氧化物弥散强化材料的搅拌摩擦焊分析

为了探索搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于氧化物弥散强化材料的可焊接性及其基本特点,文中对厚度为4 mm的氧化物弥散强化铜合金进行了焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微维氏硬度进行了分析. 发现焊接接头横截面由搅拌区、热力影响区、热影响区和母材区4部分组成. 前进侧热影响区与热力影响区形成明显的分界线,后退侧则相对模糊. 搅拌区的组织为细小的等轴晶粒,出现了洋葱环和L线,热力影响区晶粒沿一定方向发生形变,热影响区组织粗化. 沿焊缝横截面的显微维氏硬度呈V形分布,其中搅拌区硬度值最低.     

X80M管线钢铜衬垫外根焊接头冷裂敏感性分析

开展了不同装配条件下大厚度、大管径X80M管线钢铜衬垫外根焊接头的冷裂敏感性分析. 采用碳当量法和应力场模拟等方法,研究了不同装配条件对接头冷裂倾向的影响. 结果表明,接头顶部盖面层的热影响区和底部根焊层是X80M管线钢焊接接头的最薄弱区域,冷裂倾向最大. 对口间隙从0 ~ 0.5 mm增大至0.6 ~ 1 mm后,焊缝区根焊层的相对碳当量提高16.6%,增大了冷裂倾向. 错边量提高使得接头盖面层热影响区淬硬性增大,冷裂敏感性增大. 错边量和对口间隙增加均会导致焊后残余拉应力的进一步增大,错边量增大也会导致接头错边区域存在应力集中,错边量从0 mm增加为3 mm,其焊缝区根焊层凹角处残余应力峰值增加52.4%. 因此,X80M管线钢电弧焊接过程需尽量减小对口间隙和错边量以降低冷裂倾向.     

Structure and mechanical property of TC17 linear friction welding joint

TC17 titanium alloy which usually used on the fan and compressor disk were selected. Microstructure and mechanical property of joint were investigated. Microstructure character of different part of joint was analyzed also. Results showed that the joints included three zones, base metal(BM), thermal mechanical affected zone(TMAZ) and weld zone(WZ). The microstructure of joint middle part was equiaxial grains, but the bottom part was the elongated grains. Dynamic recrystallation happened at the weld zone. Tensile test result showed that joint tensile strength equal to that of the TC17 base metal. The average hardness value of the HAZ was 486 HV which was higher than that in the BM and WZ.     

TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能

文中针对航空发动机风扇及压气机盘TC17钛合金材料,开展了接头组织分析、拉伸性能测试及硬度测试,分析了接头不同部位组织特征及形成原因.结果表明,接头明显分为母材区（BM）、热力影响区（TMAZ）和焊合区（WZ）,焊接接头中部热力影响区的组织表现为等轴晶粒,而靠近焊缝边缘处热力影响区的晶粒表现为沿着受力方向被拉长,焊合区发生了动态再结晶;接头的拉伸性能与母材相当;接头热力影响区的硬度高于母材和焊合区,平均硬度为486 HV.     

Rotating arc horizontal narrow gap welding of high strength quenched and tempered steel

Rotating arc horizontal narrow gap welding of quenched & tempered ( Q&T) steel was innovatively performed for solving the bottleneck that the molten pool sagged due to the gravity. The shapely multilayer single pass horizontal joint could be obtained by using the rotating arc welding process. The cold crack was not observed in the joint without controlling the heat input and selecting the consumables intentionally. Mkrostructure of the joint could be divided into three zones:base metal zone ( BMZ) , heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld zone ( WZ). Because of the characteristic of the rotating arc horizontal welding process, the defects in the joints were slag inclusion formed at the inUrlayer of lower side wall. The tensile strength and hardness of HAZ and WZ were larger than those of BMZ. The impact toughness in WZ, HAZ and BM at 0℃ is equal to 115, 212 and 236 J, respectively.     

Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Al–Mg–Si alloy self-reacting friction stir welded joints

The 5?mm thick Al–Mg–Si alloy was self-reacting friction stir welded using the specially designed tool at a constant rotation speed of 400?rev?min^?1 with various welding speeds. Defect-free welds were successfully obtained with welding speeds ranging from 150 to 350?mm?min^?1, while pore defects were formed in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) at a welding speed of 450?mm?min^?1. Band patterns were observed at the advancing side of WNZ. Grain size and distribution of the precipitated phase in different regions of the joints varied depending on the welding speed. The hardness of the weld was obviously lower than that of the base metal, and the lowest hardness location was in the heat affected zone (HAZ). Results of transverse tensile tests indicated that the defective joint fractured in the WNZ with the lowest tensile strength, while the fracture location of the defect-free joints changed to the HAZ.     

焊接热输入对铝/镀锌钢CMT熔-钎焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用ER4043焊丝对5052铝/Q235镀锌钢进行CMT熔-钎焊,研究焊接热输入对接头组织及性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝熔宽、热影响区粗化程度、界面层硬度及厚度均随热输入的增加而增大,过热组织粗化导致拉伸试样在铝母材热影响区断裂.熔焊区组织主要为垂直于基底向焊缝中心生长的α-Al树枝晶及Al-Si共晶组织,钎焊区界面层厚度在2.55~6.86μm之间,铝侧界面主要为FeAl₃金属间化合物,呈凹凸不平锯齿状;钢侧界面平滑,主要为Fe₂Al₅(热输入较低时)或FeAl₂,FeAl(热输入较高时).     

TA15钛合金电子束焊焊接接头力学性能

钛合金材料以及相关制造技术是实现飞机先进性的重要基础之一,电子束焊接是钛合金板材一种先进的焊接形式.对TA15钛合金板材电子束焊接试样进行了金相分析和静力试验、疲劳试验和扫描电镜(SEM)分析.结果表明,TA15板材电子束焊焊接接头的焊缝、热影响区和母材的微观组织差别明显;焊缝韧性降低,抗拉强度高于母材;热影响区尺寸较小,在1～2 mm左右,是焊接接头的薄弱部位;疲劳裂纹大多萌生于焊接热影响区区域,疲劳破坏试样断口的SEM分析表明,疲劳裂纹大多起源于焊接热影响区的气孔处.     

RuTi/1060Al脉冲熔化极氩弧熔-钎焊接头组织特征

对RuTi钛合金与1060Al进行脉冲熔化极氩弧熔-钎焊(P-GMAW),采用扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度仪等对RuTi/1060Al接头显微组织进行分析;对焊缝中的析出相及钛合金侧过渡区进行能谱(EDS)元素分布分析.结果表明,RuTi/1060Al接头焊缝由α-Al树枝晶及分布于树枝晶边界的α-Al+Si共晶组织组成.焊缝中出现了由Ti(Al,Si)₃金属间化合物组成的条状、块状析出相.RuTi钛合金与焊缝之间形成了一层厚度小于10 μm、主要由Ti(Al,Si)₃金属间化合物组成的锯齿状过渡区.随着焊接热输入的增加,Ti/Al过渡区由锯齿状向条状变化.钛合金热影响区主要由针状α″马氏体与条状α'马氏体组成,显微硬度为2.16~2.65 GPa.     

等离子弧焊Q345B和430不锈钢异种接头的微观组织与性能

摘要： 采用等离子弧焊对3 mm厚的Q345低合金钢与430不锈钢进行异种钢焊接,并对接头微观组织、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,当转弧电流为100 A时,等离子弧焊Q345B/430异种钢接头的焊缝组织为均匀分布的马氏体及针状铁素体,焊接接头综合性能优良。随着电流的增大,焊缝组织转变为粗大板条马氏体及铁素体。两侧热影响区组织均发生一定程度的粗化,且Q345B侧热影响区出现魏氏组织。焊接接头于焊缝处显微硬度最大,不同转弧电流条件下异种钢显微硬度分布趋势大致相同。不同转弧电流下,焊接接头抗拉强度均与430不锈钢相近,且均断裂在靠近焊缝的430母材侧,转弧电流为100 A时接头抗拉强度最大值427 MPa。焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能与焊接电流呈负相关趋势。 创新点： 试验结果为铁素体低合金钢与铁素体不锈钢异种钢接头的应用提供了工艺数据与支撑。     

Microstructure,Residual Strain and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior in 316L Heat-Affected Zone

Austenitic stainless steels are usually chosen to make many components of nuclear power plants(NPPs).However,their microstructure in the heat-affected zone(HAZ)will change during the welding process.Some failures of the weld joints,mainly stress corrosion cracking(SCC),have been found to be located in the HAZ.In this research,the microstructure,micro-hardness,residual strain and SCC behavior at different locations of the 316L HAZ cut from a safeend dissimilar metal weld joint were studied.However,traditional optical microscope observation could not find any microstructural difference between the HAZ and the base metal,higher residual strain and micro-hardness,and higher fraction of random high-angle grain boundaries were found in the HAZ than in the base metal when studied by using electron back-scattering diffraction scanning and micro-hardness test.What’s more,the residual strain,the microhardness and the fraction of random grain boundaries decreased,while the fraction of coincidence site lattice grain boundaries increased with increasing the distance from the fusion boundary in 316L HAZ.Creviced bent beam test was applied to evaluate the SCC susceptibility at different locations of 316L HAZ and base metal.It was found that the HAZ had higher SCC susceptibility than the base metal and SCC resistance increased when increasing the distance from the fusion boundary in 316L HAZ.     

PM-TZM钼合金电子束焊接特性

为研究PM-TZM钼合金电子束焊接特性,对其进行了电子束焊接试验,分别对接头显微组织及力学性能进行了分析. 结果表明,PM-TZM钼合金电子束焊缝呈“钉状”几何特征,熔合线附近有链状气孔出现. 焊缝区由粗大的等轴晶及柱状晶组成,热影响区晶粒相比于母材明显长大. 接头各区域硬度值不同,焊缝区硬度与母材相当,硬度最低值出现在两侧热影响区.PM-TZM合金电子束焊接接头有较大的性能损失. 接头室温最高抗拉强度378 MPa,为母材抗拉强度的47%,1 000℃抗拉强度168 MPa. 接头拉伸断裂均发生于焊缝区,呈典型的脆性解理断裂特征.     

Evaluation of cryogenic fracture toughness in SMA-welded 9% Ni steels through modified CTOD test

As the first step of the study for the safety performance of LNG storage tank based on the concept of fitness-for-purpose, the change of cryogenic toughness within the X-grooved weld HAZ (heat-affected zone) of SMA (shielded metal arc)-welded QLT (quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering)-processed 9% Ni steels, was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. In general, CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) test is widely used to determine the fracture toughness of steel weldments. But there is no standard or draft for evaluating the toughness of thick weldment with X-groove such as in this case. Therefore, in this study, modified CTOD testing method for fatigue precracking. calculation of CTOD, examination of fractured specimen was proposed and used. And the results of modified test were compared with those of conventional CTOD test and Charpy V-notch impact test. In addition, the relationship between the fracture toughness and microstructure was analyzed by OM, SEM and XRD. The cryogenic toughness in HAZ decreased as the evaluated region approached the fusion line from base metal. The decrease in toughness was apparently caused by the reduction of the retained austenite content and the absence of grain refinement effect in the coarse-grained zone in HAZ. The austenite reduction resulted from the decrease in nucleation sites for α’γ reverse transformation due to the increase in fraction of coarse-grained zone within HAZ. More complex thermal cycles in the mixed zone of weld metal and base metal caused the poor stability of retained austenite in the zone by the redistribution of alloying element in retained austenite. Due to this reason, the toughness drop with decreasing test temperature in F.L. (fusion line)-F.L.+3 mm was larger than that in F.L.+5 mm and F.L.+7 mm.     

焊后热处理对DH36钢焊接接头断裂韧性的影响

文中对DH36钢埋弧焊焊接接头进行了焊后热处理,并根据BS7448标准对焊缝和热影响区进行裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD测试,研究焊后热处理对断裂韧性的影响.结果表明,焊后热处理对焊缝断裂韧性的影响并不一定是好的效果,热处理后,焊缝δ值有的升高有的降低;焊后热处理对热影响区粗晶区的断裂韧性有不利影响,热处理后,热影响区粗晶区的δ值均有所下降.经过焊后热处理,90 mm厚焊缝试样的δ值略有下降,60mm厚焊缝试样的δ值明显升高;90mm厚热影响区试样的δ值明显下降,60mm厚热影响区试样的δ值略有下降.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of RAFM-316L Dissimilar Joints by Friction Stir Welding with Different Butt Joining Modes

Dissimilar welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel and 316L austenitic stainless steel were prepared by friction stir welding with different butt joining modes and welding parameters. The weld quality of the joint was improved by placing the 316L steel on the advancing side and the RAFM steel on the retreating side, and using a relatively high rotational speed of 400 rpm. The microstructure of the stir zone on the 316L steel side consisted of single-phase austenite, and the microstructure of the stir zone on the RAFM steel side mainly consisted of lath martensite and equiaxed ferrite. A mechanical mixture of the two steels and diffusion of Cr and Ni could be detected near the bonding interface. Diffusion of Ni from the 316L steel to the RAFM steel resulted in the formation of a dual-phase structure consisting of austenite and ferrite. The as-welded joints showed good strength and ductility at room temperature and 550 °C, which were nearly equal to those of the 316L base material. The heat-affected zone on the RAFM side had the lowest impact toughness throughout the weld with a value of 13.2 J at - 40 °C, ~ 52% that of the RAFM base material.     

Effect of weld metal chemistry on stress corrosion cracking behavior of AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel weldments in boiling chloride solution

The influence of the weld metal chemistry on the susceptibility of AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel (FSS) weldment to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in hot chloride was investigated by constant load tests and metallographic examination. Two types of filler metal of austenitic stainless steel (E316L and E309L) were used in order to produce fusion zones of different chemical compositions. The SCC test results showed that the interface between the fusion zone (FZ) and the heat affected zone (HAZ) was the most susceptible region to SCC. Results also showed that the AISI 444 stainless steel weldment with E309L weld metal presented the best SSC resistance. Microstructural examinations indicated that the cracks initiated in the weld metal and propagated to the HAZ of the AISI 444 FSS, where the fracture occurred and it was observed a considerable amount of precipitates. Additionally, the higher SCC resistance of the AISI 444 FSS weldment with E309L weld metal may be attributed to the presence of a discontinuous delta‐ferrite network in its microstructure, which acted as a barrier to cracks propagation from the fusion zone to the HAZ/fusion zone interface of AISI 444 FSS. Fractrography analyses showed that the transgranular quasi‐cleavage fracture mode was predominant in the AISI 444 weldment with E316L weld metal and the mixed fracture mode was the predominant in the AISI 444 weldment with E309L weld metal.     

激光快速成形TA15钛合金氩弧焊接头组织及力学性能

对激光快速成形TA15钛合金与轧制TA15钛合金薄板进行了氩弧焊接试验,观察分析了焊接接头各区域组织特征,测试了焊接接头各区域的显微硬度以及室温拉伸性能.结果表明,激光快速成形件与轧制薄板氩弧焊焊缝凝固组织是具有粗大片状α+β组织特征外延定向生长的柱状晶.轧制件对焊接热影响敏感性强,热影响区晶粒发生严重长大现象,激光成形件靠近焊缝热影响区晶粒转变为等轴晶,距焊缝较远的热影响区仍保持柱状晶.激光成形件热影响区硬度最高,焊缝区及轧制件热影响区的硬度最低.焊接接头抗拉强度低于母材,塑性与轧制件相当,断裂位置位于轧制件热影响区.     

深潜器用Ti80电子束焊接接头精细组织结构特征

进行了Ti80大厚板电子束焊接试验,实现了56 mmTi80无缺陷焊接.分析焊缝和热影响区精细组织,结果表明,焊缝上部为柱状晶粒,下部为柱状晶和等轴晶,晶粒内组织为马氏体α相和残余β相.焊缝由上至下高温停留时间逐渐减小、冷却速度逐渐加快,马氏体α相呈长大趋势.热影响区分为靠近焊缝区的Ⅰ区和靠近母材的Ⅱ区.热影响Ⅰ区组织为马氏体α相、初生α相和β相;Ⅱ区组织为初生α相、次生α相和转变β组织.Ⅰ区由于受热影响作用大,其组织更接近于焊缝;Ⅱ区组织则更接近于母材组织.     

7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的组织分析

通过对7A52铝合金进行大量的搅拌摩擦焊接试验,对焊缝的宏观组织、微观组织及显微硬度进行分析.焊缝可分为热影响区、热机影响区和焊核等三个区域.其中,焊核为明显的再结晶等轴晶粒,晶粒明显细化;热机影响区出现了晶粒粗化现象,由母材的细纤维组织变形为具有一定弧度的弯曲粗纤维组织;热影响区的晶粒与母材相似,但出现了晶粒粗化现象.沿焊缝横截面的显微硬度的分布呈高-低-高-低-高的趋势,其中焊缝顶部的硬度达到了母材的硬度,硬度最低处位于前进侧的热影响区区域.     

CuCrZr/316LN合金管激光焊接头组织与性能

对CuCrZr与316LN异种材料合金管进行激光焊试验,观察分析试样的接头形貌、微观组织、化学成分以及力学性能分析.结果表明,在激光功率1 100～1 400 W、离焦量+20 mm、焊接速度14.5 mm/s和氩气流量15 L/min时焊缝成形良好,可实现CuCrZr/316LN合金管的全位置焊接,焊缝内部缺陷较少,但随着激光功率的增加,焊缝下塌现象明显;CuCrZr/316LN焊缝与母材连接界面元素过渡明显,由于Fe,Cu互溶,在焊缝内部主要以形状不同的富Fe的Fe/Cu固溶体存在;CuCrZr/316LN合金管激光焊接接头抗拉强度较高,主要断裂位置为晶粒粗大的铜侧热影响区位置,断裂形式以韧性断裂为主.