纤维增强树脂基复合材料防弹性能影响因素及破坏机制

以超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维、S-玻璃纤维、芳纶1414纤维和杂环芳纶纤维增强聚烯烃(Polyolefin,PO)和水性聚氨酯(Waterborne Polyurethane,WPU)树脂,采用热压工艺制备正交单向无纬(UD)结构复合材料装甲板;通过装甲板弹道极限速度测试,研究了纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板防弹性能的影响因素;通过体视显微镜观察装甲板侵彻破坏形貌,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的破坏机制。结果表明:UHMWPE纤维增强PO树脂基复合材料的防弹性能与UHMWPE纤维的强度和模量呈正相关,但纤维模量对复合材料防弹性能的影响随着纤维模量的增大而逐渐变弱;在WPU树脂体系下,四种纤维的防弹性能由高到低依次是UHMWPE纤维、杂环芳纶纤维、芳纶1414纤维、S-玻璃纤维;纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板中纤维破坏方式有迎弹面纤维被剪切冲塞、中部被纤维拉伸变形后剪切、背弹面纤维被拉伸断裂,中部纤维拉伸变形是消耗子弹动能的主要方式。     

对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维/环氧树脂复合材料防弹性能及其破坏机制

为研究对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维/环氧树脂（Epoxy resin,EP）复合材料的防弹性能及其破坏机制,采用铅芯弹侵彻复合材料靶片。以对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维作增强纤维,EP作基体树脂,纳米SiO₂和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（Polyvinyl butyral,PVB）作增韧剂,通过热压工艺制备单向（Unidirectional,UD）结构的对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维/EP复合材料靶片。研究单片纤维面密度、UD片材结构、射击角度和树脂改性对靶片防弹性能的影响;观察弹击实验后靶片的破坏形貌,分析靶片的破坏机制。研究结果表明:对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维/EP复合材料具有优异的防弹性能,随着单层纤维面密度的增大,靶片的防弹性能呈现整体上升、局部上下波动的变化趋势;铺层方式为0°/90°/0°/90°的四层单UD片材（4UD）结构的防弹性能优于铺层方式为0°/90°的两层单UD片材（2UD）结构;角度射击时,靶片的穿透比率更大,背衬凹陷深度（Back face signature,BFS）比率更小;PVB增韧改性EP提升了靶片的防弹性能;纤维拉伸变形破坏、片材分层和基体树脂碎裂是复合材料靶片主要的吸能方式。      

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维增强防弹复合材料研究进展

介绍了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维的特点、种类及编织结构,分析了UHMWPE纤维复合材料的防弹机理,总结了UHMWPE纤维的编织结构、树脂基体性能、界面性能等因素对防弹性能的影响,归纳了UHMWPE纤维防弹复合材料的优缺点,并对UHMWPE纤维复合材料的发展进行了展望。     

防弹复合材料结构及其防弹机理

探讨了弹块与防弹复合材料的作用机理,分析弹块在侵彻过程中复合材料吸能方式和破坏模式的变化,提出了防弹复合材料的结构设计概念.分别研究了单根纤维性能、织物结构、树脂性能、基体含量和复合材料界面粘接强度等因素对防弹性能的影响,并指出目前存在的不足,以期为今后防弹复合材料的结构设计提供借鉴.     

自行火炮复合材料防弹机理分析

分析了纺织复合材料和陶瓷的低速冲击性能，并以此为理论基础，剖析陶瓷／复合材料装甲板受弹头冲击时的防弹机理，并建立此过程的动态分析模型，讨论和预测复合装甲的损伤和破坏，为复合材料在复合装甲上的应用和防弹能力预测提供理论分析依据。     

高强型聚酰亚胺纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料防弹性能研究

采用S35高强型聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维作为增强体，热塑性树脂作为基体，采用热压工艺制备了织物结构和正交单向无纬(UD)结构复合材料靶板，通过弹道极限速度测试和背部变形测试，研究了增强体结构和界面结合强度对PI纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料防弹性能的影响。结果表明：高强型聚酰亚胺纤维表现出了优异的防弹性能；UD结构靶板更适用于防铅芯弹；织物结构靶板更适用于防破片；当界面剥离强度由5.45N/cm提高到26.44N/cm时，剥离后界面处的纤维表面形貌的破坏程度逐渐增加。当侵彻体为5.6g铅芯弹时，随着界面剥离强度的提高，复合材料靶板的防弹性能呈现出先提高后降低的趋势；并且靶板的背部变形逐渐减小，进一步证明了界面结合强度对复合材料靶板防弹性能的影响。     

高性能纤维在防弹复合材料中的应用

探讨了纤维增强防弹复合材料的防弹机理,阐述了多种高性能纤维的优势与不足。重点介绍了Kevlar纤维、UHMWPE纤维、碳纤维、PBO纤维以及多种高性能纤维混杂工艺在防弹复合材料中的应用。最后展望了未来纤维增强防弹复合材料的发展方向,指出为满足未来对防弹材料的多方面高性能要求,对各种高性能纤维进行适当混杂是未来高性能防弹材料的发展方向。     

纤维复合材料的弹道吸能研究

本文通过大量的实弹试验考察与分析了芳纶、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、玻璃纤维、碳纤维复合材料弹道吸能随面密度、弹速、成型压力、树脂基体含量等改变而变化的规律, 揭示出不同纤维复合材料在不同条件下的防弹能力。研究结果对防弹复合材料及其轻质复合装甲的优化设计具有较重要的参考意义。      

玄武岩纤维增强复合材料抗弹性能试验研究

摘要：为了研究玄武岩纤维增强复合材料的抗弹性能,利用不同树脂基体制作了玄武岩纤维增强复合材料靶板试件,进行了弹道测试。研究了玄武岩纤维增强复合材料的抗侵彻性能和典型破坏模式,并分析了不同树脂基体和不同铺层方式对靶板防弹效果的影响。研究表明,玄武岩纤维增强复合材料在受弹体侵彻时,主要呈现局部破坏,破坏形式是迎弹面的纤维剪切失效、背弹面的拉伸断裂失效。另外,根据轻型防护的要求,提出设计新型防护结构的思路。研究结果可以为轻型复合装甲设计提供参考。     

碳纤维-玻璃纤维混杂增强环氧树脂复合材料低速冲击性能及其模拟

本文基于实验和数值模拟方法研究了碳纤维-玻璃纤维混杂增强环氧树脂复合材料低速冲击性能。采用商业有限元软件ABAQUS建立了层间/层内两类混杂复合材料低速冲击模型,采用基于应变形式的Hashin失效准则模拟面内损伤;零厚度Cohesive内聚力单元预测层间分层;编写VUMAT子程序定义渐进失效过程,并结合C扫和Micro-CT扫描,分析了复合材料内部微观损伤形貌及损伤分布情况。结果表明,层间混杂结构复合材料的抗冲击性能更优,其中铺层形式为I-C的混杂复合材料抗冲击性能最佳,冲击面为玻璃纤维时混杂结构复合材料对冲击响应区别不明显,CN-1层内混杂结构复合材料抗冲击性能优于CN-2层内混杂结构复合材料。低速冲击损伤主要为冲击处纤维断裂、基体破坏及界面分层,混杂结构可有效降低冲击破坏,层间混杂结构中玻璃纤维层损伤较大,层内混杂结构损伤受混杂界面影响,碳纤维束对临近的玻璃纤维束具有保护作用。      

Ballistic Penetration of Dyneema Fiber Laminate

UHMWPE fiber (Dyneema) reinforced composites are an important class of materials for armors.These materials provide superior ballistic performance to the armor, such as the military armor systems requiring a reduction in back-armor effects or a substrate for hardened facings of steet or ceramic. The reported work characterized the ballistic impact and mechanical performance of Dyneema fiber in composite laminates. The capability of the laminate to absorb ballistic impact energy was influenced by the impact velocity and the laminate areal density. Two kinds of penetration were compared and a two-step model for the penetration was proposed.     

Improving the ballistic performance of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced composites using conch particles

A new method was proposed to improve ballistic impact performance of unidirectional ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber plate (UD plate) by adding shell particles in matrix. The complex micro-laminate structure of these bio-composite materials was studied. It was revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra that modified shell particles were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. The results of ballistic tests and temperature adaptation tests demonstrated that the bulletproof property of the modified UD plate was improved by 20%.     

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维/水性聚氨酯复合材料层压板抗软钢芯弹侵彻性能及其损伤机制

选用碳纳米粒子(CNPs)原位改性和未改性的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维作为增强纤维,水性聚氨酯(WPU)作为树脂基体,采用缠绕-复合-热压工艺制备单向(UD)正交结构的UHMWPE纤维/WPU复合材料层压板。基于X射线计算机断层扫描(CT)技术,研究UHMWPE纤维/WPU复合材料层压板在7.62 mm×39 mm软钢芯弹以弹速为(720±10) m/s侵彻下的弹道响应。结果表明,UHMWPE纤维的CNPs原位改性提高了CNPs-UHMWPE纤维/WPU复合材料层压板抗单发侵彻性能,但会降低其抗多发打击的能力。对于未被穿透的层压板,其被侵彻过程可分为三个阶段,依次为剪切冲塞、断裂破坏和剩余子层的塑性变形,且每个阶段的厚度比依次为11.51%、44.40%和44.09%;层压板的分层响应主要发生在第二阶段,并集中在弹着点附近;每发弹丸侵彻导致层压板的破坏区域包含在以弹着点为圆心、直径约为70 mm的圆内。      

Ballistic impact response of laminated hybrid materials made of 5086-H32 aluminum alloy,epoxy and Kevlar® fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid

The ballistic impact behavior of hybrid composite laminates synthesized for armor protection was investigated. The hybrid materials, which consist of layers of aluminum 5086-H32 alloy, Kevlar® 49 fibers impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF) and epoxy resin were produced in different configurations using hand lay-up technique. The hybrid materials were impacted by projectiles (ammunitions of 150 g power-point) fired from a rifle Remington 7600 caliber 270 Winchester to strike the target at an average impact velocity and impact energy of 871 m/s and 3687 J, respectively. The roles of the various components of the hybrid materials in resisting projectile penetration were evaluated in order to determine their effects on the overall ballistic performance of the hybrid laminates. The effects of hybrid material configuration on energy dissipation during ballistic impacts were investigated in order to determine a configuration with high performance for application as protective armor. The energy dissipation capability of the hybrid composite targets was compared with the initial impact energy of low caliber weapons (according to NATO standards) in order to determinate the protection level achieved by the developed hybrid laminates. Deformation analysis and penetration behavior of the targets were studied in different stages; the initial (on target front faces), intermediate (cross-section), and final stages (target rear layers). The influence of target thickness on the ballistic impact response of the laminates were analyzed. Differences in ballistic behavior were observed for samples containing Kevlar® impregnated with STF and those containing no STF. Finally, mechanisms of failure were investigated using scanning electron microscopic examination of the perforations.     

弹道防护用先进复合材料弹道响应的研究进展

本文对弹道防护用先进复合材料的弹道响应研究及其在工程领域的应用现状进行了综述。首先,基于工程应用研究的试验结果,对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维、对位芳香族聚酰胺(PPTA)纤维、芳Ⅲ纤维、聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑(PBO)纤维和聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维等高性能纤维的防弹性能及其复合材料在弹道防护工程领域的应用现状进行了概述,近年来先进复合材料的防弹性能随着纤维力学性能的突破而逐渐提高;其次,讨论了先进复合材料弹道响应的影响因素及其作用机制,发现先进复合材料的塑性拉伸变形是其抵挡弹丸侵彻的主要防弹机制;最后,对弹道防护用先进复合材料的研究方向进行了展望。      

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的液相氧化改性及其环氧树脂基复合材料的力学和摩擦性能

为增强超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维与环氧树脂(EP)基体之间的界面粘结强度,采用重铬酸钾溶液对UHMWPE纤维进行表面改性并制备UHMWPE纤维/EP复合材料。结果表明,UHMWPE纤维经液相氧化后表面刻蚀痕迹明显,表面粗糙度明显增加,结晶度增加了11.3%,与乙二醇的接触角减小了14.12°。与纯环氧树脂相比,纤维含量为0.4%的未改性UHMWPE纤维/EP复合材料的拉伸强度降低18.04%,纤维含量为0.6%的液相氧化改性UHMWPE纤维/EP复合材料的拉伸强度降低51.55%,未改性UHMWPE(纤维含量0.5%)和液相氧化改性UHMWPE(纤维含量0.4%)纤维/EP复合材料的冲击强度分别提升了3.29%和4.39%。当纤维含量为0.3%时,液相氧化改性UHMWPE纤维/EP复合材料的弯曲强度比纯环氧树脂增加6.55%,比未改性UHMWPE纤维/EP复合材料增加19%。当纤维含量由0增大到0.5%时,改性和未改性UHMWPE纤维/EP复合材料的摩擦系数先增加后减小。     

Ballistic-performance optimization of a hybrid carbon-nanotube/E-glass reinforced poly-vinyl-ester-epoxy-matrix composite armor

The material model for a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced poly-vinyl-ester-epoxy matrix composite material (carbon nanotube reinforced composite mats, in the following) developed in our recent work (M. Grujicic et al. submitted), has been used in the present work within a transient non-linear dynamics analysis to carry out design optimization of a hybrid polymer-matrix composite armor for the ballistic performance with respect to the impact by a fragment simulating projectile (FSP). The armor is constructed from E-glass continuous-fiber poly-vinyl-ester-epoxy matrix composite laminas interlaced with the carbon nanotube reinforced composite mats. Different designs of the hybrid armor are obtained by varying the location and the thickness of the carbon nanotube reinforced composite mats. The results obtained indicate that at a fixed thickness of the armor, both the position and the thickness of the carbon nanotube reinforced composite mats affect the ballistic performance of the armor. Specifically, it is found that the best performance of the armor is obtained when thicker carbon nanotube reinforced composite mats are placed near the front armor face, the face which is struck by the projectile. The results obtained are rationalized using an analysis of the elastic wave reflection and transmission behavior at the lamina/met and laminate/air interfaces.     

A unit cell approach of finite element calculation of ballistic impact damage of 3-D orthogonal woven composite

This paper presents ballistic impact damages of 3-D orthogonal woven composite in finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental. A unit-cell model of the 3-D woven composite was developed to define the material behavior and failure evolution. A user-defined subroutine VUAMT was compiled and connected with commercial available FEA code ABAQUS/Explicit to calculate the ballistic penetration. Ballistic impact tests were conducted to investigate impact damage of 3-D kevlar/glass hybrid woven composite. Residual velocities of conically-cylindrical steel projectiles (Type 56 in China Military Standard) and impact damage of the composite targets after ballistic perforation were compared both in theoretical and experimental. The reasonable agreements between FEA results and experimental results prove the validity of the unit-cell model in ballistic limit prediction of the 3-D woven composite. We believe such an effort could be extended to bulletproof armor design with the 3-D woven composite.