不同含碳量的帘线钢在相同冷速下的组织对比

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）、热膨胀仪和显微硬度计,对比研究碳含量为70级和80级的帘线钢在相同冷却速率下的组织构成、珠光体片间距、晶界渗碳体（GBC）、相变点和显微硬度。结果表明：70级帘线钢易出现先共析铁素体;80级帘线钢由于碳含量高,冷却速率较慢时,易出现晶界渗碳体,随着冷却速率的增大,相变点降低,先共析铁素体、晶界渗碳体析出减少,珠光体片间距减小,硬度增高。     

高碳稀土钢的微观组织

通过真空感应炉模拟实验,结合金相分析,研究稀土对于高碳重轨钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸和珠光体片层间距等的影响作用.研究表明,随着稀土含量的增加,高碳稀土钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸显著减小,珠光体片层间距先逐渐减小而后开始增大.在本实验条件下,当稀土含量大于0.0050%时,奥氏体晶粒可控制在10μm左右,当稀土含量为0.0061%时,高碳稀土钢的珠光体片层间距达到最小值,分别为0.19μm(正火)和0.26μm(退火).     

冷却工艺对Ti微合金化高强钢组织和硬度的影响

通过热模拟实验,研究了冷却工艺参数对Ti微合金化高强钢组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:当终冷温度为700℃时,随着冷却速度的增大,铁素体和珠光体组织得到了显著细化,实验钢硬度增加;随着终冷温度的降低,多边形铁素体晶粒尺寸呈减小趋势,铁素体和珠光体含量逐渐降低,珠光体片层间距逐渐减小,贝氏体含量增加,相变强化和细晶强化共同作用使得实验钢的硬度逐渐增加;钢中存在少量粗大的TiN和Ti_4C_2S_2粒子,冷却速度由5℃/s增大到30℃/s, TiC粒子的析出数量明显增加,平均尺寸由8.1 nm减小到6.7 nm;终冷温度由700℃降到600℃,第二相粒子TiC的析出数量逐渐减少,平均析出粒子尺寸由6.7 nm减小到5.9 nm。研究结果为Ti微合金化高强钢控制冷却工艺的制定奠定了理论基础。     

PD3钢轨钢接触疲劳变形组织的TEM观察

在透射电镜下观察接触疲劳失效后不同状态的ＰＤ３钢轨钢的变形组织。结果表明，接触疲劳变形组织的主要特点是：珠光体片层间距减小，珠光体团被剪切分割成亚团，先析铁素体内形成位错胞结构；铁素体／渗碳体界面上存在高的位错密度；珠光体中渗碳体片发生变形与断裂。同时对珠光体片层间距与变形组织的关系进行了分析讨论。     

Nb对高碳钢珠光体球化的影响

设计了2种不同Nb含量的高碳珠光体钢(0.025Nb和Free-Nb),采用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜、透射电镜和硬度测试仪对两种试验钢珠光体球化前后的显微组织进行了观察和球化后的硬度进行了测量。结果表明:Nb元素可以细化高碳珠光体钢的片层间距,相同条件下具有更多的铁素体-渗碳体界面,在球化退火的第一阶段提供大量的位错和亚晶界使片状珠光体快速熔断,同时也给第二阶段碳的扩散提供高速扩散通道;细小的片层间距缩短了碳和合金元素的扩散距离,使球化转变速度加快,促进了高碳珠光体的球化。Nb元素的添加获得了细小片层间距以及更多的合金碳化物使试验钢的初始硬度偏高,球化退火前4 h硬度值下降幅度较大,球化退火4 h后对试验钢硬度的影响不大。     

冷却工艺对Ti微合金化高强钢组织和硬度的影响

摘要：通过热模拟实验,研究了冷却工艺参数对Ti微合金化高强钢组织和硬度的影响。结果表明：当终冷温度为700℃时,随着冷却速度的增大,铁素体和珠光体组织得到了显著细化,实验钢硬度增加;随着终冷温度的降低,多边形铁素体晶粒尺寸呈减小趋势,铁素体和珠光体含量逐渐降低,珠光体片层间距逐渐减小,贝氏体含量增加,相变强化和细晶强化共同作用使得实验钢的硬度逐渐增加;钢中存在少量粗大的TiN和Ti4C2S2粒子,冷却速度由5℃/s增大到30℃/s,TiC粒子的析出数量明显增加,平均尺寸由8.1nm减小到6.7nm;终冷温度由700℃降到600℃,第二相粒子TiC的析出数量逐渐减少,平均析出粒子尺寸由6.7nm减小到5.9nm。研究结果为Ti微合金化高强钢控制冷却工艺的制定奠定了理论基础。     

形变对共析钢连续冷却过程中珠光体相变的影响

摘要：为掌握形变对共析钢连续冷却过程中珠光体相变的影响,研究了共析钢在720～920℃温度范围内进行形变后,在连续冷却过程中奥氏体向珠光体相变的规律,建立了相变时的过冷度和珠光体片层间距的相互关系,并预测了试验钢的力学性能。结果表明：形变储存能促进共析钢在50℃/s高冷速下发生珠光体相变,形成片层间距为129～187 nm的超细片层珠光体,抗拉强度达到近1000MPa,且随着形变温度提高,形变储存能减小,珠光体相变温度降低,珠光体片层间距减小,屈服强度和抗拉强度提高。     

Nb对高碳钢珠光体球化的影响

摘要：设计了2种不同Nb含量的高碳珠光体钢（0.025Nb和Free -Nb），采用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜、透射电镜和硬度测试仪对两种试验钢珠光体球化前后的显微组织进行了观察和球化后的硬度进行了测量。结果表明：Nb元素可以细化高碳珠光体钢的片层间距，相同条件下具有更多的铁素体 渗碳体界面，在球化退火的第一阶段提供大量的位错和亚晶界使片状珠光体快速熔断，同时也给第二阶段碳的扩散提供高速扩散通道；细小的片层间距缩短了碳和合金元素的扩散距离，使球化转变速度加快，促进了高碳珠光体的球化。Nb元素的添加获得了细小片层间距以及更多的合金碳化物使试验钢的初始硬度偏高，球化退火前4h硬度值下降幅度较大，球化退火4h后对试验钢硬度的影响不大。     

锰含量对超细晶粒C-Mn钢显微组织和机械性能的影响

研究了锰含量对两种超细晶粒C-Mn钢(碳含量为0.2%)显微组织和机械性能的影响.大压下量温变形和连续退火可形成超细晶粒显微组织,最终钢的显微组织由含有细小渗碳体颗粒的超细粒状铁素体组成.渗碳体颗粒内锰富集,因此,铁素体晶粒的平均尺寸随锰含量的增加而减小(锰含量从0.74%增加到1.52%时,晶粒尺寸由1.3μm减小到0.8μm).锰含量越高,晶粒越细.延展性和韧性相同的情况下,增加锰含量将提高钢的强度.     

稀土在重轨钢中的存在形式以及对组织结构的影响

本文通过冶炼不同稀土加入量的重轨钢的试验,研究分析了不同稀土含量在重轨钢中的存在形式以及对组织结构的影响。结果表明:钢中稀土大部分是以稀土氧化物、稀土氧硫化物,稀土硫化物以及复合稀土夹杂形式存在,只有极少量稀土固溶于基体中,其数量随稀土加入量的增加而增高。固溶稀土主要存在于晶界上,少量存在于晶内缺陷等处,固溶稀土降低磷在晶界上的偏聚;高熔点的弥散分布的稀土夹杂物使得钢的铸态组织细化;固溶稀土使得钢的晶粒细化,奥氏体长大倾向降低,并且使珠光体中的渗碳体变薄、变短,且发生弯曲,甚至使之断裂,成为不连续的短棒状渗碳体,珠光体片间距减小。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.