石油污染土壤微生物联合修复技术研究进展

微生物联合修复技术处理成本低、环境影响小、无二次污染,且较微生物修复或植物修复效率更 高,耗时更短,成为当前的研究热点。文章介绍了植物-微生物联合修复、电动-微生物联合修复、氧化-微生物联 合修复和表面活性剂强化微生物修复四种联合修复技术,简要阐述了修复机理、适用范围和工艺参数,为生物 修复技术的选择提供了参考,并对以后生物修复的研究重点进行了展望。     

城市污水的复合强化一级处理技术

介绍了复合强化一级处理技术，并分别阐述了有机-无机絮凝剂、微生物-无机絮凝剂以及化学-生物联合絮凝沉淀强化一级处理技术的运行及处理效果。这三种处理技术对城市污水具有药剂用量少，处理效果好的特点，尤其是微生物-无机絮凝剂和化学-生物联合强化一级处理技术对P的去除率达90％。     

微生物岩土技术及其应用研究新进展

微生物岩土技术主要是利用自然界广泛存在的微生物的代谢功能,与环境中其他物质发生一系列生物化学反应,改变土体的物理力学及工程性质,从而实现环境净化、土壤修复、地基处理等目的。微生物岩土技术作为岩土工程领域新的分支逐渐成为一个热门研究方向,近年来,许多学者已经开展了相关研究。为了促进该领域更加全面深入的基础研究,指导微生物技术在岩土工程中更切合实际的推广与应用,对环境岩土工程领域涉及的几种主要微生物种类、相关生物化学反应过程以及微生物作用机理进行详细的介绍与总结,并对微生物岩土技术在土体加固、岩土体抗渗封堵、金属污染土修复等方面的相关研究及应用进行了总结与评述。     

电动力耦合微生物处理落地油泥技术及应用

电动力耦合技术通过在微生物处理落地油泥基础上施加一定的电场，以增加生物活性，通过耦合作用提高微生物对油污土壤中石油烃的降解速率。结合中试装置及高效复合降解菌种，在安塞油田首次开展了电动力耦合微生物降解落地油泥现场试验，结果表明通过在生物修复基础上施加电场，可将降油率提高15％以上，同时定期翻堆会进一步提高修复效果，添加表面活性剂处理，在电动力微生物联合修复基础上将降油率再提高约5％。     

上海市塘外化工废弃地生态修复技术

随着快速城市化进程,城镇产业布局调整和重污染企业搬迁等过程遗留大量工业污染场地,特别以化工区搬迁废弃地的二次污染尤为严重。化工废弃地的土壤和地下水生态修复,是当今世界理论研究和工程项目实施的热点和难点。对上海市塘外化工搬迁地开展了土壤、水体、植物和微生物等生境和生物现状调查,分析诊断出有机污染物和重金属作为主要修复对象,结合该地块性质提出了针对性的生态修复技术途径,并开展初步应用试验。     

利用GFP标记基因检测环境微生物

简要介绍了绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的性质和特点，综述了GFP作为标记基因在生物膜和活性污泥、微生物降解、细菌一原生动物互作用、微生物一植物互作用以及生物传感器研究中的应用，认为GFP是研究环境微生物的理想分子标记。     

城市污泥重金属去除研究进展

目前,重金属是污泥农用的主要障碍之一。综述了当前我国城市污泥中重金属的分布及形态,分析了化学法、生物淋滤法、植物修复技术、电动修复技术等几种主要的重金属去除技术的优缺点,并介绍了重金属联合处理技术的效能,展望了今后的研究方向。     

人工湿地中的微生物电化学技术耦合体系原理及其演变

人工湿地用于废水处理是一项成本低且效益好的成熟技术。为了进一步优化该技术,降低建设成本,近年来发展了一系列人工湿地强化系统。在过去的10年,对微生物电化学技术与人工湿地相结合的探索为强化湿地处理系统提供了新的选择,形成了一系列耦合系统,并以较低的占地面积保持高性能运行。基于这种理念,阐释了微生物电化学技术的基本原理以及与人工湿地相结合的可能性和耦合系统效益。重点介绍了人工湿地-微生物燃料电池、人工湿地-微生物电解池、人工湿地-微生物电化学通气管等耦合体系的发展演变过程。讨论了耦合体系面临的挑战及发展前景,以期为微生物电化学技术与人工湿地耦合技术发展提供参考。     

微生物矿化胶结喀斯特岩石裂缝技术研究

针对喀斯特地貌的岩石表面裂缝宽度约2 mm这一特性,开展了微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀胶结裂缝的试验研究,并通过修复剂对不同岩缝宽度及粗糙度的岩样进行裂缝胶结修复。结果表明:修复7 d的试样其修复深度能达到5 cm以上,且裂缝宽度在2 mm以内的岩样均能够被较好地修复;岩缝表面越粗糙、岩缝宽度越小,试样的体积修复率越高。经微生物矿化修复的岩样抗压强度恢复率为47.57%~93.67%,最高抗压强度可达81.8 MPa。经微生物矿化修复的岩石渗透系数维持在10-7 cm/s数量级上。生成的沉淀物以方解石和球霰石2种物相的碳酸钙晶体为主,与岩石基体具有高度的相容性。     

脲解型微生物诱导矿化沉积的研究进展

微生物矿化技术作为一种新兴绿色环保技术得到关注,其中脲解型微生物研究最常见。本文针对脲解型微生物在生物矿化方面的研究进行综述,阐述其生物矿化机理,对其生物矿化影响因素分环境因素、岩土材料特性及改良工艺三个方面展开分析。     

焦化厂多环芳烃污染土壤修复技术

针对焦化厂土壤多环芳烃污染问题,综述了生物修复、物理修复、化学修复3种土壤修复技术的适用范围及特点。     

EK-PRB联合修复技术及其应用进展

介绍了一种新兴的绿色土壤修复技术——EK-PRB联合修复技术,根据近年来的相关研究进展,综述了该技术修复有机物、重金属及其他物质污染土壤的应用进展,指出了该技术目前还存在的一些问题.     

受污染含水层抽水——处理最优化及对地下水污染生物修复的基本认识

本文讨论了修复受污染含水层的抽水———处理技术的最优化问题,提出建立抽水———处理最优化模型时应注意的三个要素,以确定含水层修复的最佳战略。认为抽水———处理技术是一种好方法。涉及与地下水污染有关的问题,需要能够模拟在地下进行的生物修复和污染物运移的计算机模型。近年来,研发了许多数字程序来认识生物降解/生物变换过程。可是,对这种生物修复系统进行数值模拟,总是需要做出确实的计算上的努力。如果有一些恰当的解析解可作为适宜应用的筛选手段,则便于在详细研究以前进行生物修复评价。本文提出了模拟生物修复和有反应运移的解析模型的文献评论。     

异位/原位联合生物修复技术处理受污染河水

点源与非点源污染共存是河流污染的特点,运用污水处理厂的异位修复和以河道空间为处置场所的原位修复相结合的生物技术修复受污染河流,具有重要的理论意义与实用价值.采用强化生物膜-活性污泥复合工艺(EHYBFAS)的异位修复与生物接触氧化工艺的原位修复相结合的生物技术修复受污染河水,取得了较好的效果,对COD、TN和Nn<,4><'+>-N的平均去除率分别为(93.3±1.45)%、(70.0±3.34)%和(71.9±4.43)%,充分体现了该技术占地面积小、处理量大、处理效果好的优点.MPN-Griess检测结果表明,系统中微生物丰富,硝化菌(氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌)在生物膜载体上最高达10<'8>MPN/g干填料,在混合液中最高达10<'5>MPN/mL,保障了系统的脱氮能力,PCR-DGGE和克隆测序检测结果表明,系统中氨氧化菌物种丰富,Nitrosomonassp.Nm59是其优势种类之一,且是唯一可获得培养的亚硝化单胞菌.     

景观水体修复技术分析

结合控制营养物质来源的意义及方法,提出了几种常用的景观水体修复技术,包括物理修复技术、生物修复技术和生态修复技术。遵循"因地适宜"原则,融合运用适宜的技术方法,减少景观水体的外源污染,实现水体修复作用。     

土壤污染的生物修复

指出了作为土壤污染修复的新兴技术,生物修复技术与传统的物理化学修复方法相比具有经济、高效、无二次污染等优点,就当前的土壤污染处理技术的分类进行了系统的阐述,并对该技术的应用前景和研究方法进行了分析和展望。     

三氯乙烯污染地下水和土壤的修复

三氯乙烯(TCE)在工业生产中的大规模使用,使其成为地下水和土壤中分布最为广泛的污染物之一。为此综述了TCE污染地下水和土壤的修复方法,包括抽出处理和原位修复,其中原位修复包括原位化学氧化、原位电动修复、原位生物修复以及渗透反应格栅技术。     

Remediation of PCE-contaminated aquifer by an in situ two-layer biobarrier: laboratory batch and column studies

The industrial solvent tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is among the most ubiquitous chlorinated compounds found in groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to develop an in situ two-layer biobarrier system consisting of an organic-releasing material layer followed by an oxygen-releasing material layer. The organic-releasing material, which contained sludge cakes from a domestic wastewater treatment plant, is able to release biodegradable organics continuously. The oxygen-releasing material, which contained calcium peroxide, is able to release oxygen continuously upon contact with water. The first organic-releasing material layer was to supply organics (primary substrates) to reductively dechlorinate PCE in situ. The second oxygen-releasing material layer was to release oxygen to aerobic biodegrade or cometabolize PCE degradation byproducts from the first anaerobic layer. Batch experiments were conducted to design and identify the components of the organic and oxygen-releasing materials, and evaluate the organic substrate (presented as chemical oxygen demand (COD) equivalent) and oxygen release rates from the organic-releasing material and oxygen-releasing materials, respectively. The observed oxygen and COD release rates were approximately 0.0368 and 0.0416 mg/d/g of material, respectively. A laboratory-scale column experiment was then conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this proposed system for the bioremediation of PCE-contaminated groundwater. This system was performed using a series of continuous-flow glass columns including a soil column, an organic-releasing material column, two consecutive soil columns, and an oxygen-releasing material column, followed by two other consecutive soil columns. Anaerobic acclimated sludges were inoculated in the first four columns, and aerobic acclimated sludges were inoculated in the last three columns to provide microbial consortia for contaminant biodegradation. Simulated PCE-contaminated groundwater with a flow rate of 0.25 L/d was pumped into this system. Effluent samples from each column were analyzed for PCE and its degradation byproducts. Results show that up to 99% of PCE removal efficiency was obtained in this passive system. Thus, the biobarrier treatment scheme has the potential to be developed into an environmentally and economically acceptable remediation technology for the in situ treatment of PCE-contaminated aquifer.     

Effect of electrokinetic remediation on indigenous microbial activity and community within diesel contaminated soil

Electrokinetic remediation has been successfully used to remove organic contaminants and heavy metals within soil. The electrokinetic process changes basic soil properties, but little is known about the impact of this remediation technology on indigenous soil microbial activities. This study reports on the effects of electrokinetic remediation on indigenous microbial activity and community within diesel contaminated soil. The main removal mechanism of diesel was electroosmosis and most of the bacteria were transported by electroosmosis. After 25 days of electrokinetic remediation (0.63 mA cm^− 2), soil pH developed from pH 3.5 near the anode to pH 10.8 near the cathode. The soil pH change by electrokinetics reduced microbial cell number and microbial diversity. Especially the number of culturable bacteria decreased significantly and only Bacillus and strains in Bacillales were found as culturable bacteria. The use of EDTA as an electrolyte seemed to have detrimental effects on the soil microbial activity, particularly in the soil near the cathode. On the other hand, the soil dehydrogenase activity was enhanced close to the anode and the analysis of microbial community structure showed the increase of several microbial populations after electrokinetics. It is thought that the main causes of changes in microbial activities were soil pH and direct electric current. The results described here suggest that the application of electrokinetics can be a promising soil remediation technology if soil parameters, electric current, and electrolyte are suitably controlled based on the understanding of interaction between electrokinetics, contaminants, and indigenous microbial community.     

Investigation and optimization of a passively operated compost-based system for remediation of acidic, highly iron- and sulfate-rich industrial waste water

A passively operated multi-stage bioremediation system utilizing composted agricultural waste products and an artificial wetland system was found to be effective for purification of acidic, iron- and sulfate-rich waste water derived from titanium mineral processing. The main microbial players involved in the remediation system processes and the dynamics were investigated; mineral processing waste water-filled sludge dams possessed stable microbial communities that included Acidithiobacillus, Desulfurella, and acidophilic, anaerobic fermenters of the order Bacteroidales. These groups were enriched in a subsequent potato waste-based iron mobilization pre-treatment stage. Within downstream reduction treatment stages (“reduction cells”), compost/straw decomposition and associated sulfur/sulfate and iron reduction were carried out by a complex mix of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The efficaciousness of the system without replacement of the compost was found to steadily decline following 2 years of operation and corresponded with the reduction cell communities becoming simultaneously more diverse and homogenous. Microcosm-based experiments demonstrated that operational declines were due to unsustained supply of suitable labile carbon sources combined with spatial heterogeneity within the layered design of the reduction stage of the system resulting in inadequate redox conditions. Temperature was not found to be a critical performance factor in the range of 10-25 °C. Application of a combined emulsified oil/molasses amendment was found to be highly effective in promoting a microbial community capable of remediating waste water with high iron and sulfate levels. Acidophilic members of the order Bacteroidales were found to be critical in the investigated remediation system, providing organic donors for subsequent metal and sulfur transformations and could have a broader ecological significance than previously suspected.