大亚湾石化海堤波浪越浪量及稳定性物理模型试验研究

通过物理模型试验,测试了大亚湾石化区已建4类海堤（ A类、 B1类、 B2类、 C类）断面在不同潮位的波浪作用下所产生的爬高及越浪量,同时验证海堤迎浪面护面块体的稳定性,为海堤设计提供了技术依据。     

潜堤消浪防护试验探析

该文结合长乐外文武海堤提级改造工程,以该工程南堤桩号2+332为典型断面,开展潜堤断面波浪物理模型试验研究,分析潜堤断面结构稳定性、平面布置合理性和消浪效果等,为优化潜堤断面设计提供科学依据。试验结果表明:在该断面原设计方案基础上,潜堤堤前随机抛投两层人工扭王字块体能起到很好的防护作用,满足结构稳定性设计要求;潜堤距原海堤堤脚35 m,堤顶高程不变,坡比不变,堤顶宽10 m,平面布置合理,满足越浪要求;潜堤距原海堤堤脚35 m时,消浪效果最好。     

漩门二期蓄谈围垦工程海堤高程防潮标准模型试验研究

漩门二期蓄谈围垦工程海堤于2005年竣工,各段海堤均发生了不同程度的固结变形,按现行相关规范要求部分堤段高程已不满足规范设计要求,亟需对该段海堤进行相关防潮标准物理模型试验。本次选取工后沉降最大的断面,按设计水文要素对选取断面进行越浪量物理模型试验验证。试验结果表明,海堤固结沉降最大断面,波浪爬高和越浪量仍可满足规范,与规范计算值保持较强的一致性。     

波浪模型试验在兴凯湖护岸工程中的应用

文章针对湖面宽广、水较深、风浪大、原护岸损坏严重且浅层地质为砂层的特点,首次对兴凯湖多种生态护岸断面进行波浪断面物理模型试验。试验首先在波浪作用下测量了岸滩不同位置处的波高及底流速,验证了岸滩变化前护岸各设计断面的稳定性,观测了堤顶越浪量;然后研究建设护岸后的岸滩坡面形态演变;再在岸滩侵蚀变形后,验证了各设计护岸断面结构型式在波浪作用下的稳定性,观测了堤顶越浪量。设计根据试验结果进行护岸断面优化比选,目前护岸已经成功运行多年。此经验可供类似项目设计时研究参考。     

不同护坡条件下波浪溢流海堤内坡水动力特征

波浪溢流指强风暴潮引起堤前水位超过堤顶,海堤受到的越浪与溢流联合作用。波浪溢流一旦发生,极易引起大范围的海堤内坡侵蚀乃至溃堤,产生灾难性后果。基于1:1的大型水槽试验,分析了波浪溢流过程中不同海堤内坡护坡条件下(碾压混凝土、铰接式护坡砖和高性能加筋草皮)海堤内坡水力学特征;建立了相应的内坡平均水深和平均流速计算模型,计算结果表明波浪溢流过程中海堤内坡上的波高分布仍符合瑞利分布,并分析了内坡上的特征波高和特征峰值水深之间的换算关系;提出了波浪溢流过程中海堤内坡上的均方根波高和波速经验计算式。     

应对超高水位的海堤加高方案波浪模型试验研究

通过对波浪越浪量、波压力等要素的测定与分析,对超高水位及相应台风大浪下的海堤加高方案进行了初步探索。试验实例表明,在堤顶内侧设置一定高度的挡墙可挡住越浪水体下部的楔形连片水体,从而有效减少作用于海堤背坡的越浪量,该例中堤顶内侧挡墙的实测最大越浪压力达到148.8 kPa,作用位置可在挡墙底部或近底部。     

温州浅滩南围堤工程波浪模拟研究

由于海堤结构断面和波浪作用条件较复杂,波浪爬高和越浪量的计算与现有经验公式的适用条件不完全一致,根据《浙江省海塘工程技术规定》,要求结合波浪模型试验来确定堤顶高程和护面结构。为了确定经济、安全、合理的海堤断面,对温州浅滩南围堤工程进行海堤断面波浪模型试验,提出了设计断面优化方案。     

斜坡式海堤结构尺度对越浪量的影响研究

为系统研究坡式海堤结构尺度对越浪量的影响,开展了相关波浪水槽试验,在观察越浪量试验现象的基础上,分别研究了斜坡坡度、防浪墙顶超高、防浪墙高度对斜坡式海堤越浪量的影响。结果表明:防浪墙顶超高对越浪量的影响最为显著,越浪量随防浪墙顶超高的增大而减小,且减小趋势随之变缓,无量纲形式下的越浪量随相对防浪墙顶超高的增大呈现较明显的指数递减关系;随着斜坡坡度的增大,因斜坡面上损耗能量的增加大于反射能量的减少,越浪量总体呈现减小的变化趋势,斜坡坡度对越浪量的影响不及防浪墙顶超高;防浪墙顶超高一旦确定,防浪墙高度对越浪量的影响相对较小。     

海堤工程波浪溢流问题研究进展

为了对全球气候变化背景下的海堤安全提供参考,回顾了波浪溢流研究的发展历程,从波浪溢流引起的越堤流量、内坡水流特征、越堤水流紊动特征等方面对波浪溢流相关的最新研究成果进行综述,认为波浪溢流的基本水力学参数均能够较为合理地计算得出。在此基础上分析了溢流、越浪、波浪溢流的等价性,指出了下一步需要针对波浪溢流区别于越浪的水动力特征及其对海堤作用与越浪对海堤作用的异同开展研究,为海堤的设计、评估和加固提供依据。     

海堤设计中的若干问题探讨

结合新颁布的海堤设计规范和工程实例,对海堤工程设计中海堤的界定、海堤防潮（洪）标准、设计波浪要素计算、复式斜坡堤波浪爬高计算及按控制越浪量确定堤顶高程等几个问题进行了探讨,提出海堤应以波高来界定、修建消浪平台的最佳位置为静水位附近、最佳宽度为入射波长的1/4及海堤设计应该直接以控制越浪量确定堤顶高程。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.