T-JUMP/FTIR联用技术研究RDX的热裂解过程

用T-JUMP/FTIR技术研究了模拟燃烧条件下RDX的热裂解过程.通过分析裂解产物随时间的分布规律及温度与压力对裂解过程的影响,提出了RDX可能的快速热裂解机理及影响快速热裂解机理的因素.结果表明,RDX裂解气相产物主要有CO2、N2O、NO2、HNCO、NO、CO和HCN,且在不同的测试条件下产物的相对含量有明显变化:在600℃、0.1～0.4 MPa条件下,裂解5 s以内的NO2与NCN含量比随压力的升高而下降;HCN与N2O含量比随压力的提高而增大;在0.1 MPa压力条件下,随着温度的升高,HCN与N2O的含量比趋向于增大.RDX快速热裂解的初期存在两个竞争反应,即C-N和N-N键的断链竞争反应;提高温度和在0.1～0.4 MPa压力范围内提高压力对生成HCN的N-N键断裂反应有利.     

Fe~(3+)掺杂对硝酸羟胺热稳定性的影响及其机理

为研究Fe~(3+)掺杂对硝酸羟胺(HAN)热稳定性的影响,在升温速率分别为3、4、5K/min下对无Fe~(3+)以及Fe~(3+)掺杂的HAN水溶液进行热分析。借助非等温DSC曲线的参数值,应用Kissinger和Ozaw方法分别计算热分解反应动力学参数。采用密度泛函方法对影响机理进行研究,优化得到NH2OH及其与Fe~(3+)形成配位化合物Fe(NH2OH)3+6的稳定构型,计算了N-H和O-H键的键长、Wiberg键级以及分子的前线轨道分布。结果表明,Fe~(3+)掺杂使得硝酸羟胺的热稳定性降低,使HAN的起始分解温度平均降低约16℃,表观活化能略有升高,指前因子大幅增加,热分解反应速率提高;NH2OH与Fe~(3+)形成配位化合物Fe(NH2OH)3+6后,N-H和O-H键的键长增加,伸缩振动频率减弱,Wiberg键级减小,键周围的电子云密度减小,键的强度减弱,加快了HAN的热分解。     

RDX/AP/Al/SiO2亚微米复合含能材料的制备与表征

将高能氧化剂（AP）和正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）共溶,纳米Al粉均匀地分散在共溶剂中,控制反应条件,使体系逐渐生成SiO2溶胶,在凝胶点加入RDX的DMF溶液并凝胶化,制得RDX/AP/Al/SiO2凝胶复合物。扫描电镜分析表明,各组分在亚微米尺度均匀复合,构成粒度在0.2μm-2.0μm的复合粒子,形貌近球形且较为均匀。与相同条件机械掺杂的RDX、NH4ClO4、Al、SiO2相比,其撞击感度明显降低。     

NH_3、MNH_2、M_2NH(M=Na/Li)电子结构的理论研究

在MP2/6-311++G(d,p)水平对NH3、MNH2、M2NH(M=Na/Li)的构型进行优化和NPA计算。从空间构型、自然键轨道、NPA电荷、前线轨道等方面进行了分析。MNH2是由M+离子和NH-2组成的离子化合物,M2NH是M+离子和NH2-组成的离子化合物。从HOMO看,从NH3、NaNH2和Na2NH的N端,LiNH2和Li2NH的分子平面上下方进攻N原子的反应当易于进行。从LUMO看,NaNH2和LiNH2的三重态分子中N-H键易于断裂而失去H+。     

RDX和HMX的热分解III.分解机理

简述RDX和HM X热分解的各种机理,其热分解的初始过程是N-N和C-N键断裂的竞争反应,试验条件和样品相态等因素影响竞争过程。用DSC-FT IR联用技术和热裂解原位池/FT IR分析了主要分解气相产物和凝聚相中主要官能团的变化。结果表明,RDX和HM X热分解的主要分解气相产物为N2O,CH2O,CO,CO2,H2O和HCN。RDX的分解气相产物CH2O和H2O红外吸收率的温度关系曲线都产生双峰,RDX基团-NNO2的吸收带1 589 cm-1和1 278 cm-1有两个不同速率的变化过程。用N-N键和C-N键竞争断裂的观点解释了RDX与HM X热分析和产物分析的结果。     

几种苯衍生物与NH3的复合物的tetrel键的理论研究

采用量化计算方法,对苯衍生物Ph-TH3和PhTF3(T=Si,Ge)分别与NH3形成的复合物的结构以及其中的tetrel键的性质进行了研究.结果表明,第Ⅳ主族原子种类及其所连接的取代基的变化,均会对复合物的作用能造成影响.氟取代基的存在使得复合物分子间的作用增强,并表现出部分共价性质,其轨道作用能的贡献较大.采用分子...     

RDX和HMX的热分解Ⅲ.分解机理

简述RDX和HMX热分解的各种机理,其热分解的初始过程是N—N和C—N键断裂的竞争反应,试验条件和样品相态等因素影响竞争过程。用DSC—FTIR联用技术和热裂解原位池／FTIR分析了主要分解气相产物和凝聚相中主要官能团的变化。结果表明,RDX和HMX热分解的主要分解气相产物为N2O,CH2O,CO,CO2,H2O和HCN。RDX的分解气相产物CH2O和H2O红外吸收率的温度关系曲线都产生双峰,RDX基团-NNO2的吸收带1589cm^-1和1278cm^-1有两个不同速率的变化过程。用N—N键和C—N键竞争断裂的观点解释了RDX与HMX热分析和产物分析的结果。     

香豆素类分子与CH3OH的复合物的密度泛函理论研究

本研究采用密度泛函理论方法M06-2X,以6-311++G(d,p)为基组,对香豆素和7-氟-香豆素分子与甲醇(CH_3OH)形成的复合物进行了研究。结果表明,香豆素和7-氟-香豆素上有不同的氢键结合位点,吸电子的氟取代基的存在,对复合物的构型和稳定性均造成影响。应用分子中的原子(AIM)理论证明了复合物中氢键的存在。构型和振动频率分析的结果显示,CH_3OH形成氢键后,O-H键的键长伸长,伸缩振动频率红移。应用自然键轨道(NBO)理论对红移氢键的形成进行了解释。     

两个组成相近,结构不同的配位聚合物(Cudpt)3[Fe(CN)6](ClO4)2·3H2O和(Cudpt)3[Fe(CN)6](ClO4)2·4H2O的合成和结构(dpt:二丙烯三胺)

(Cudpt)(ClO4)2和K4[Fe(CN)6]反应得到配位聚合物(Cudpt)3[Fe(CN)6](ClO4)2*3H2O(1),在相似条件下用Cu(ClO4)2,dpt和K4[Fe(CN)6]反应得到配位聚合物(Cudpt3[Fe(CN)6](ClO4)2*4H2O(2),解析了它们的晶体结构.这两个化合物有相同的I.R.和UV-Vis谱,但它们的结构却有显著的不同,前者是一维链状结构,后者则是二维网状结构.     

RDX热分解的TG-DSC-QMS-FTIR同步动力学

采用TG-DSC-QMS-FTIR同步动力学技术对RDX的热分解过程进行了研究,结果表明,RDX在熔融之后发生分解,可以确定RDX的产物有C、H2O、CH2O、N2O、CO、CO2、NO2,可能有CH4和NH3,而几乎没有NO.采用多元非线性拟合技术进行动力学参数计算,结果表明,RDX的分解过程大致可以分为3个连续步骤,第1步反应的活化能为235 kJ/mol,指前因子log(A/s-1)为22,反应级数为0.6,主要气体产物为CO2、NO2和CH2O;第2步反应的活化能为110 kJ/mol,指前因子log(A/s-1)为1.5,反应级数为1.7,主要的气体产物是N2O、H2O、CH4、NH3、C2O+/C3H+4、CN+/C2H+3、CHO+/C2H+;第3步反应的活化能为223 kJ/mol,指前因子log(A/s-1)为20.9,反应级数为4,主要的产物是C和CO.     

Preparation and Characterization of Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine/Ammonium Perchlorate Intermolecular Explosives

Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine/ammonium perchlorate/glycidyl azide polymer (RDX/AP/GAP) intermolecular explosives (IMX) with different proportions of RDX to AP were prepared by sol‐gel method, and the structure and performance was characterized by Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller measurements (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the specific surface area of RDX/AP/GAP IMX decreased with the addition of AP. The crystals of AP and RDX in RDX/AP/GAP intermolecular explosives were in the range of 20–48 nm and 23–55 nm, respectively. In addition, RDX/AP/GAP intermolecular explosives had the largest heat release at zero balance.     

N2O5硝解三丙酰基三氮杂环己烷制备RDX

以三丙酰基三氮杂环己烷为原料,N2O5/HNO3为硝解剂制备了RDX.分别考察了硝解剂浓度、反应物配比、反应温度和反应时间对RDX产率的影响.结果表明,当N2O5与HNO3的摩尔比为1∶10,N2O5与三丙酰基三氮杂环己烷的摩尔比为6∶1,反应温度为45℃,反应1 h,RDX的最高产率可达92.7%,纯度为98.5%.     

1,3,5‐Trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX)‐Based Sheet Explosive Formulation with a Hybrid Binder System

A plastic‐bonded explosive (PBX) in the form of a sheet was formulated comprising of 1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) and an hybrid binder system containing a linear thermoplastic polyurethane and a fluoroelastomer (Viton). The effect of a fluoroelastomer on the explosive as well as mechanical properties and thermal behavior of sheet explosive formulations were investigated and compared with a control formulation containing 90 % of RDX and 10 % of natural rubber (ISNR‐5). The replacement of 10 % natural rubber by a hybrid binder system led to an increase in the velocity of detonation (VOD) of the order of 250–950 m s⁻¹ and better mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength (1.9–2.5 MPa) compared to the control formulation (RDX/ISNR‐5 (90/10)). The compatibility of ingredients and thermal decomposition kinetics of selected sheet explosive formulations were investigated by vacuum stability tests and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results suggested better compatibility of RDX with the hybrid binder system (polyurethane/Viton), which is useful to reduce potential hazards in handling, processing, and storage.     

Investigation on the Thermal Expansion and Theoretical Density of 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐Triazacyclohexane

The CTE and the theoretical density are important properties for energetic materials. To obtain the CTE and the theoretical density of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX), XRD, and Rietveld refinement are employed to estimate the dimensional changes, within the temperature range from 30 to 170 °C. The CTE of a, b, c axis and volume are obtained as 3.07×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, 8.28×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, 9.19×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, and 20.7×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, respectively. Calculated from the refined cell parameters, the theoretical density at the given temperature can be obtained. The theoretical density at 20 °C (1.7994 g cm⁻³) is in close match with the RDX single‐crystal density (1.7990 g cm⁻³) measured by density gradient method. It is suggested that the CTE measured by XRD could perfectly meet with the thermal expansion of RDX.     

Assessment of aged biodegradable polymer‐coated nano‐zero‐valent iron for degradation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX)

BACKGROUND: This study reports on the effects of aging on suspension behavior of biodegradable polymer‐coated nano‐zero‐valent iron (nZVI) and its degradation rates of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) under reductive conditions. The polymers investigated included guar gum, potato starch, alginic acid (AA), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Polymer coating was used to mitigate nZVI delivery hindrance for in situ treatment of RDX‐contaminated groundwater. RESULTS: The RDX degradation rates by bare nZVI and starch‐coated nZVI suspensions were least affected by aging although these suspensions exhibited the least favorable dispersion behavior. CMC, AA, and guar gum coating improved nZVI rates of degradation of RDX but these rates decreased upon aging. The best suspension stability upon aging was achieved by CMC and AA. Guar gum with loadings rates one order of magnitude lower than that of CMC and AA achieved good iron stabilization but significantly higher RDX degradation rates. CONCLUSION: It is demonstrated that both migration and reactivity of polymer‐stabilized nZVI should be explicitly evaluated over a long period before application in the field. Guar gum coated nZVI appeared best suited for in situ application because it maintained good suspension stability, with RDX degradation rates least affected by aging compared with the other polymers tested. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Simultaneous degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine (Tetryl) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5 triazine (RDX) in polluted wastewater using some advanced oxidation processes

Here we report the study on the utilization of several advanced oxidation processes such as electro-oxidation and Fenton process in simultaneous treatment of two nitramine explosives: 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-metylnitramine (Tetryl) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The preliminary tests indicated that the electrolytic method using a TiO₂/IrO₂/RuO₂-coated electrode could rapidly degrade Tetryl but not RDX. While the addition of certain amount of H₂O₂ induced an increase of Tetryl degradation yield but had insignificant effect on RDX decomposition, the use of Fenton's reagent showed an enhanced efficiency in degradation of both nitramines. It can be concluded that among tested processes, Fenton process is the most effective for treatment of nitramine-containing wastewaters.     

1,3,5-三硝基-六氢化-1,3,5-三嗪-2-酮的合成与表征

以尿素、甲醛和叔丁胺为原料,通过Mannich缩合反应制备出5-叔丁基-1,3,5-三嗪-2-酮(TBT),再经硝酸-乙酸酐硝化合成出1,3,5-三硝基-六氢化-1,3,5-三嗪-2-酮(Keto-RDX),用核磁、红外光谱、质谱、元素分析等对TBT和Keto-RDX的结构进行了表征.探讨了TBT环化反应历程,确定了制...     

Degradation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3, 5‐triazine (RDX) by anaerobic mesophilic granular sludge from a UASB reactor

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the performance of anaerobic mesophilic granular sludge for the degradation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX). Batch tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different supplements on the RDX degradation ability of anaerobic granular sludge, as well as the contributions of both physicochemical and biological processes involved in RDX removal from aqueous solution. RESULTS: Anaerobic granular sludge exhibited good performance in treating RDX as the sole substrate. Biodegradation was the main mechanism responsible for RDX removal. Ammonium had no significant promoting effect on the degradation process. The presence of glucose was found to enhance the degradation of RDX by anaerobic granular sludge, while the addition of sulfate and nitrate had adverse effects on the reductive transformation of RDX. CONCLUSIONS: Anaerobic granular sludge is capable of removing RDX from aqueous solution with high efficiency. This study showed good prospects for high‐rate anaerobic processes in the treatment of munition wastewater. The results can be used for the design and optimization of high rate anaerobic systems for the elimination of RDX. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

An Improved Process Towards Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitroso‐1,3,5‐triazine (TNX)

Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitroso‐1,3,5‐triazine (TNX) is mostly known as a by‐product in the environmental decomposition of RDX. The original chemistry to TNX was never optimized and thus resulted in low yields due to competitive degradation of the starting material. Enabled conditions to TNX were developed by optimizing pH effects and mitigating foaming by reactor geometry and stirring. The conditions presented herein allow for the inexpensive and simple production of multi‐gram quantities of TNX. The isolated TNX obtained by our new method was characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, DSC, and X‐ray crystallography. A preliminary evaluation of the sensitivity of TNX towards impact and friction is also presented.     

Production and Characterization of Composite Nano‐RDX by RESS Co‐Precipitation

Nanoscale composites of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) and polymeric binders were produced by co‐precipitation using rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS). The binders used in this study are poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (VDF‐HFP₂₂) and polystyrene (PS). The RDX/VDF‐HFP₂₂ and RDX/PS co‐precipitated nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The average size of produced nanoparticles is ca. 100 nm. TEM analysis of RDX/PS nanocomposite shows a core‐shell structure with RDX as the core material and the shell consisting of the polymeric binder. X‐ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) analysis indicates polycrystalline structure of RDX in the product with a crystallite size of 42 nm. The content of RDX in the composite particles is in the range of 70–73 % by mass as determined by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) and by XRPD.