上海光源工程屋盖钢管节点平面外受弯性能试验研究

通过6个足尺模型节点的平面外弯曲加载试验,对上海光源工程屋盖结构中X型圆钢管节点的破坏形态、刚度、承载力及应力分布等进行了系统研究。试验和有限元分析结果表明,节点平面外弯曲失效主要表现为显著的主管塑性变形和焊缝断裂;主、支管弯曲方向对节点初始刚度影响不大,但对极限承载力有一定影响;节点刚度与支管线刚度的比值是判断节点刚性程度的关键指标;节点相贯线区域的不均匀刚度分布导致与其相邻的支管根部截面出现显著的边缘应力放大现象。基于极限变形限值确定的节点实测承载力与各国规范公式计算值的比较表明,API推荐的公式对X型钢管节点平面外抗弯强度提供了较准确的预测。     

Hysteretic behaviour of tubular joints under cyclic loading

This paper examines the cyclic performance of CHS joints used in steel tubular structures. Quasi-static experimental study into the response of eight T-joint specimens is described. Four of them are subjected to cyclic axial load, and the other four are subjected to cyclic in-plane bending. The general test arrangement, specimen details, and most relevant results (failure modes and load-relative deformation hysteretical curves) are presented. Some indexes to assess the seismic performance of tubular joints, including strength, ductility and energy dissipation, are synthetically analyzed and compared. Test results show that failure modes of axially loaded joints mainly contain weld cracking in tension and chord plastification in compression. But for joints under cyclic in-plane bending, both punching shear and chord plastification become regular failure modes accompanied by ductile fracture of the welds. Hysteretic curves take on a plump form in general. Ultimate strengths of joints are also compared with equation values for monotonic loading from various design codes. Results indicate the strength at a certain deformation limit can be regarded as the ultimate strength of a T-joint under cyclic loading and existing codes can be used to check it. It is also found that there is a significant distinction in the energy dissipation mechanism for tubular joints under different loading conditions. Finite element analyses are performed by taking into account weld geometry to facilitate the interpretation of the test results. It is identified that high tensile stress triaxiality can be one primary cause of weld cracking which happened under low cyclic load level.     

Behavior of thick-walled CHS X-joints under cyclic out-of-plane bending

This paper deals with experimental investigations to study the seismic behavior of thick-walled circular hollow section (CHS) X-joints subjected to out-of-plane bending (OPB). Important geometric parameters were varied in designing three full-scale joint specimens in order to evaluate their effect on connection behavior. Test results indicated that the failure modes and the connection efficiency of these joints significantly depended on the brace-to-chord thickness ratio τ and the brace-to-chord diameter ratio β. The tension fracture was identified as a critical failure mode for thick-walled X-joints with large β. CHS X-joints with larger β ratio were found to demonstrate better connection ductility and more satisfactory energy dissipating capacity than those joints with smaller β ratio under cyclic OPB loading. This observation was further verified by the proposed simplified analytical model results. Finite element (FE) analyses were performed to simulate the experimental behavior and facilitate the interpretation of the important test observations.     

平面X形圆钢管混凝土节点平面外受弯性能试验研究

为了解平面X形圆钢管混凝土节点的平面外受弯性能,分别对4个主管填混凝土和4个支管填混凝土的平面X形圆钢管节点进行支管平面外弯矩作用下的试验研究。考察了支管、主管分别填混凝土2种情况下节点的破坏模式和应力分布,并分析了钢管内混凝土对节点平面外抗弯刚度及承载力的影响。试验中支管填混凝土节点出现了主管塑性、支管局部屈曲和支管受拉侧焊缝或热影响区管壁开裂的破坏模式,主管填混凝土节点则发生了支管局部屈曲及支管受拉侧焊缝开裂破坏。主管填混凝土节点与支管填混凝土节点相比,由于主管内填混凝土对于主管管壁的局部变形起到明显的约束作用,明显提高了主管的径向刚度,增大了节点的平面外抗弯刚度。实测节点承载力与欧洲规范计算的空钢管节点理论承载力比较表明,主管内填混凝土能极大提高节点平面外受弯承载力,最大可提高132%;支管内填混凝土可使节点平面外受弯承载力最大提高60%。     

铝合金板式节点平面外受弯滞回性能试验研究

为研究节点板厚度、节点板材质、是否设置抗剪键以及加载模式对铝合金板式节点滞回性能的影响,完成了4组共计8个试件平面外受弯的拟静力试验,对其变形特征、破坏模式、承载能力、延性以及耗能能力等进行了分析。结果表明：板式节点在平面外往复弯矩作用下的受力过程可以分为5个阶段,即弹性阶段、螺栓滑移阶段、孔壁承压阶段、承载力退化阶段和破坏阶段;通过破坏后试件的形态特征可归纳出节点的两种破坏模式分别为杆件破坏和节点板块状拉剪破坏,且破坏模式与节点板厚度和杆件翼缘厚度密切相关;由于螺栓滑移的影响,节点的滞回曲线不够饱满;综合对比试件的骨架曲线、位移延性系数和能量耗散系数,节点板较厚的铝合金板式节点具有更好的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力。     

Strain and stress concentration of completely overlapped tubular CHS joints under basic loadings

A completely overlapped tubular circular hollow section (CHS) joint specimen is tested under lap brace axial loading (AX), in-plane (IPB) and out-of-plane bending (OPB) to determine the strain concentration factor (SNCF) at the intersection of members for the verification of a finite element (FE) model. The experimental results showed that the strain distribution on the outer surface of members near the weld toe of the joint is fairly linear. The maximum SNCF of the joint occurs at the through brace saddle near the lap brace under AX and OPB and at the lap brace crown heel under IPB. The SNCF at the intersection of the chord and through brace for the joint under IPB and OPB is negligible. For the FE analysis, the comparison of SNCF between the test specimen and the 8-node thick shell FE model under AX, IPB and OPB load cases shows reasonably good agreement with average differences of 7.9%, 10.6% and 5.8% respectively. The comparison of stress concentration factor (SCF) revealed that the existing T/Y-joint equations are not suitable for predicting the SCF of completely overlapped tubular CHS joints. The SCF of completely overlapped tubular CHS joints can effectively be reduced by proper control of its geometrical properties.     

钢管桁架结构K形搭接节点抗震性能试验研究

按钢管桁架结构K形搭接节点隐藏焊缝焊接情况制作了4个足尺试件,通过对其进行拟静力试验,研究K形搭接节点内隐藏焊缝在焊与不焊情况下的试件变形、破坏模式、节点的耗能性能等。得到了试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载力、延性性能、耗能能力等抗震性能指标。试验结果表明：K形搭接节点内隐藏焊缝对试件的承载能力影响不大;节点的破坏模式主要是搭接支管的变形与屈曲以及搭接支管与被搭接管、主管之间连接焊缝的破坏;隐藏焊缝不焊接节点试件的滞回耗能优于隐藏焊缝焊接的节点试件;隐藏焊缝不焊接节点试件的变形是隐藏焊缝焊接节点试件的1.1~1.2倍。     

Y形直接焊接矩形钢管节点滞回性能试验研究

对钢管结构中常用的Y形矩形钢管节点进行了试验研究。通过对支管施加轴向往复荷载,共对10个直接焊接Y形矩形管节点进行拟静力试验。为研究钢管加工及节点焊接过程中产生的残余应力对节点性能的影响,对其中2个节点进行了去应力退火处理。通过分析节点的承载力、延性比和能量耗散系数,对此种节点的滞回性能进行了深入研究。试验表明：在支管承受轴向往复荷载作用时,总是在支弦管连接焊缝外边缘沿支管侧壁方向切断弦管上壁面,从而导致节点性能的劣化。在弦管上壁面拉裂之前节点耗能性能良好,且退火节点在弦管上壁面拉裂之后仍然有较大的耗能潜力。节点的滞回性能较好,这为在抗震区推广使用管结构提供了有力支持。     

Experimental and numerical study on fire resistance of circular tubular T-joints

This paper focuses on experimental investigation and preliminary numerical parametric study on fire resistance of CHS T-joints under axial compression. In experimental test, three CHS T-joints subjected to axial load are heated in accordance with predefined heating curves in electric heating furnace. The failure mode of the specimens at elevated temperature is found from experimental observation to be plastic failure of chord face around the brace/chord intersection. The experimental phenomena and displacement–temperature curves show that the T-joints fail suddenly after temperature exceeds certain value. Additionally, the temperature–time and displacement–temperature curves of specimens obtained from experimental measurements are used to verify the accuracy of finite element models presented in this study. In preliminary numerical parametric study, the finite element models are built using finite element software ABAQUS. Sequentially coupled thermal–stress analysis is used to conduct numerical simulation. The comparison between experimental and numerical results shows that the proposed finite element models can simulate the fire test successfully and are reliable to carry out a preliminary numerical parametric study to investigate the influence of several principal dimensionless parameters on fire resistance of CHS T-joint, such as α, β, γ, and loading ratio n. For the CHS T-joints with different values of β and n, the reaction force caused by constraint at chord ends is also studied. It has been found that the behavior of CHS T-joint at elevated temperature is significantly affected by the geometrical parameters and loading ratio n. Additionally, the reaction force cannot be neglected if the chord ends are fully constrained.     

钢板夹芯混凝土组合剪力墙复合受力性能试验研究

通过两组钢板夹芯混凝土组合剪力墙的拟静力试验,对双向压弯荷载作用下钢板混凝土组合剪力墙的承载能力、变形能力和破坏模式进行研究,获得了试件的典型破坏形态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性系数以及耗能能力等,分析面外弯矩的变化对结构力学性能的影响。研究表明:在双向压弯作用下,试件的破坏形态主要是压弯破坏;试件滞回曲线不够饱满,耗能能力一般;面外弯矩越大,试件的抗侧承载力及耗能性能越差;试件进入塑性阶段后,面外位移显著增加,呈发散趋势;试件底部截面基本满足平截面假定。     

Out-of-plane strength design of spatially trussed arches with a rectangular lattice section

Although several studies of the out-of-plane strength and design of steel arches with a solid web section have been reported, little research of the out-of-plane strength and design of spatially trussed arches has been reported in the open literature or design codes. In deference to the steel arch with a solid web section, the shear deformations play important parts in the out-of-plane inelastic buckling behavior of spatially trussed arches. In addition, global out-of-plane inelastic buckling of a spatially trussed arch is associated with local buckling of its components such as chord and diagonal web tubes and hence local component buckling influences the out-of-plane strength of the arch. This paper investigates the out-of-plane inelastic strength and design of spatially trussed circular arches with a rectangular lattice section under general loading using a three-dimensional nonlinear inelastic numerical approach. Methods for the out-of-plane inelastic strength and design of spatially trussed arches under uniform compression or under uniform bending are developed, based on which interaction equations for the design of spatially trussed steel arches under general loading against their out-plane failure are proposed. These interaction equations provide good lower bounds for the out-of-plane strength of spatially trussed arches.     

X型厚壁圆管相贯节点平面外受弯抗震性能试验研究

采用相贯节点的圆钢管结构广泛应用于大跨度网格结构中,对于具有一定抗弯刚度的连接,节点将受到弯矩作用。介绍了两个不同几何参数的X型厚壁圆钢管相贯节点试件的平面外受弯滞回性能试验,结合数值分析,对节点承载能力和变形能力进行了研究。结果表明:在合理的几何参数和焊缝质量保证下,厚壁圆钢管相贯节点平面外受弯的承载力较高;厚壁圆钢管相贯节点在支主管径比β较大时节点易发生主管壁拉剪断裂破坏;在支主管径比β较大时延性等抗震性能较好,β较小时延性等抗震性能较差。     

覆板加强的方钢管T形节点轴向滞回性能试验研究

为研究采用覆板加强的冷弯方钢管T形节点的轴向滞回性能,对2组支管与主管的截面宽度比β分别为0.4和0.8的方钢管直接焊接节点和采用覆板加强的方钢管T形节点进行了轴向往复加载试验。详细介绍了试验节点的设计、试验过程及破坏形态,并对节点试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、耗能和延性等性能进行了分析。试验中,试验节点经历了主管屈服、初始开裂、裂纹闭合、裂缝扩展、裂缝贯通五个主要阶段,但各试件的开裂位置并不相同。加强覆板阻止了裂缝向主管管壁发展,有效避免了主管管壁的撕裂破坏,使开裂后支管的受压荷载继续上升,因而节点开裂后受拉能力较未加强节点的好。支管与主管截面宽度比越小,试件的耗能能力和延性越好。但覆板加强处理降低了试件的耗能能力,且支管与主管宽度比越小其耗能能力的降低越明显。受拉裂缝会降低试件的延性,故轴拉循环的延性较对应的轴压循环的差。在β=0.8时,覆板加强对试件的抗震延性有所改善,但β=0.4时加强节点试件的位移延性系数低于未加强节点。覆板加强节点在支管轴向往复荷载作用下的拉压不均衡问题应引起重视。     

空间KK形圆管搭接节点静力性能试验研究与有限元分析

以上海旗忠网球中心为工程背景,对平面内外均搭接的空间KK形圆管节点（空间KK-Ov形节点）的静力性能进行了静力单调加载的试验研究和有限元非线性分析。详细介绍了节点试验方案,分析了搭接节点的受力性能、破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线及应变变化规律。在此基础上,建立了非线性有限元分析模型,对节点试验进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。试验结果和有限元分析表明：空间KK-Ov形节点在发生承载力破坏时,常伴随有受拉腹杆与弦杆连接焊缝的开裂;四根腹杆交错搭接的构造,使得空间KK-Ov形节点具有明显区别于间隙节点破坏时管壁局部变形的特征,两受压腹杆之间的弦杆管壁在腹杆压力作用凹陷与腹杆局部屈曲是该类节点的主要破坏模式;平面外两腹杆搭接率ζ_t对节点承载力有一定影响,随平面外两腹杆搭接率的增大（即ζ_t绝对值变大）,节点承载力将会减小。现行规范公式用于计算空间KK-Ov形节点承载力,既未考虑单K平面内搭接的影响,亦未考虑空间参数变化的影响,计算结果较试验结果偏于保守。     

圆管截面桁梁极限承载力试验研究

进行了上弦杆为钢管混凝土、上下弦杆均为钢管混凝土的桁梁试件和空钢管桁梁试件的对比试验研究。研究结果表明,弦杆钢管内填充混凝土可提高弦杆的抗压、抗弯和径向刚度,改变节点失效模式,提高节点强度和刚度;弦杆为钢管混凝土的桁梁试件与空钢管桁梁试件一样,结构破坏均是因节点失效引起的;由于弦杆管内填充混凝土提高了节点的强度和刚度,不仅受压的上弦杆而且受拉的下弦杆管内填充混凝土,都会提高圆管截面桁梁试件的整体承载力。最后对管节点的承载力和桁梁试件整体承载力进行了讨论。     

压-弯-剪-扭复合受力钢筋混凝土L形截面柱抗震性能试验研究

为研究压-弯-剪-扭复合受力下钢筋混凝土L形截面柱的抗震性能，以扭弯比、轴压比为变化参数，设计6个钢筋混凝土柱试件在恒定轴力和反复弯-剪-扭复合作用下的加载试验。观察试件的破坏过程和形态，得到其扭矩-扭转角滞回曲线和荷载-位移滞回曲线，以及试件的开裂点、峰值荷载点和破坏点等特征参数。基于试验数据，分析扭弯比和轴压比变化对钢筋混凝土L形截面柱的压碎区高度、钢筋应变、承载力、位移延性、层间侧移角、耗能能力、承载力及刚度退化等抗震性能指标的影响。结果表明：低周反复压-弯-剪-扭钢筋混凝土L形截面柱破坏形态表现为弯曲、弯扭和扭剪破坏，滞回曲线呈捏拢的S形，随着扭弯比的增大，柱根部压碎区高度变小，翼缘裂缝发展更为完善，纵筋应力增大，箍筋应力减少，开裂荷载和受扭承载力均有提高，试件扭转延性提高但位移延性降低，初始刚度较小且退化更为平稳；而轴压比则与受扭承载力和弯曲刚度密切相关，轴压比越大，受扭承载力越大，弯曲刚度提高；试件弯曲耗能的等效黏滞阻尼系数在0.08~0.28之间，扭转耗能的等效黏滞阻尼系数为0.13~0.23，试件耗能占比由初期扭转耗能为主向弯曲耗能转变，L形截面柱性能水平对应的层间位移角均能满足相关规范要求。扭矩的存在对试件抗震性能削弱较大。     

钢管K形节点足尺模型疲劳性能试验研究

为研究钢管K形节点的疲劳性能,进行了足尺模型的疲劳试验,采用梯度应变片测量焊缝区域应力变化,采用相控阵扫描成像检测系统(简称相控阵)检测初始缺陷和疲劳裂纹,对疲劳开裂后的钢管K形节点进行切片观测,研究节点相贯焊缝附近的热点应力分布、疲劳裂纹扩展规律和疲劳破坏模式等,并分析了采用名义应力法和热点应力法评定钢管K形节点疲劳寿命的合理性。结果表明:钢管K形节点的热点应力宜采用梯度应变片得到的梯度应力进行线性外推得到,最大热点应力位于主管和受拉支管相贯焊缝靠近主管侧的冠点处;节点两侧鞍点热点应力值最大误差率为6.64%,节点基本不受面外弯矩影响;采用相控阵检测能够对节点初始缺陷和疲劳裂纹进行定位、定性和定量分析;切片观测结果表明,钢管K形节点疲劳裂纹属于张开型I裂纹;疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展和破坏阶段分别对应的加载次数为0~229.1万次、229.1~245.5万次和245.5~251.2万次,疲劳裂纹萌生于热点应力最大主管和受拉支管相贯焊缝靠近主管侧的冠点处,其疲劳破坏属于弹性范围内的脆性破坏;名义应力法由于名义应力幅放大系数偏大,评定所得的钢管K形节点疲劳寿命过于保守;基于热点应力法,CIDECT评定所得结果偏不安全,API评定结果具有1.11倍的安全富余,适用于评定本试验中钢管K形节点的疲劳寿命。     

主管内填混凝土的矩形钢管X型节点受拉和受弯性能试验研究

为了解主管内填混凝土对矩形钢管X型节点性能的影响,分别进行4个矩形钢管混凝土X型节点和1个矩形钢管X型节点的受拉和受弯试验,试验主要参数为支主管宽度比β和主管宽厚比γ。试验结果表明,主管内填混凝土能够改善节点受力性能,提高节点刚度和承载力,与矩形钢管节点相同,参数β和γ是影响矩形钢管混凝土受拉和受弯节点承载力的主要因素,β越大、γ越小,矩形钢管混凝土节点受拉和受弯承载力越高,节点刚度越大;由于主管内填混凝土的作用,改变了节点破坏模式几何参数的变化范围,节点破坏模式与矩形钢管节点不同。建议套用相应矩形钢管节点承载力计算公式,依据破坏模式来验算矩形钢管混凝土X型节点的受拉和受弯承载力。     

Plastic mechanism analysis of welded thin-walled T-joints made up of circular braces and square chords under in-plane bending

Welded thin-walled T-joints made up of circular hollow section (CHS) braces and square hollow section (SHS) chords were tested under static in-plane bending load. The hollow sections are cold-formed and have thicknesses less than 4 mm. The CHS-SHS T-joints are used in building the undercarriages and structural supports of equipment and structural systems used in the road transport and agricultural industries. Failure in the CHS-SHS T-joints was observed to occur as a result of chord-face yielding. Chord cracking was also observed after large deformations, resulting in a peak load being attained in these joints. There is no design formula in the existing CIDECT design guides, IIW static recommendation and Eurocode 3 for CHS-SHS T-joints under in-plane bending. In this paper, load versus chord flange indentation graphs, for the CHS-SHS T-joints are used to determine the deformation limit that defines the ultimate strength of the joints. The deformed shape of the chord observed from experimental tests is used to create a yield line model. The weld size and the rounded corners of the SHS chord are considered in the model. A formula is derived, for the ultimate strength of the CHS brace and SHS chord vierendeel connections based on a plastic mechanism analysis using yield line theory. There is a reasonably good agreement between the ultimate strength predicted using this formula and that determined experimentally.     

平面钢管桁架拱平面外稳定试验研究与有限元分析

对2个跨度为10 m的圆弧形平面圆钢管桁架拱模型进行全跨均布荷载作用下的静力试验研究,分析了平面钢管桁架拱的平面外稳定承载力。引入平面外转动弹簧单元、水平位移弹簧单元,建立弹簧-杆系有限元模型,对试验模型进行非线性有限元分析。试验和有限元分析结果表明：下弦杆无平面外支撑的平面钢管桁架拱,在极限状态时,受压上、下弦杆发生侧向弯曲失稳,并引起整体平面外弯曲失稳破坏;圆钢管相贯节点的平面外转动刚度对试验模型的平面外稳定承载力影响显著。弹簧-杆系有限元分析结果与试验结果较为吻合,可为同类型结构的平面外稳定分析、设计提供参考。