操作条件对中药四妙通安汤超滤的影响

研究了超滤压力、温度和Ｐ至膜透过性的影响,结果表明,ＰＨ值对膜透过性影响很大,且碱溶液较之酸溶液使膜通量衰减更快;压力增大,膜通量衰减幅度减小;温度为３０℃时,比２０℃时的膜通量衰减程度减小,但３０、３５、４０℃时的膜通量无明显差异;在改变上地四妙通安汤进行了超滤、测定了氯原酸的回收率,无明显差异。     

对乳清的超滤渗透液进行纳滤脱盐的试验研究

采取超滤膜对乳清进行预处理,研究了不同操作条件下NF270纳滤膜的通量衰减规律以及对乳清中盐和乳糖的分离效果.结果表明:压力由0.4 MPa增加到0.6 MPa时,纳滤膜稳定通量增大,膜通量衰减加重.纳滤膜的盐截留率先下降后上升,乳糖透过率略有增加,增加压力有利于乳糖和盐之间的分离;当压力为0.6 MPa,转速为418.6r/min,在蛋白质的等电点pH值为4.8时,纳滤膜通量小且膜污染最为严重,此时盐截留率最低;pH值为3时所对应的膜通量与料液呈中性时相比,乳清通量增加,且通量衰减幅度小,此时盐截留率为30％,乳糖透过率达80％,因此酸性条件有利于提高通量及乳糖和盐之间的分离效果;提高膜表面的湍动程度时,膜通量增加且膜污染减弱,相应的纳滤膜的盐截留率较小,而对乳糖的透过率影响不明显.     

操作压力和溶液组成对蛋白质在超滤过程中的膜污染的影响

研究了操作压力和溶液组成(溶质浓度、pH值和水质硬度)对牛血清蛋白在超滤过程中发生的膜污染的影响,同时使用扫描电子显微镜观察了实验所用的超滤膜的结构.研究发现,在膜过滤的过程中,存在着极限膜通量,增大操作压力和进水中蛋白质浓度只能加速膜污染的速度,但不能增强最后的膜污染程度;增大溶液的pH值,以及减小水质硬度,都能够减轻蛋白质在超滤过程中的膜污染程度.     

聚醚砜膜提纯乳糖的研究

以聚醚砜(PES)为膜材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,采用相转化法制备了对PEG的截留分子量为20 000的聚醚砜超滤膜.通过对操作压力、料液的温度和浓度等条件的变化对蛋白质截留率、膜通量及乳糖透过率影响的分析,研究了不同的影响因素对乳糖超滤效果的影响规律.并确定了最佳工艺条件:压力在0.3 MPa左右较适宜,温度为50~60℃,料液浓度为100~150 g/L,处理时间为45~60 min.比较了不同清洗剂对PES膜超滤性能恢复的效果.结果显示,当超滤1 h通量减少一半时,用0.5%的NaOH清洗20 min后就可以恢复70%的膜通量.     

纳滤技术在酱油脱盐中的应用

分别对NF270,NF,NF90,Desal-5DL 4种纳滤膜的酱油脱盐性能进行了考查,并选择脱盐效果较好的NF270进一步研究了操作条件,包括稀释倍数、通量、温度和pH值等对酱油纳滤脱盐效果的影响.实验结果表明,随着酱油原液稀释倍数的增加,盐和氨基酸态氮的透过率都呈上升趋势,酱油原液先稀释一倍再浓缩至原体积后的脱盐率约为53%,氨基酸态氮损失率约为19%,可溶性无盐固形物损失率约为5%;随着过膜通量的增加,跨膜压力升高,脱盐率基本不变而氨基酸态氮损失率减小;温度上升对脱盐率无明显影响,但大大增加了氨基酸态氮的损失率,且膜污染加剧;pH值上升可以减小跨膜压力,但使得氨基酸态氮和可溶性无盐固形物损失率明显上升,而脱盐率变化不大.     

操作条件对死端微滤膜通量的影响--温度、压力、浓度的影响

采用标准孔径为0.1μm的亲水PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯)微滤膜和0.2μm的PTFE(聚四氟乙烯)膜,研究了温度、压力、浓度等操作条件对BSA溶液死端微滤膜通量的影响.实验表明,温度、压力和浓度对微滤膜通量有重要影响,通量随温度升高而增大;随浓度的增大而减小;当压力上升到0.14 MPa时,通量将不随压力变化,达到极限通量.在实验范围内(0.04~0.16 MPa,18~30℃),对于去离子水,通量和温度成良好的线性关系,通量随温度、压力的变化关系分别为ln(J/J)w=-0.021 9T-13.993和ln(J/Δp)w=-1.958 4Δp 5.283 4;对于BSA溶液,则在0.04~0.14 MPa,20~30℃范围内,通量随温度、压力的变化关系分别为JE/JT=ln(-0.004 5T2 0.230 9T)和ln(J/Δp)=-3.576 7Δp 4.627 7.溶液浓度增大,稳态通量下降;当溶液浓度达到一定值时,由于滤饼层厚度趋向平衡厚度,稳态通量将近似恒定.     

基于量纲分析的氧化铝陶瓷膜通量关联式的研究

通过量纲分析,建立了氧化铝陶瓷膜在处理高浊度水时,影响膜通量变化的压力、膜孔径、膜管长度、膜面流速、原水浊度、工作时间以及温度等因素之间的关联式．并通过试验,针对膜通量的快速衰减期以及相对平缓期,分别分析求解了各项系数．通过分析比较发现,20℃时关联式相对于实测数据的平均相对误差仅为1．5％,由此证明利用量纲分析得出的膜通量衰减关联式较好地反映了实验结果．     

药液种类和浓度对超滤影响的初步研究

研究了不同种类的中药提取液以及同种提取液的不同浓度对超滤膜透过性能的影响．结果表明，根茎类、皮类药液在超滤过程中膜通量的衰减较大，而花类药液较小     

聚砜中空纤维超滤膜的流动电位研究

通过对聚砜中空纤维超滤膜在不同电解质溶液中的膜表面流动电位的研究,考察了膜两侧压差、电解质浓度及离子价态及溶液pH对流动电位的影响,用Helmoltz-Schmoolukovski方程与Gouy-Chapmann方程计算了膜面电荷密度,测定了污染膜经不同清洗剂清洗后的流动电位和水通量.结果表明,流动电位绝对值随电解质浓度的增大而减小;同样电解质浓度下,阳离子价态越高,流动电位绝对值越小.溶液pH对流动电位影响较大,当溶液pH超过等电点时,流动电位绝对值随溶液pH的增加而增加.在一定电解质浓度范围内过滤电解质溶液时,流动电位和通量的衰减幅度不同,对含高价阳离子的电解质溶液,流动电位的衰减比通量衰减更明显.     

浓差极化超滤浓缩生物大分子溶液

提出一种利用浓差极化原理超滤浓缩生物大分子溶液的新型膜过程,即用自行设计的浓缩液汲取装置,抽提出浓差极化层内的浓溶液.以牛血清蛋白(BSA)为模型大分子,考查了汲取速率、透过通量对浓缩液浓度的影响,提出了动态平衡时浓缩液浓度的计算公式,并发展了一种可获得较高浓度浓缩液的周期性短时间歇汲取工艺,同时将新型膜浓缩过程与常规超滤浓缩进行了对比.结果表明,浓缩液浓度随汲取速率减小而增大,高通量不利于高浓度浓缩液的汲取;动态平衡时浓缩液浓度的计算值与测定值吻合良好;采用周期性短时间歇汲取工艺浓缩液浓度可达34.9 g/L,为原料液浓度的69.8倍;与常规超滤浓缩相比,该浓缩过程膜污染显著减轻,可实现连续操作.     

温度敏感性聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)水凝胶的合成及性能研究

采用热化学聚合法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)水凝胶,并对其溶胀性能进行了研究.研究结果表明,PDMAEMA水凝胶具有温度敏感性,在去离子水中其ICST约为50℃;水凝胶的温度敏感性与介质的pH值有关,在碱性溶液中凝胶表现出典型的温度敏感性,而在酸性溶液中凝胶的溶胀率受温度的影响很小,没有温度敏感性.     

Adsorption of zinc(II) from an aqueous solution onto activated carbon.

Adsorption isotherms were measured experimentally for Zn(II) adsorption from aqueous solution onto commercial activated carbons C, F-400, F-300 and Centaur HSL in a batch adsorber. The effects of carbon type and solution pH on adsorption isotherms were evaluated in this work. Nearly three times as much Zn(II) adsorbed onto C carbon as on the other three carbon types. The adsorption isotherm for Zn(II) was dependent on solution pH since Zn(II) did not adsorb to carbon below pH 2, and the adsorption isotherm increased as pH increased from 3 to 7. The adsorption isotherm of Zn(II) on C carbon was temperature independent while on F-400 the isotherm showed unusual behavior as temperature increased.     

响应曲面法研究碳钢在模拟烟气冷凝液中的腐蚀行为

电厂烟气冷凝液有较强腐蚀性,引起腐蚀的因素较多。采用响应曲面法研究了模拟烟气冷凝液中影响腐蚀的主要因素pH值、Cl-浓度与温度对碳钢腐蚀速率的影响,通过单因素极化曲线测定了碳钢的腐蚀电流密度。结果表明:随着溶液pH值的降低、Cl-浓度的增大和溶液温度的升高,腐蚀电流密度增大。在此基础上,运用响应曲面法中的BBD模型设计试验条件,测试并分析了碳钢在不同条件下的腐蚀速率,发现对碳钢腐蚀速率的影响程度从大到小依次为pH值﹥温度﹥Cl-浓度。     

化学沉积Ni-Mo-P合金工艺参数对性能的影响

研究了镀液pH值和温度等工艺参数对化学镀Ni Mo P合金镀层耐蚀性和硬度的影响。试验结果表明 ,镀液 pH值升高 ,镀层的沉积速度和硬度升高 ,而耐蚀性下降 ;镀液温度升高 ,镀层的沉积速度升高     

The effect of salts and pH buffered solutions on the phase transition temperature and swelling of thermoresponsive pseudogels based on <Emphasis Type="Italic">N-</Emphasis>isopropylacrylamide

The temperature sensitive nature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) makes it an attractive candidate for controlled drug delivery devices. A series of temperature responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-polyvinyl pyrrolidinone random copolymers were produced by free radical polymerisation using 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyketone as a UV-light sensitive initiator. The chemical structure of the xerogels was characterised by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The copolymers possess a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in pure water, but the transition temperature may be affected by the addition of various cosolutes. The LCST of the pseudogels (physically crosslinked gels) was investigated in distilled water and a variety of salt and pH buffer solutions, using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and rheological analysis. The pH buffer solutions prepared mimic the variety of conditions encountered by drug delivery systems administered orally. The pH effects on the LCSTs of the temperature sensitive gels appear not obvious; while the salts used to prepare the pH buffer solutions have a more notable effect (‘salting out effect’) on the phase transition temperature. All swelling studies were carried out on the hydrogels at 37°C in distilled water, pH buffer 1.2 and pH buffer 6.8. The swelling/dissociation behaviour of the gels is found to be highly dependent on the pH buffer solution used, as the salts incorporated in preparing the pH buffer solutions lowers the phase transition of the copolymers to below the test temperature of 37°C, thus making them less soluble.     

Optimum synthesis conditions of nanometric Fe50Ni50 alloy formed by chemical reduction in aqueous solution

In the present article, various nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloys were synthesized by chemical reduction of the corresponding metal ions, with hydrazine in an aqueous solution. Process variables of reaction temperature, pH of the hydrazine solution and concentration of metal ions were varied in order to determine the optimum synthesis conditions regarding quality, productivity and cost. It is found that pH of hydrazine solution, at low concentration of metal ions, is the most crucial variable affecting the reaction rate, average crystallite and particle sizes of the synthesized nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloy, followed by the total concentration of metal ions. Thus, increase of pH of hydrazine solution acts as an efficient stabilizer in reducing the particle size. On the contrary, at high concentration of metal ions, the structural characteristics of the nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloy are almost insensitive to reaction temperature and pH of hydrazine solution, but the reduction rate is remarkably sensitive to reaction temperature. Based on these results, it is decided that a reaction temperature of 80 °C, pH of the hydrazine solution of 12·5 and concentration of metal ions of 0·6 M represent the optimum synthesis conditions. The role of pH of hydrazine solution in reducing the alloy’s average particle size as well as efficient stabilizer confirms tremendous effect of synthesis conditions on the alloy structure and therefore, the importance of this study for industrial production of nanometric Fe₅₀Ni₅₀ alloy.     

Removal of boron from aqueous solutions by batch adsorption on calcined alunite using experimental design

In the present paper, boron removal from aqueous solutions by batch adsorption was investigated and 2(3) full factorial design was applied. Calcined alunite was used as adsorbent. In the study, three parameters affected the performance and two levels of these parameters were investigated. The chosen parameters were temperature (25 and 45 degrees C, respectively), pH (3 and 10) and mass of adsorbent (0.5 g adsorbent per 25 mL solution and 1g adsorbent per 25 mL solution). The significance of the effects was checked by analysis of variance (statistical software, MINITAB-Version 15). The model-function equation for boron adsorption on calcined alunite was obtained. The results showed that temperature, pH and mass of adsorbent affected boron removal by adsorption. Boron removal increased with increasing pH and adsorbent dosage, but decreased with increasing temperature. The optimum conditions were found as pH 10, adsorbent dosage=1g of calcined alunite per 25 mL solution and temperature=25 degrees C by using factorial design. In addition, the effects of parameters such as calcination temperature, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial boron concentration on boron removal were investigated. The adsorption isotherm studies were also performed. Maximum adsorbent capacity (q(0)) was calculated as 3.39 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (DeltaG degrees), enthalpy (DeltaH degrees) and entropy (DeltaS degrees) were also determined.     

丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物渗透汽化分离性能研究

将丙烯酸 (AA) -丙烯酰胺 (AM)共聚物与聚乙烯醇 (PVA)共混制得优先透水的渗透汽化膜用于分离 4 0 %～ 95%的乙醇水溶液 ,研究了膜的热处理温度、分离温度、共聚单体摩尔比、制膜液 p H值等因素对膜分离性能的影响。当用 AA∶ AM=1∶ 1(mol)的共聚物与 PVA等质量共混 ,制膜液 p H=7,制得的膜经 16 0℃热处理后用于分离 95%的乙醇水溶液 ,其分离系数和透过速率分别为 PVA膜的 1.3倍和 8倍     

溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2粉体及其光催化性能研究

以钛酸丁酯为前驱物,无水乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2粉体,并采用紫外分光光度计、XRD等表征手段对TiO2的粒度、晶型结构进行了表征,分析了煅烧温度、TiO2晶型比例、溶液初始pH值等因素对TiO2结构性能及光催化活性的影响.结果表明:TiO2的锐钛矿晶型与金红石晶型的转相温度为700 ℃左右;采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2时,控制溶液的pH值为4,煅烧温度为600 ℃,所得产物晶型全部为锐钛矿;当无水乙醇与钛酸丁酯的体积比为10:1时,产物的粒径为617 nm;且当配制溶液pH值为4,煅烧温度为600℃条件下,煅烧时间为40~60 min时,所制备TiO2的光催化效果较好,降解率较高;当光催化体系的pH值为9、以质量浓度为10 mg/L的亚甲基兰溶液浸泡2 h,TiO2的用量为0.25 g/L时,产物的降解率高达95.3%.     

由沥青制备炭基凝胶的研究

以煤焦油沥青为原料,经过氧化、碱溶制备出水性中间相沥青,着重考察了制备条件对水性中间相沥青在水相中凝胶化的影响。结果表明：氧化温度、浓度和溶胶的pH值对水性中间相沥青的凝胶化有影响;水性中间相沥青（AMP）可以在较宽的pH值范围内形成凝胶。在碱性条件下,氧化温度降低、pH值升高和AMP浓度提高均可缩短炭基凝胶的凝胶时间;以强酸为絮凝剂在酸性条件下水性中间相沥青絮凝为炭基凝胶;在中性条件下,给溶胶中加入乙醇可形成炭基凝胶。