女儿墙对平屋面低矮建筑风荷载特性的影响

对平屋面低矮建筑进行1∶25缩尺刚性模型测压风洞试验,研究了无女儿墙工况和4种不同高度女儿墙的平屋面低矮建筑的风荷载分布规律。无女儿墙的平屋面主要承受风吸力作用,斜风向锥形涡诱导的最不利吸力区域为屋面迎风边缘角部区域,为全风向下最不利区域。女儿墙的存在可明显减小屋面的平均风吸力和极值风吸力,平均风吸力减小幅度可达150%,同时最不利平均风压系数和极小值风压系数的出现位置逐渐远离了屋面角部区域;随着女儿墙高度的增加,极值风吸力进一步减小,极值风压力增大,最大的极大值风压系数出现在尾流区;采取分区的方式给出了不同女儿墙高度的屋面体型系数建议取值。     

扰流板减小低矮房屋屋面风压试验研究

近年来,我国台风灾害频繁,在历次风灾中,大量村镇低矮房屋倒塌破坏是造成生命财产损失的重要原因。在强风中,屋面是低矮房屋最薄弱部分往往最先发生破坏。目前,提高屋面抗风能力的方法主要是增加屋面本身强度和整体性,但其经济成本较高且抗风效果并不理想。针对上述问题,文中提出一种气动抗风方法,在双坡房屋屋面增设扰流板,通过改变房屋气动性能来降低屋面风压,并围绕这一方法开展了风洞试验研究工作。试验结果表明：扰流板可以有效减小双坡房屋屋面风压,尤其对屋面局部极值风压减小效果显著,最大减小幅度可达49%。山墙处扰流板对屋面风压影响最大,其次是屋檐处的扰流板,屋脊处扰流板对屋面风压无显著影响。相对于扰流板宽度与高度,扰流板角度是对屋面风压影响最为明显的几何因素,屋檐处扰流板角度建议值为0?~30?,山墙处扰流板为10?~30?。综合考虑经济与构造措施等因素,扰流板高度建议值为挑檐高度的1/70~1/12,宽度为房屋长度的1/20。最后,根据实验结果给出了安装扰流板结构屋面风压折减系数和相关的设计建议。     

檐口形状对低矮房屋屋面风压分布的影响

基于计算流体动力学（CFD）和剪切应力输运（SST）k-ω湍流模型,对带不同尺寸檐口低矮房屋的屋盖风压进行了数值模拟计算.首先,对TTU建筑模型屋盖体型系数进行数值计算,并与其他文献的结果进行对比吻合较好,验证了本文计算方法和湍流模型参数选取的合理性.然后,基于此方法研究不同尺寸檐口对低矮房屋屋面体型系数分布情况,总结出檐口尺寸对屋盖体型系数变化的规律,优化其抗风性能,研究结果可为该类建筑的工程抗风设计提供参考.     

Experimental study of wind loads on gable roofs of low-rise buildings with overhangs

Gable roofs with overhangs (eaves) are the common constructions of low-rise buildings on the southeastern coast of China, and they were vulnerable to typhoons from experience. The wind pressure distributions on gable roofs of low-rise buildings are investigated by a series of wind tunnel tests which consist of 99 test cases with various roof pitches, height-depth ratios and width-depth ratios. The block pressure coefficients and worst negative (block) pressure coefficients on different roof regions of low-rise buildings are proposed for the main structure and building envelope, respectively. The effects of roof pitch, height-depth ratio, and width-depth ratio on the pressure coefficients of each region are analyzed in detail. In addition, the pressure coefficients on the roofs for the main structure and building envelope are fitted according to roof pitch, height-depth ratio and width-depth ratio of the low-rise building. Meanwhile, the rationality of the fitting formulas is verified by comparing the fitting results with the codes of different countries. Lastly, the block pressure coefficients and worst negative pressure coefficients are recommended to guide the design of low-rise buildings in typhoon area and act as references for the future’s modification of wind load codes.     

低矮建筑风致局部瞬毁诱发次生灾害机理研究

基于缩尺比为1∶40低矮建筑在不同地貌条件下的风洞试验,研究因易损区局部风致破坏进而诱发低矮建筑屋面整体风毁的风载特性,分析屋面瞬间开孔所致瞬态峰值内压过冲效应,研究稳态阶段的内压分布特征及净风压极值分布规律。结果表明：建筑上游风场湍流度越大,屋面局部瞬间破坏所致过冲效应越明显;地貌对屋面迎风角部瞬间破坏所致过冲较分布区域的影响显著;屋面不同的区域开孔所致内压分布均匀,但内压值随风场湍流度增大呈增大趋势。风致建筑破坏所致内压系数试验值比我国现行荷载规范中建议取值大;屋面局部瞬毁进而诱发再次破坏主要分布在已损孔洞边缘及山墙部分。     

建筑群风环境特性的数值模拟与分析

结合风洞模型试验对群体低层四坡屋面房屋周围的风场及表面风压进行了计算和分析,在单体数值模拟计算结果和风洞试验结果有较好吻合的前提下,获得了有相邻建筑干扰的情况下,低层四坡屋面房屋的表面风压的变化规律,为群体建筑的合理建筑形式及结构抗风设计提供了科学依据。     

低层双坡房屋屋面平均风压影响因素的数值模拟研究

采用Fluent6.0软件平台和雷诺应力模型(RSM),对我国沿海地区常见的一类带挑檐的低层双坡房屋屋面风压进行了数值模拟,研究了各影响因素对屋面平均风压的影响。首先,将数值模拟结果和模型风洞试验结果进行对比,以说明文中采用的湍流模型和计算参数的适用性。然后,采用数值模拟方法,研究带挑檐的低层双坡房屋屋顶具有不同外形参数(坡角、挑檐长度、檐口高度)时,屋面的局部平均风压分布特性和变化规律。结果表明,各参数对屋面风压的影响程度不一,且与风向角的影响有关。坡角对屋面风压分布的影响是整体性的,挑檐长度则只有局部性的影响,而檐口高度对整体屋面风压的影响较小。研究结果可供我国沿海地区低层房屋抗风设计参考。     

基于规范对比的女儿墙屋面雪荷载实测分析

在女儿墙屋面雪荷载计算时，日本、美国及欧洲规范中充分考虑了风场对完全暴露屋面雪荷载的侵蚀作用、风力对积雪的搬运作用、上游积雪宽度对下游阻碍物处堆雪量的补充作用和降雪量对堆雪的补充作用。除此之外，也引入了室内采暖、雨雪联合等因素来更真实地实现对屋面雪荷载的估算。相较之下，我国规范仅考虑女儿墙高度的影响。故基于对带女儿墙屋面积雪分布的多年实测结果，参考国外规范中的影响因素，对哈尔滨地区女儿墙屋面积雪分布特征进行了分析。结果显示：风场作用下，积雪会更多地堆积于迎风向女儿墙处；随着上游屋面宽度增加，下游迎风向女儿墙处漂移积雪的峰值深度存在递增趋势，且随着风速增加，搬移堆积作用会增强；上游屋面宽度和地面降雪量对女儿墙处峰值雪深有较大影响，风速对于峰值雪深的影响依赖于地面降雪量，降雪越大，风速的影响越大，反之减小；女儿墙处堆雪长度与女儿墙高度比值多维持在3.75左右，建议我国规范中堆雪长度与女儿墙高度比值取4.0。     

Effect of aspect ratio on the aerodynamic performance and correlation of square section building exposed to twisted wind profile

This study investigates the aerodynamic performance of three square-section buildings with different aspect ratio (AR = 1:1, 1:4, and 1:6) exposed to twisted wind profile (TWP) by pressure measurement test. The effect of AR on the correlation of wind loads specifically for TWP is systematically revealed from both time–frequency domain and local–global perspective. Results show that compared with its counterparts in conventional wind profile (CWP), the effect of AR on aerodynamic load under TWP becomes significantly different and more prominent, which can be categorized into two types of patterns. For pattern low-rise building, TWP is more resembling the condition of CWP with certain attack angle. For pattern high-rise building, TWP results in stronger momentum exchange along building height but suppresses fluctuating feature associated with Karman vortex. As a result, under TWP, mean base moments of all buildings are enhanced except for longitudinal component of case AR = 1:4 and 1:6; while the fluctuating base moment for three AR cases is all reduced, which indicates that dynamic pattern of wake flow is suppressed. Moreover, the discrepancy of local wind load between case CWP and TWP concentrates on the lower-middle location for high-rise building but distributed evenly along all low-rise building height. Additionally, it is found that the effect of AR on aerodynamic correlation exhibits different mechanisms and patterns when building is under the impact of CWP or TWP.     

Across‐wind dynamic response of high‐rise building under wind action with interference effects from one and two tall buildings

Systematic studies on the across‐wind dynamic interference effects on two and three tall buildings are presented in this paper. It is found that surrounding and upstream interfering building(s) can significantly affect the across‐wind load on the interfered principal building. Generally speaking, two interfering buildings can cause more adverse dynamic effects on the principal building than a single one does. The results show that the maximum interference factor (IF) among three buildings increases 80% over that between two buildings in terrain category B which has been defined in Chinese load code for design of building structures; a noticeable difference of 29% of IF is also observed in terrain category D. Vortex shedding from the upstream buildings can lead to vortex‐induced resonance, resulting in excessive across‐wind loads on the downstream building. Although interference effects in terrain category D are much smaller than those in exposure category B, the maximum IF is found to be 1·83 in the case of three buildings with the same size in terrain category D and 2·27 in other configurations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

受扰高层建筑的风致响应分析

受扰状态下高层建筑的静动力响应明显不同于单体建筑。以一实际姊妹塔楼为研究对象,根据风洞试验中获得的风压分布结果,计算塔楼结构的风致响应。风洞试验及结构响应计算不仅考虑了两栋塔楼同时存在的情况,还考虑一栋塔楼先期建成,另一塔楼尚未建造的情况。细致分析了不同风向下结构的平均及脉动位移响应、静动力干扰因子的特点。结果表明,施扰建筑位于受扰建筑正前方时具有最大的干扰效应,此时受扰塔楼的总位移峰值最小;而当受扰建筑处于施扰建筑下游时,在风向偏斜时,受扰塔楼的总位移峰值最大。     

周边建筑对低矮建筑平屋面风荷载的干扰因子

低矮建筑通常都是成群出现的,周边建筑对被包围建筑的风荷载存在干扰效应。通过刚性模型表面测压风洞试验对被同类周边建筑所包围的平屋面低矮建筑表面风压系数进行测量,分析周边建筑的建筑面积密度、相对高度及排列方式对被包围建筑平屋面上的最大局部负风压及最大屋面升力的干扰因子的影响。试验结果显示,最大局部负风压的干扰因子除少数周边建筑面积密度很低或相对高度较矮时大于1.0外,多数情况下都小于1.0;所有存在周边建筑的试验工况中最大屋面升力的干扰因子总是小于1.0;两个干扰因子都随周边建筑面积密度的增大而减小;当周边建筑的相对高度小于1.0时,两个干扰因子都随周边建筑相对高度的增大而减小,但当周边建筑的相对高度大于1.0时,两个干扰因子对周边建筑相对高度的变化不敏感。基于上述试验结果,将两个干扰因子拟合成周边建筑面积密度及相对高度的函数形式,为低矮建筑的设计提供依据,为建筑结构荷载规范的修订提供参考。     

The mutual influence of two buildings on their wind-driven rain exposure and comments on the obstruction factor

Wind-driven rain (WDR) deposition on a two-building configuration is studied with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The configuration consists of a high-rise building screened by a low-rise building. Validation of the wind-flow simulations is performed with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements in a wind tunnel. Raindrop motion is simulated by Lagrangian particle tracking in the mean wind-flow pattern with a reference wind speed U₁₀=10 m/s. Horizontal rainfall intensities R_h=5 and 30 mm/h are considered. Simulations of WDR are performed for the two-building configuration and for each building separately, to analyse the mutual influence of the buildings on their WDR deposition pattern. The simulation results indicate that this influence is very pronounced and that it is to some extent opposite to what might be expected. The low-rise building influences the deposition on the high-rise building (downstream disturbance), not by partly shielding it from wind and WDR, but by increasing the strength of the standing vortex between the two buildings. This locally increases WDR intensities on the high-rise building facade by more than a factor 2 for both R_h=5 and 30 mm/h. On the other hand, the high-rise building influences deposition on the low-rise building facade (upstream disturbance) by the wind-blocking effect. This effect yields a reduction in WDR deposition on the low-rise building facade by up to about 25% for both R_h=5 and 30 mm/h. In the European standard draft for WDR assessment, the mutual influence can only be taken into account by a simplified reduction factor, called the obstruction factor. It only considers downstream disturbances, and does not consider the possibility of increased WDR deposition due to neighbouring buildings. Care should therefore be exercised when using the current version of the obstruction factor to determine WDR exposure.     

外形几何参数对低矮建筑双坡屋盖升力系数极值的影响

对一系列低矮建筑双坡屋盖的刚性模型测压风洞试验数据进行了处理,研究了屋盖升力系数极值的特征,讨论了最不利屋盖升力系数随建筑外形几何参数的变化规律。研究结果表明,屋盖坡角的变化对最不利屋盖升力系数有重要影响：对高宽比相同的低矮建筑,屋面最大升力系数随屋盖坡角增大而减小,且建筑的厚宽比越大,这种趋势越剧烈;最不利屋盖升力系数随着建筑高宽比的增大而增大,但这种增大的趋势随着屋盖坡角的增大而减小。基于这些数据,用多参数最小二乘法将最不利屋盖升力系数拟合成了屋盖坡角、建筑高宽比和厚宽比的函数形式,并对拟合函数进行了误差分析。所得结论及拟合公式可为低矮建筑的结构设计及相关荷载规范的制订和修改提供参考。     

Effect of building length on wind loads on low-rise buildings with a steep roof pitch

A wind tunnel model study was carried out on long, low-rise buildings with a steep roof pitch to determine the effect of the length-to-span aspect ratio on the external wind pressure distributions. The study showed a significant increase in the magnitude of the negative pressure coefficients on the leeward roof and wall, with an increase in aspect ratio, for oblique approach winds. These large suction pressures also generate large design wind load effects on the frames near the gable-end. The 1989 edition of the Australian standard for wind loads, AS 1170.2-1989 was found to underestimate the wind loads on steep pitch gable-roof buildings of aspect ratio greater than 3, on areas near the windward gable-end, and hence the critical bending moments in the supporting structural frames. The current Australian/New Zealand wind load standard, AS/NZS 1170.2-2002 specifies increased negative pressure coefficients on the leeward half of high pitch roof buildings, and critical bending moments in the supporting frames calculated from these distributions agree quite well with values obtained from the wind tunnel study. However, other major standards severely underestimate the critical bending moments, and the effective pressure coefficients producing those bending moments, especially on the leeward roof slope.     

高层建筑群静力干扰效应的试验研究

采用力天平技术 ,用风洞试验方法研究了 5种不同高度和宽度比的一个和两个施扰建筑物在不同间距和地貌条件下对受扰建筑的静力干扰影响。分析中采用神经网络、统计分析等方法对不同影响因素进行分析和对比 ,采用了一种比较简洁的方式 ,描述三个建筑物间的风致干扰特性 ,解决了三个建筑物的静力干扰效应难以表示的难点。结果显示 :对于顺风向静力干扰而言 ,干扰因子基本都小于 1,呈现遮挡效应。但同时也发现 ,由于狭管效应 ,处于并列布置时的某些配置的最大干扰因子值可高达 1 2 ,即此时结构在受扰后的平均荷载有可能比其孤立状态增加 2 0 %。一般情况下 ,遮挡效应随施扰建筑物的宽度的增大而增大 ,但狭管效应也会随之增强。高度比小于 0 5的施扰建筑的影响可以忽略不计 ,对干扰效应有较明显影响的高度比在 0 5～ 1 0之间 ,高度比超过此范围的建筑物的遮挡影响基本和高度比为 1的一致 ,但狭管效应则会更为明显。     

平面T形低矮房屋风荷载特性风洞试验与数值分析

对复杂体型的平面T形低矮双坡屋面房屋的风荷载特性进行了风洞试验研究,得到了屋面风压系数以及各屋面体型系数的变化规律;采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了数值风洞模型,在数值分析结果与风洞试验结果吻合良好的基础上,对影响屋面平均风压系数及体型系数的风攻角、屋面坡角、檐口高度、房屋几何尺寸和屋面形式等参数进行了详细分析。结果表明:屋面坡角和风攻角对屋面风压系数的影响显著;在不同风攻角作用下,迎风屋面屋檐及屋脊附近形成较高负压;当屋面处于背风区域时,风压系数分布较均匀;四坡屋面坡角为30°时屋脊背风区域易形成较大负压,局部更易遭受破坏。     

Case studies in building smoke control

Smoke control systems for three buildings are described. Each of the buildings is low-rise three or four stories high. In each case a smoke control system using the HVAC system to limit or direct smoke migration from large portions of occupied space was used. Each of the buildings contained an interconnected space through the height of the building. One of the buildings uses a mall concept; the second, a modular concept of multiatria; and the third, a lobby concept. The results of smoke control tests for each building are presented. It was found that a building pressurization system with roof vents failed to satisfy the smoke control criteria of limiting smoke spread from one floor to another. The design was changed to provide exhaust fans at the roof, which were subsequently tested and performed satisfactorily. Tests of the lobby concept and of the multi-atria were satisfactory.     

低层坡屋面房屋风荷载特性风洞试验研究

对低层双坡屋面和四坡屋面建筑进行了风洞试验研究,考虑了屋面形式、屋面坡度、来流方向和挑檐长度等不同因素对屋面风压分布的影响,分析了屋面平均和脉动风压系数的分布特性。结果表明,0°风向角（来流垂直吹向屋脊）、屋面坡度为30°时,迎风屋面屋檐及屋脊附近形成较高负压,迎风屋面风压系数呈环状分布;屋面坡度为15°时,迎风屋面风压系数呈阶梯状分布。屋面体型系数受风向角、屋面坡度和屋面形式的影响较大：0°风向角、双坡屋面模型中,15°屋面坡度迎风屋面体型系数为30°屋面坡度的2.76倍;四坡屋面模型中,15°屋面坡度迎风屋面体型系数为30°屋面坡度的228倍;背风屋面体型系数受屋面坡度的影响较小;0°和45°风向角下,对于15°和30°屋面坡度,当屋面坡度相同,屋面形式由双坡改为四坡时,迎风屋面的体型系数绝对值有所增大,屋面更容易受力破坏,但对背风屋面的影响较小。     

近地台风风场特性及低矮房屋风荷载现场实测研究

通过研制的可移动平坡屋面实验房风压及台风风场现场实测系统,研究近地台风风场特性和低矮房屋表面风荷载分布规律。基于实验房获取到的10余次近地台风风速和风压实测数据,对近地台风风场湍流特征参数如湍流强度、阵风因子、湍流积分尺度及脉动风速功率谱等,按来流不同方位地貌状况进行分类研究;同时分析了斜向强风最不利工况下,屋面角部区域风压分布特征。分析结果表明: A、B、C类地貌条件下,台风顺风向湍流强度均值分别为0.13, 0.21, 0.32;阵风因子同湍流强度正相关,湍流积分尺度随湍流强度增加而减少;与季风相比,台风眼壁区域的顺风向脉动风速功率谱密度值略大于季风的实测值,而横风向脉动风速功率谱密度值显著大于季风的实测值;在低频和惯性子区范围,台风眼壁区域的顺风向脉动风速von Karman和Harris谱拟合值与实测值吻合较好;在斜向风作用下迎风屋檐角部边缘测点区域具有较高峰值负压和脉动风压,峰值负压系数达-13.5。