来的可持续能源系统中发挥重要作用。过去几年燃料电池的发展很快,但在成本、稳定性和市场份额方面,该技术仍处于早期发展阶段。在以天然气为燃料的SOFC系统中,燃料的重整过程和燃料利用水平都可能影响系统运行的稳定性、热量和能量平衡,从而影响系统的使用寿命、输出功率和效率。因此,对燃料重整过程的设计与控制对有效的SOFC电池运行具有重要意义。对天然气在SOFC系统中的重整器配置方式（包括外重整和内重整）、重整参数和重整燃料利用方式进行了详细的综述分析,并对未来天然气SOFC系统的发展进行了展望。     

住宅用固体氧化物燃料电池热电联供系统的设计与分析

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)发电技术是一种能够直接将燃料中的化学能转化电能的绿色高效的新能源技术。将SOFC作为分布式能源的发电装置运用在家用热电联供系统,具有综合效率高、无污染、无噪声等优点。文章搭建了天然气重整制氢-SOFC热电联供系统,完成了基于SOFC的家用热电联供系统的设计与分析。文章根据用户夏冬季热电消耗数据,提出了一种以用户电消耗为核心的家用热电联供系统的运行方案,同时给出了蓄电池容量和水箱容积的推荐参数。与传统火力发电系统相比,采用天然气的SOFC热电联供系统更加节能。     

面向综合负荷的燃料电池等效模型及参数灵敏度分析

基于Matlab/Simulink建立了固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)及其并网系统的动态模型,研究了SOFC发电系统的外特性。从外特性等效拟合的角度出发,忽略SOFC并网系统的无功功率,提出了SOFC发电系统的等效模型。该模型结构简单,参数少,易于辨识,能够有效拟合电网在大扰动和连续小扰动情况下的燃料电池发电系统外特性,与其他模型相比能够模拟燃料电池的出力极限问题;分析了该模型的参数的灵敏度,模型的两个参数的灵敏度虽不高但易于辨识;用本文提出的SOFC等效模型并联传统的综合负荷模型(Synthesis Load Model,SLM)构建广义负荷模型,对含SOFC发电系统的配电网负荷特性进行辨识建模。算例表明,该广义负荷模型能够有效描述含燃料电池发电系统配电网负荷特性,且模型的参数辨识结果具有较好的稳定性。     

基于固体氧化物燃料电池的高效清洁发电系统

  目的  固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）是一种尖端技术,可通过电化学反应将碳氢燃料中的化学能转化为电和热,具有燃料来源广、发电效率高、余热品质高、运行安静、排放低、可模块化安装等优点,是实现化石能源高效清洁利用的有效途径之一。  方法  文章阐释了SOFC发电原理,介绍了国内外SOFC技术和产业化现状,分析了基于SOFC的分布式热电联供、联合循环发电以及煤气化燃料电池发电技术（IGFC）新一代发电系统应用场景。  结果  通过燃料电池发电技术路线和产业化现状研究,浅析了目前存在的问题,并结合我国资源禀赋和对高效清洁发电装置的市场需求,对该领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望。  结论  对比国内外在SOFC领域的技术差距,基于国内在SOFC电堆核心材料方面的优势,加大对SOFC系统集成技术攻关,为新一代以高温燃料电池为核心的清洁高效发电产业奠定基础。     

BCHP系统的热经济孤立化证明

基于热经济孤立化原理,提出了楼宇冷热电联供(BCHP)系统优化的孤立化方法,并给出了典型BCHP链式能量系统满足热经济孤立化的证明,为此类系统的设计优化提出了一种新方法。     

3D打印技术在固体氧化物燃料电池领域的研究进展

3D打印又称增材制造,是通过逐层打印来制造三维对象的过程,涉及机械、计算机、数控及材料等相关技术,被广泛应用于航空航天、生物医疗、电子、能源化工等行业.本文主要介绍了几种常用3D打印技术,重点阐述了其在固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)阴极、阳极、电解质、电堆组件和电堆辅助系统制备中的应用.3D打印技术通过可控调节SOFC微观结构、比表面积和组分分布可提高SOFC单电池的电化学性能;通过一体化电堆支撑体结构设计有望改善电池堆内部传递行为,避免因大量接头和组装件的出现引起的材料性能不匹配问题,提高电池稳定性和寿命,简化和优化SOFC电堆制备工艺;3D打印在SOFC电堆辅助系统的设计和制备中也表现出独特的优势,在一体化制备电堆组件和电堆方面有很大潜力.本文还分析了目前3D打印技术在SOFC领域的技术挑战,并针对3D打印制备SOFC存在的问题和不足提出了建议,指出高分辨率微纳3D打印技术的研发,燃料电池浆料的创新与开发,以及混合式、多材料3D打印机的制造或将成为解决现有问题的重要方向.     

SOFC／GT混合系统的计算机仿真

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)/燃气轮机(GT)混合系统以其高效、低污染排放的优点受到各国尤其是西方发达国家的重视,被认为是解决21世纪能源与环境问题的关键技术之一.计算机仿真方法是目前研究SOFC/GT混合系统的主要方法之一.本文利用Aspen Custom Modeler 仿真平台对一回热器空气再热式SOFC/GT系统进行了仿真分析,给出了设计工况下混合循环各部件节点的状态参数值,分别就压比、燃料电池电流密度和燃料利用率对系统发电效率的影响进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明,系统总发电效率随压比的关系曲线呈抛物线型,随着压比的增大,系统的发电效率先增大后减小.系统总发电效率与电流密度成反比关系,而与燃料利用率成正比;燃料电池的发电效率与电流密度和燃料利用率均成反比.     

PV-SOFC联合发电系统的建模及仿真

基于光伏-固体氧化物燃料电池联合发电系统的匹配测试、特性模拟对其设计及应用的重要作用,分析了光伏电池、固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)、电解槽、DC/DC变换器等各子系统的特性并在Matlab环境下搭建相应模型,将各子系统模型集成该联合发电系统的Matlab/simulink模型并进行了仿真结果验证.结果表明,光伏-固体氧化物燃料电池实用性强、效率高.     

基于模型的5 kW SOFC系统操作参数寻优

为延长固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）的寿命、提高系统性能，以5 kW平板式SOFC系统为研究对象，在满足功率需求和温度约束的条件下，探究其通过寻优最佳的操作参数组合以实现最高的系统效率。首先采用模块化建模方法，基于工作机理建立SOFC独立发电系统的模型。其次，基于所建立的系统模型，通过定义4个操作参数，并结合系统的热电约束，形成SOFC系统效率优化问题。针对该优化问题，提出一种结合元启发式优化算法的两级优化方案，即将操作参数按照对SOFC系统的影响分为两级，对第一级操作参数进行离散取值，对第二级操作参数采用麻雀搜索算法进行优化。结果表明，所提优化方案可获得全局最优操作点，使SOFC系统满足功率需求和温度约束条件且系统效率达到最优。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.