Recent advances in hydrogen production through catalytic steam reforming of ethanol: Advances in catalytic design

Catalytic reforming is a promising technology for producing renewable fuels; however, developing highly stable, efficient, green, and economical metallic catalysts that reduce metal sintering and carbon formation while improving catalyst activity, selectivity, and stability remains a major issue. In this regard, numerous studies have been documented in the past couple of decades evaluating the effects of various supports and promoters using ethanol as a co-reactant in the catalytic steam reforming to produce energy-efficient gaseous fuel, that is, hydrogen. This review article compiles research work focused on the catalytic reforming of ethanol reported in the last decade. Also, the outcomes of experimental studies have been presented and discussed for parametric analysis as case studies. The review shows that ethanol conversion, hydrogen selectivity, and catalyst stability are strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the catalyst, synthesis method, support choice, promoters, temperature, pressure, steam-to-ethanol ratio, and hourly space velocity. Noble metals (e.g., Pt, Rh, Ru, Pd, and Au), transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, and Cu), and bimetallic composites were the most used catalysts in ethanol-steam reforming reactions. Also, proper selection of support and promoter plays a significant role in modifying catalyst morphology, surface area, and particle size, enhancing selectivity, and reducing catalyst carbon deposition.     

钯基乙炔选择性加氢催化剂研究进展

催化选择加氢去除乙烯中微量乙炔是石化工业重要的反应过程,工业钯基催化剂选择性低、催化剂使用寿命较短。本文综述了近年来国内外乙炔选择性加氢钯基催化剂的研究进展。主要探讨了过渡金属、金属氧化物与非金属配体助剂能调变钯粒子空间结构,隔离分散钯粒子并与钯粒子产生电子效应;阐明了钯粒子尺寸与织构形貌的调控能改变钯的晶面结构,影响钯对乙烯的吸脱附和对氢气的活化与解离性能;评述了单一氧化物、复合金属氧化物、碳材料等载体为催化剂提供合适的表面酸碱性并加强了与活性中心之间的相互作用,稳定钯粒子抑制其发生迁移与团聚。提高乙烯选择性与催化剂稳定性是该研究的重点与难点,负载型钯基催化剂的发展方向是构建高分散钯粒子,并在反应过程中保持稳定。     

乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢负载型镍基催化剂研究进展

负载型镍基催化剂是一种良好的乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢催化荆,但反应中存在氢气选择性较差和反应温度高的缺点.介绍乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢的反应机理,在此基础上,探讨通过载体改性和添加助剂提高负载型镍基催化剂的氢气选择性以及降低反应温度,并对研究进展进行综述.     

铂系丙烷脱氢催化剂助剂研究进展

铂基催化剂用于丙烷催化脱氢的主要缺点是稳定性差、选择性低,通过添加助剂可以大大改善该催化剂的脱氢性能.针对催化剂助剂,综述了铂基丙烷脱氢催化剂的研究现状,分别介绍了碱金属、碱土金属、稀土金属和过渡金属作为助剂对铂基催化剂的影响,探讨了所添加助剂的作用机制,并对铂基催化剂研究前景进行了展望.     

氨合成钌基催化剂的研究进展

近年来,钌基氨合成催化剂因其高活性、高稳定性和反应条件温和成为研究热点。综述国内外氨合成钌基催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍钌基催化剂载体、助剂和前驱体对氨合成反应性能的影响。石墨化程度高、导电性能良好的碳载体或氧化物与碳的复合载体是氨合成反应的良好载体;碱金属和碱土金属类助剂通过改变活性金属表面静电场,起到电子助剂的作用,并且碱土金属对反应的促进作用优于碱金属,稀土金属Sm能够抑制碳载体的甲烷化反应;与Ru Cl3相比,Ru3(CO)12是氨合成反应的理想前驱体。简介以电子化合物为载体的钌基氨合成体系,负载钌的高比表面积电子化合物C12A7:e-是强大的电子供体,能够提高氮气在钌上的解离程度,并能可逆地储存氢,有效抑制氢吸附对钌表面的毒害,从而大大提高氨合成反应活性。进一步开发温和条件下非贵金属高效氨合成催化剂将具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Ethanol steam reforming study over ZSM-5 supported cobalt versus nickel catalyst for renewable hydrogen generation

The renewable hydrogen generation through ethanol steam reforming is one of the anticipated areas for sustainable hydrogen generation. To elucidate the role of Ni and Co with ZSM-5 support, catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method and ethanol steam reforming(ESR) was performed. The catalysts were characterized by HR-XRD, ATR–FTIR, HR-SEM, TEM with SAED, EDAX, surface area analyzer and TPR. It had shown complete ethanol conversion at 773 K, but the selectivity in hydrogen generation was found higher for 10% Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst as compared to 10% Co/ZSM-5. The 10% Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst has about 72% hydrogen selectivity at temperature 873 K. It indicates that Ni is a more sustainable catalyst as compared to Co with ZSM-5 support for ESR. The C_2H_4 was found major undesirable products up to 823 K temperature. Nevertheless, the 10% Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst had shown its stability for high temperature(873 K) ESR performance.     

Ethanol Steam Reforming Over Hydrotalcite-Derived Co Catalysts Doped with Pt and Rh

Honeycomb structures loaded with hydrotalcite-derived cobalt catalysts doped with various amounts of Pt and Rh have been tested in the steam reforming of ethanol at 523–823 K under different operational conditions. Catalysts promoted with noble metals are significantly more active than non-promoted hydrotalcite-derived cobalt but, at the same time, they build up carbon very efficiently. Electron microscopy, magnetic measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal the occurrence of metal cobalt nanoparticles in the samples promoted with noble metals after reaction. According to the TPR profiles recorded over the hydrotalcite-derived cobalt catalysts doped with Pt and Rh, it is concluded that noble metals strongly promote cobalt reduction under ethanol steam reforming (ESR) conditions. Cobalt nanoparticles thus formed are very active for ethanol reforming but, at the same time, they originate severe carbon deposition. In contrast, non-promoted hydrotalcite-derived cobalt catalysts are less active for ESR but do not form carbon due to the absence of metallic cobalt.     

乙醇催化重整产氢催化剂及催化反应机制

以乙醇为原料催化乙醇重整反应产氢由于具有效率高、毒性低以及乙醇可持续性生产等优点，被认为是一种极具工业化应用前景的制氢方法，但现存的乙醇重整反应催化剂存在催化效率和产氢选择性低、稳定性差等缺点，阻碍了乙醇重整制氢技术的广泛应用。本文主要综述了乙醇重整制氢金属催化剂的研究进展，着重阐述了金属元素种类、催化剂载体、反应温度和原料水醇比等对乙醇转化率和产物选择性的影响，归纳分析了乙醇重整过程中催化剂稳定性的影响因素和提高催化剂稳定性的方法和措施，并对乙醇重整制氢反应机制的研究工作进行了总结。基于乙醇重整产氢催化剂的研究现状，提出开发高效稳定催化剂的关键在于系统研究催化乙醇重整反应机制以及催化反应过程中催化剂与载体的协同效应对催化剂性能的影响。     

助剂对镍基生物质焦油重整催化剂性能影响的研究进展

分别以碱及碱土金属、过渡金属以及稀土金属3种常见助剂类型,探讨了不同助剂对镍基催化剂催化生物质裂解及气化重整制氢催化活性、催化剂物化特性及催化剂失活特性的影响。添加碱金属组分后,生物质热解反应速率会大幅上升,生物质焦的水蒸气气化反应得到促进,并且达到最大热解速率所需的温度也有所降低,热解产物趋向于小分子量产物;过渡金属对生物质气化过程中生成焦油的催化裂解重整具有较好的催化活性;稀土元素对甲醇水蒸气重整等催化反应有着重要的作用,镍基催化剂中加入Ce和Pr能提高甲醇转化率、改善产气组分、提高H₂的选择性。结合国内外的研究情况发现钴、镧等金属助剂有利于提升镍基催化剂重整制氢活性,催化剂积炭及表面活性颗粒的聚集是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

Autothermal Reforming of Bio-ethanol: A Short Review of Strategies Used to Synthesize Coke-Resistant Nickel-Based Catalysts

The paper presents a short review of strategies used to develop coke resistant, nickel-based, catalysts for autothermal reforming of ethanol to hydrogen. Autothermal reforming of ethanol can be used in conjunction with pronton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in the transportation sector, stationary and portable applications to replace the use of fossil fuels. Nickel-based catalysts are used in commercial processes for their high carbon–carbon bond cleavage and low cost compared to noble metals. However, the use of nickel-based catalysts is challenged by rapid deactivation caused by coke formation. A considerable effort is expended on innovating strategies to develop coke resistant nickel-based catalysts. The strategies reviewed in this paper are (i) the use of catalysts’ preparation methods targeting high dispersion of nickel nanoparticles smaller than the critical size of 10 nm (nm); (ii) modifying commonly used acidic supports (alumina, silica et cetera) to passivate the acidity to inhibit the production of coke precursor-ethylene; (iii) the addition of promoters and second active metals to promote supports and the active phase; (iv) controlling operating conditions to inhibit coke formation and the use of precursors with well-defined structures to stabilize highly dispersed nickel nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract

     

乙醇羰基化制丙酸及丙酸乙酯多相催化剂研究进展

丙酸及丙酸乙酯是重要的化工产品和有机合成中间体。中国乙醇资源丰富，以乙醇为原料的非石油途径合成丙酸及丙酸乙酯得到了广泛研究。乙醇均相羰基化存在收率低、反应条件苛刻以及产物与催化剂分离困难等问题。目前，多数研究主要集中在乙醇羰基化多相催化剂的开发。乙醇羰基化多相催化剂分为两类：贵金属催化剂和非贵金属催化剂。该文详细介绍了两类催化剂的研究进展，重点阐述了两类催化剂的反应机理以及助剂、载体和工艺参数对催化剂性能的影响，指出了不同催化剂的优势和不足，并对催化剂应用现状进行了分析。最后展望了乙醇多相羰基化合成丙酸及丙酸乙酯的发展前景。     

乙醇羰基化制丙酸及丙酸乙酯多相催化剂研究进展

丙酸及丙酸乙酯是重要的化工产品和有机合成中间体。由于中国乙醇资源丰富,因此以乙醇为原料的非石油途径合成丙酸及丙酸乙酯得到广泛研究。乙醇均相羰基化存在收率低、反应条件苛刻以及产物与催化剂分离困难等问题。目前,多数研究主要集中在乙醇羰基化多相催化剂的开发。乙醇羰基化多相催化剂分为两类：贵金属催化剂和非贵金属催化剂。详细介绍了两类催化剂的研究进展,重点阐述了两类催化剂的反应机理以及助剂、载体和工艺参数对催化剂性能的影响,指出了不同催化剂的优势和不足,并对催化剂应用现状进行了分析。最后展望了乙醇多相羰基化合成丙酸及丙酸乙酯的发展前景,以期为设计和研发具有高活性和稳定性的催化剂提供思路。     

氮修饰炭黑负载PdCu合金催化甲酸分解制氢性能研究

以氮修饰的炭黑为载体制备负载型PdCu/N-CB系列催化剂,相比较于未经氮修饰的催化剂,其催化性能显著提高,其中Pd₈Cu₂/N-CB催化剂活性最高,TOF为718.56 h^-1,并呈现良好稳定性。通过XRD、TEM、FTIR和XPS等表征分析,结果表明,经APTMS处理所制得的氮修饰载体N-CB促进了所负载的PdCu合金纳米颗粒变得细小并呈现良好的分散性,活性相PdCu合金与氮修饰的载体N-CB之间存在强相互作用,调变合金颗粒表面化学态,提高了催化剂催化甲酸分解制氢性能。通过引入过渡金属和氮修饰载体来改善负载型贵金属催化剂催化性能的方法有助于低成本高性能制氢催化剂开发。     

气相催化合成四氢吡咯的研究进展

综述了气相催化合成四氢吡咯杂环的研究进展,包括四氢呋喃和1,4-丁二醇为原料与氨胺化合成法,ω,ω’-氨基丁醇催化环合法、加氢脱氮法、电化学法等。主要介绍了1,4-丁二醇和四氢呋喃为原料的生产技术路线,揭示了还原胺化和缩合胺化反应合成四氢吡咯中催化剂的特点,以及催化剂载体、助剂组分对胺化反应的影响,指出今后的发展方向是开发具有高效、高选择性催化剂和环境友好合成工艺。     

甲醇同系化制乙醇催化剂研究进展

甲醇同系化是一项很有前景的乙醇制备工艺,一般采用Ⅷ族金属可溶性盐作为催化剂,含碘化合物作为助催化剂。本文根据活性金属元素种类不同对甲醇同系化制乙醇催化体系进行分类,以此为基础对工艺条件优化、反应机理的研究现状进行了总结,指出现有催化剂体系乙醇产率偏低仍然是制约该工艺商业化的最大障碍。最后对甲醇同系化催化剂研究进行了展望,提出非均相多金属复合型催化剂的研制、非卤素类助剂的添加、低压稳定性甲醇同系化催化剂的开发是甲醇同系化研究的主要方向。     

Methanation of the carbon supports of ruthenium ammonia synthesis catalysts: A review

The propensity of carbon support for methanation in a hydrogen-containing medium is a problem for active ruthenium ammonia synthesis catalysts, since this leads to the degradation of the support and the sintering of the active component. This review analyses some key works on approaches to methanation inhibition and their results to show that, on the whole, an algorithm for solving the methanation problem has been found, i.e., the graphitization of carbon supports at high temperatures (up to 2000°C) and the introduction of ruthenium promoters, specifically alkali (Cs, K) and alkali-earth (Ba) oxides, whose role is to modify the electron state of ruthenium and block the surface of a carbon support to prevent it from interacting with active hydrogen. The most efficient catalyst not liable to methanation up to 700°C and a hydrogen pressure of 100 atm has been found. The resulting analysis can be useful in selecting and preparing Me/C catalysts in which Me represents metals of the VIII Group and others.     

Steam reforming of ethanol over Ni/support catalysts for generation of hydrogen for fuel cell applications

The paper reports experimental results concerning the influence of the support nature (TiO₂, ZnO, Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃–Fe₂O₃) of nickel catalysts on their activity, selectivity and coking phenomenon in the steam reforming of ethanol in the range of 570–870 K. The chemical transformations of ethanol occurring on the catalyst support make its chemical nature an important factor affecting the productivity and selectivity of the process. It was found that the most suitable supports in nickel catalysts designed for hydrogen generation in the steam reforming of ethanol are ZnO and TiO₂. Taking into consideration both the efficiency of hydrogen generation and the intensity of carbon deposition, the optimum temperature of the process of the steam reforming of ethanol is below 750 K. An improvement in the selectivity of hydrogen generation and diminishing of the formation of undesirable products may be obtained by promoting nickel catalysts with sodium.     

过渡金属对Pt/SiC催化剂上CO氧化性能的影响

以SiC为载体、Pt为活性组分、过渡金属Fe、Co和Ni为助剂,采用浸渍法制备CO氧化催化剂。考察浸渍方法、助剂及其负载量、空速和催化剂焙烧温度等对Pt/SiC催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,助剂的加入提高了活性组分Pt在载体表面的分散度,并产生一定的相互作用,从而提高了催化剂活性,其中,铁助剂的助催化效果较好。共浸渍法制备的催化剂的催化活性优于分步浸渍法,Pt-Fe/SiC催化剂制备中焙烧温度500 ℃时,催化剂活性较佳,适量Fe助剂的添加能够显著提高Pt/SiC催化剂的活性。     

Hydrodenitrogenation of Petroleum

A high level of hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) is required to achieve a desirable conversion of other hydroprocessing reactions. This results from a strong adsorption of nitrogen‐containing compounds on catalytic sites that slows down the hydrogen activation process and hinders the adsorption of other reactants. Studies on model compounds and real feeds indicate that less than 50 ppm of nitrogen in the feed can poison catalytic sites. Kinetic studies determined adsorption constants of various nitrogen‐containing compounds and concluded that at least four different catalytic sites are required to interpret experimental observations in contrast with a dual site site?concept, which only considered two sites. The advancements in experimental techniques allowed identification of products formed during very early stages of hydrodenitrogenation. These results confirmed that the removal of the amino group from saturated amines, as the last step in hydrodenitrogenation, is governed by the type of carbon to which the amino group is attached rather than the number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon in α and β position to nitrogen

Performance of conventional Co(Ni)Mo(W)/Al₂O₃ catalysts during hydrodenitrogenation was enhanced by combination with various additives and by replacing the traditionally used γ‐Al₂O₃ support with novel supports. Catalytic functionalities could be modified by using different precursors of active metals and varying conditions during preparation. Progress has been made in the development of catalysts possessing a high selectivity for hydrodenitrogenation. In this case, the nonconventional catalysts based on the carbides and nitrides of transition metals exhibited high activity and selectivity. Noble metal sulfides alone or supported on different supports were active for HDN as well. Feedstocks used for catalyst evaluation included model compounds and mixtures of model compounds as well as real feeds. The challenges in the development of catalysts for hydrodenitrogenation of heavy feeds containing asphaltenes and metals have been identified.     

生物燃料加氢脱氧催化剂研究进展

综述了近几年国内外生物燃料加氢脱氧催化剂方面的研究现状及进展。贵金属催化剂较传统催化剂具有更强的反应活性,但价格昂贵,贵金属回收也增大了加氢脱氧工艺的成本;过渡金属负载型催化剂虽价格便宜,但易失活;硫化物催化剂虽然具有较高的活性,但制备过程需要预硫化,制备过程复杂;碳、氮化物催化剂价格便宜,且具有与贵金属相似的电子结构和催化活性,被称为"准铂催化剂";磷化物催化剂作为最具潜力的加氢脱氧催化剂具有较高研究价值。