武汉市城市广场春季热舒适研究

目前,有关春季城市广场热环境以及热舒适性的研究并不多。在此项研究中,首先对武汉市两个典型的广场进行实地测试,分析各种类型的城市广场设计元素对城市广场热环境的影响;然后进行人体热感觉和热舒适性的问卷调查,通过统计学手段分析人们对城市广场热环境的主观反应与评价。研究结果显示春季热环境受太阳辐射的影响最大,人们感到舒适的城市广场中性温度约为21.1℃,中性标准有效温度约为23.5℃。此外根据研究结果提出了选择合适下垫面,加强种植与绿化、合理搭配布局、改善有效遮阳、加强地下空间的利用等设计策略,以营造良好的城市广场热环境。     

湿热地区几种室外广场热舒适对比研究

为研究湿热地区室外广场环境不同季节的热舒适状况,本文在湿热地区典型城市广州的三个室外广场,通过现场热环境实测与问卷调研,获得热环境基础参数及热舒适状况,分析不同季节几种室外广场环境中人的热感觉、热舒适、热接受度和热环境参数偏好评价。然后,借助RayMan模型计算生理等效温度PET,最后采用回归分析法综合评析得出几种室外广场环境不同季节的中性PET及其阈值和80%可接受率对应的PET值范围,为湿热地区商业综合体室外热环境设计提出了优化方向。     

城市广场热环境的现场实测与分析

针对城市广场普遍存在的热环境问题,通过对西安市典型广场的温湿度测试,揭示了影响城市广场热环境的主要因素及其关系。对比分析表明,城市道路布局、建筑空间界面、铺地材料、绿化植被及水体面积等是决定广场温度、湿度和气流速度的关键因素,合理配置并综合协调各关键因素的关系是提高广场热舒适性的有效途径。最后,以营造可持续生态环境为理念,提出了改善城市广场热环境的具体措施。     

大连市不同使用功能的城市广场热环境分析与研究

城市广场是市民室外活动的重要场所,而室外环境的热舒适性又和市民出行密切相关,因此对城市广场进行热环境探索并加以改善已成为迫切需求.文章通过对中国广场最多的城市大连市进行分析,选取8个典型城市广场进行室外热环境的实测调研,从广场使用功能、空间形态等角度进行实测数据分析,为城市广场的规划改造和热环境的改善建立参考价值.     

成都市旧城住区广场微气候调查分析

旧城住区广场是市民主要的户外休憩场所,其微气候舒适性直接影响旧城住区居民的户外活动。文章以成都市旧城住区中的为民广场为例,通过实测广场中的温度、湿度、风速、太阳辐射照度等气象参数,探讨影响城市广场微气候的主要因素及其影响规律,提出在湿热旧城住区广场微气候舒适性的营造策略。研究结果对旧城住区广场热舒适性的改善有借鉴的理论价值。     

铁路客站广场微气候优化方法研究 ——基于疏散安全和热舒适兼顾的设计探索

植物、水体等景观要素的置入可改善铁路客站广场微气候,但可能会影响广场的疏散能力,造成安全隐患。辨析了当前站前微气候优化与安全疏散的关系,基于人群疏散密度对微气候优化范围进行界定,提出兼顾疏散安全性和热舒适性的站前广场微气候优化方法。研究结果表明:1)高峰时段人群疏散模拟可用于划定适宜进行微气候优化的区域,在微气候优化域内进行微气候适应性设计改造不会降低广场整体疏散能力;2)绿化面积比例低,模拟高密度拥堵区面积少的Ⅰ类广场更适宜进行微气候优化以改善热舒适性;3)微气候优化设计应综合考虑降温景观要素、绿地布局、人群活动特征等多方面因素,以有效热舒适改善面积而非整体降温面积为改善目标,从而提升站前广场活动体验,促进站前广场向兼休闲、景观、防灾功能的城市广场转变。     

市民公共活动空间冬季小气候及热舒适研究——以首义广场为例

该文针对具有历史文化特色的城市公共活动空间的城市广场采用实地仪器测量和现场调查问卷的方法,对其冬季的室外热环境特点和使用情况进行调查分析。研究发现,首义广场作为具有纪念意义的城市开放空间,广场东西两侧共有18个出入口与两边社区相连,具有很好的可达性,但是在广场上活动的人数较少,广场整体使用率较低。受访者对首义广场的主要热感觉评价为"比较冷",主要热舒适度评价为"稍不舒适"。受访者认为首义广场感到冷的主要原因是"风很大"、"湿度大"和"气温低",首义广场在热适应性设计方面需要改进。可以通过在广场北侧种植常绿乔木和灌木形成"挡风墙"、充分利用场地内下沉空间等形成避风活动场所,广场内避免喷泉、跌水等水景观,尽量保证活动场所位于建筑或者常绿乔木的南侧。     

夏热冬冷气候城市公共空间热环境季节特征

城市公共空间热环境是影响人们热舒适程度的重要因素。夏热冬冷气候城市公共空间的热环境在一年内会发生很大变化。在长沙市内选择3个典型公共空间(街道、公园和广场)进行长期热环境参数实测实验。通过对不同季节3个实测点的空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度和风速4个重要热环境参数进行分析,获得夏热冬冷气候城市公共空间的全年热环境特征。研究结果表明:自然气候决定了城市热环境的基本特征,而城市物理结构是引起室外局部热环境发生改变的重要因素;受植物(乔木)和水体(湘江)的影响,沿江街道在全年大部分时间中空气温度显著较低,相对湿度较高,太阳辐射较弱;广场温度较高,太阳辐射较强。     

城市绿色空间热舒适评述与展望

热舒适的准确评价是城市绿色空间合理评判与优化的关键。文章回顾了已有热舒适评价的文献,指出城市绿色空间热舒适受到气候要素、个人要素和空间要素的综合影响;同时,介绍了相关领域研究的新技术,为城市绿色空间热舒适评价带来新的契机。     

上海创智天地广场热舒适分析与评价

主要通过上海创智天地广场夏秋冬三季小气候实测与问卷调查,探讨广场空间形态、热环境和使用者心理感知之间的关系,10个测试日共获得问卷870份。结果表明:1)SVF与广场热环境关系紧密,夏季需要更小的SVF,冬季需要更大的SVF;2)热中性与热舒适范围随季节发生变化,热感觉、热舒适与空气温度、PET显著相关,就相关系数而言,热感觉更高;3)人们的热感觉和热认知较为一致的是广场夏季热环境更为严峻;4)空间开阔是人们在秋冬两季来广场的主要原因,它影响了人们对广场各区的热认知;5)创智广场的热中性范围低于国歌广场,空间形态与行为活动的耦合可能影响了人们的热中性范围。本研究成果可为上海高密度环境广场热环境设计及优化提供依据。     

基于遮阴率的湿热地区慢行道热舒适 特征研究

慢行道设计对景观、空间尺度及与环境的协调都有 相应的要求，各景观构成要素对微气候环境，如太阳辐射遮 挡、温湿度分布及风场都有一定的影响，其中行道树遮阴是影 响慢行道热环境的主要因素。依据遮阴率指标选取典型慢行 道，对其微气候要素进行连续观测，同时向步行和骑行人群发 放问卷调研，获取慢行道的热环境水平及人群的热特征，采用 标准有效温度(SET* )指标结合SPSS软件的回归分析方法对慢 行道的热舒适进行量化评价，得出影响人群的微气候因素偏 好、热舒适区域及出行时的热期望，构建以“遮阴率－热环 境－热期望”的慢行道微气候环境评价策略。最后，以广州市 一处实际室外场地为例，采用ENVI-met 4.0 CFD模拟耦 合RayMan软件的方法，探讨建立在热环境、热舒适量化实 证基础上的慢行道热环境评价方法。     

On the development of an urban passive thermal comfort system in Cairo,Egypt

This paper investigates how urban form can be designed to act as a passive thermal comfort system in Cairo. The system utilizes two main elements, the urban fabric form, with its green structure, and thermal comfort adaptation by introducing urban green scene stimulation with the time of exposure to the urban environment. The courtyard form on a large scale is used to study comfort levels, the effect of compactness on solar access and the local radiant heat island potential in a theoretical neighborhood design using a medium population housing concept as required by Egyptian urban planning laws. Urban canyons in a grid network, with three mid latitude orientations 15°, 45° and 75° from the E–W axis, were examined, with one canyon having virtually no shade. Other canyons had a green structure containing two types of native Egyptian trees. Numerical simulations using ENVI-met were performed for hot climate conditions. Although some very hot conditions were recorded, there were evident examples of more acceptable comfort levels and cooling potential for some orientations and degrees of urban compactness due to the clustered form with green cool islands and wind flow through the main canyons. Some design guidance on how to form urban passive cooling systems is presented.     

论城市文化广场环境设计

以文化广场设计环境构思要素,对广场的环境设计建设进行了探讨,以期使城市文化广场达到改善居民生活环境,塑造城市形象,提高城市品位,优化城市空间的目的。     

基于室外热舒适的寒地教学组团形态设计策略

立足寒地城乡地域特征,修正室外热舒适预测指标,分析寒地高校教学楼组团形态对室外热舒适的影响并提出 优化设计策略,改善寒地室外热舒适性能。基于寒地校园热环境实测数据修正室外热舒适预测指标,通过模拟实验提 出基于室外热舒适的组团形态设计策略。当D/H=2.50 时,教学楼组团室外热舒适和空间感受较好;L 型围合式和三 面围合式是兼顾室外热舒适、节能和空间需求的较优组团形式。室外热舒适评价指标需结合地域特征进行修正,设计 者可通过优化教学楼组团形态改善寒地高校室外热舒适水平。     

城市街道小气候舒适性研究进展与启示

通过搜索舒适性研究的中外文献,梳理了研究的数量、学科、热点,以城市街道为研究对象,从街道空间对小气候要素的影响、舒适感受评价、街道空间与舒适感受的相互作用3个方面对研究内容进行了总结。结果表明,空间要素是风景园林小气候尺度影响舒适感受的重要因素,热舒适为目前主要的舒适性研究主题。提出风景园林小气候舒适性研究,以城市街道为例,需要建立整合空间要素、小气候要素、人的感受的具有风景园林专业特色的舒适性评价体系,为未来城市宜居环境规划建设提供舒适性设计经验与参考。     

Wind comfort in a public urban space—Case study within Dublin Docklands

Open public spaces provide venues for cultural, recreational events and promote informal social contact between citizens. Successful outdoor spaces promote comfort and invite people to stay outdoors. Provision of thermal comfort outdoors present a challenge, as an extended range of environmental conditions must be dealt with. The present study examines whether climatic characteristics in Dublin facilitate exercising long-term outdoor activities during summer, and investigates the extent to which urban planning and the resulting urban morphology of the built environment influences microclimates created, from the viewpoint of wind environment. Microclimates at Grand Canal Square have been simulated by ENVI-met. Wind velocity has been expressed in relation to that of the ‘‘background’’ climate in order to verify if the site has a wind protecting character or to the contrary, it enhances airflow. The results show for the dominant wind directions (W, SW, S) that 60% higher wind velocity than at Dublin Airport can occur around buildingcornersandatrestrictedflowsections—preventing any kind of long-term outdoor activity during a ‘‘typical’’ day. S and SW winds cause 15%-20% acceleration at the W waterfront area. Windy urban environment can call forth a limited frequentation of urban space.     

Indoor thermal environment of urban residential buildings in China: winter investigation in five major cities

The purposes of this investigation are to look into the actual conditions of urban residential indoor environment in China during the winter season, and to discuss the thermal comfort as well as to understand the possibility of space heating energy conservation. Investigations of indoor thermal environment were carried out in Harbin, Beijing, Xi’an, Shanghai and Hong Kong of China. The results showed that the indoor thermal condition in heating usage zone is good, such as Harbin, Beijing and Xi’an. The indoor thermal comfort is strongly affected by the outdoor climate in non-heating usage zone, such as Shanghai and Hong Kong.     

Thermal perception,adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions

Highly relevant to an individual's thermal perception, the thermal environment in outdoor public spaces impacts the use of such spaces. Thermal adaptation, which involves physiological, psychological and behavioral factors, also plays an important role in assessment of thermal environments by users. Given that these issues have rarely been addressed for outdoor environments in hot and humid regions, this study examines user thermal comfort in a public square in Taiwan. Physical measurements were taken and a questionnaire survey was used to assess the thermal comfort of subjects. The number of people visiting the square was also counted. Analytical results indicate that the thermal comfort range and neutral temperature of subjects was higher than those of people in a temperate region. Additionally, local subjects preferred a cool temperature and weak sunlight, and adapted to thermal environments by seeking shelter outdoors. Analytical results confirm the existence of thermal adaptation and illustrate the characteristics of, and variances in, thermal adaptation. During the cool season, the number of people visiting the square increased as the thermal index value increased. However, the number of people frequenting the square decreased as the thermal index increased during the hot season. These experimental results were compared with those for temperate regions, indicating that the human energy balance model cannot fully explain the influence of climate on use of public spaces; that is, psychological and behavioral factors also play important roles in outdoor thermal comfort. Study findings also elucidate design of outdoor public spaces in hot and humid regions.     

气候适应性视角下的河道空间城市设计评价和策略研究 ——以广州市荔枝湾涌改造一期工程为例

河道空间的优化改造作为城市人居 环境与社会多元价值提升的手段在我国南方 地区被大量运用,其周边将随之汇集大量人 口和丰富的活动。本文在应对全球性气候变 化的大背景下,关注河道空间对城市微气候 的影响,讨论如何最大化其对密集城市的微 气候的调节作用,探讨基于人体舒适度提升 城市设计的评价方法和策略。以广州市具代 表性的河道工程荔枝湾涌一期为例,综合考 虑外界盛行风、自然对流和热辐射等多重作 用机制的影响,采用微气候模拟软件Envimet, 对改造前、改造后的风环境和人体舒 适度进行比较,总结出在河道空间城市设计 中建立气候适应性评价机制的必要性与策 略,并尝试探讨优化模式,探索从人体舒适 度的角度出发,在量化、实证的基础上,建立 南方地区河道空间设计可操作的城市设计方 法和策略。