一种基于含噪时序结构独立元分析的过程监控方法(英文)

Conventional process monitoring method based on fast independent component analysis (FastICA) cannot take the ubiquitous measurement noises into account and may exhibit degraded monitoring performance under the adverse effects of the measurement noises. In this paper, a new process monitoring approach based on noisy time structure ICA (NoisyTSICA) is proposed to solve such problem. A NoisyTSICA algorithm which can consider the measurement noises explicitly is firstly developed to estimate the mixing matrix and extract the independent components (ICs). Subsequently, a monitoring statistic is built to detect process faults on the basis of the recur-sive kurtosis estimations of the dominant ICs. Lastly, a contribution plot for the monitoring statistic is constructed to identify the fault variables based on the sensitivity analysis. Simulation studies on the continuous stirred tank reactor system demonstrate that the proposed NoisyTSICA-based monitoring method outperforms the conven-tional FastICA-based monitoring method.     

Multiphase batch process monitoring based on higher-order cumulant analysis

In this paper, a two-step phase partitioning strategy is proposed. Firstly, the number of phases is automatically determined according to the intra-class and inter-class similarity of feature space data, thus avoiding excessive manual intervention. Secondly, the phases are partitioned by step-wise adding the kernel entropy extended load matrix (KEELM), avoiding the wrong division of phases caused by unstable state of working condition conversion. A process monitoring model based on multiway kernel entropy independent component analysis (MKEICA) is constructed in each sub-phase to deal with complex batch processes with nonlinear and non-Gaussian properties. A new statistics index based on the idea of high order cumulant analysis (HCA) is constructed in each sub-phase for process monitoring. Compared with the traditional second-order statistics, it can obtain high-order statistical information. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the penicillin simulation platform process and compared with the traditional multiway kernel independent components analysis (MKICA) and HCA methods to verify the effectiveness of the method that is mentioned above.     

Application of fault monitoring and diagnosis in process industry based on fourth order moment and singular value decomposition

Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) have been frequently used for process industry monitoring; however, their application on industrial sites is limited because they cannot be used to process data with non-Gaussian distribution. Independent component analysis (ICA) has become a powerful modelling method for non-Gaussian process monitoring. However, the ICA-based modelling method has been found to contribute to double the amount of data loss in feature extraction. There are two reasons for this. First, when the PCA algorithm is used to whiten the original data, the smaller principal component is discarded. Second, when selecting independent components, some smaller independent components will be discarded according to the evaluation index. The abovementioned two data feature extraction methods may discard useful information for fault monitoring, which will inevitably lead to inaccurate fault monitoring. To solve this problem, a fault monitoring and diagnosis method based on fourth order moment (FOM) analysis and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. First, the fourth order moments of each process variable were constructed separately. Then, the data space of the fourth order moments was decomposed by singular value decomposition to establish the global monitoring statistics. Finally, the contribution diagram was drawn and the fault diagnosis was performed based on the global monitoring results. The proposed method was applied to the Tennessee Eastman (TE) simulation platform, and its effectiveness and feasibility were verified by a comparison with PCA and ICA.     

A new process monitoring method based on noisy time structure independent component analysis

Conventional process monitoring method based on fast independent component analysis (FastICA) cannot take the ubiquitous measurement noises into account and may exhibit degraded monitoring performance ...     

基于LTSA和MICA与PCA联合指标的过程监控方法及应用

独立成分分析(ICA)方法主要被用来对线性非高斯过程进行监控,为了提高对非高斯过程的监控效果,则利用过程数据信息对ICA的监控指标进行了改进,提出了一种改进的独立成分分析(MICA)方法。许多实际工业过程数据都具有非线性、非高斯与高斯混合分布的特点,为此提出了一种基于LTSA和MICA与PCA联合指标的过程监控的方法。首先采用局部切空间排列(LTSA)算法对样本数据进行非线性降维,然后分别用MICA和PCA方法得到非高斯与高斯统计量,对其进行加权得到新的统计量,并被用于过程监控。最后将该方法应用在田纳西-伊斯曼(TE)过程和乙烯裂解炉的过程监控中,证明了该方法的有效性。     

Complex process quality prediction using modified kernel partial least squares

In this paper, kernel partial least squares (KPLS) method is modified based on orthogonal independent component analysis (O-ICA). Then it is applied to quality prediction of industrial processes.In ICA, the extracted components are assumed to be mutually statistically independent instead of uncorrelated. Independence is much stronger than uncorrelativity. Those extracted ICs may thus provide more informative statistical explanations and better reflect the inner properties of measurement data. However, disturbing variation can be extracted since ICA uses entropy theory to extracts high-order statistics. Hence, first, O-ICA is proposed for signal correction of non-Gaussian processes. Then KPLS is modified for quality prediction of non-Gaussian processes based on O-ICA, which is called O-ICA-KPLS. Advantages of the proposed O-ICA-KPLS are: (1) has the ability to give high-order representations for non-Gaussian data compared to original KPLS, and (2) provides more accurate statistical analysis and on-line monitoring because independent signals are corrected.The proposed methods are applied to the quality prediction in fermentation process and Tennessee Eastman process. Applications indicate that the proposed approach effectively captures the relations in the process variables and use of O-ICA-KPLS instead of original KPLS improves the predictive ability.     

一种基于KICA-GMM的过程故障检测方法

核独立元分析(kernel independent component analysis,KICA)故障检测方法的故障检测时间易受独立元顺序和主导独立元数目经验选取的影响,针对这个问题,提出基于KICA和高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model,GMM)的故障检测方法。采用KICA从正常工况测量数据中提取独立元,用GMM拟合各独立元的概率密度函数,建立基于GMM的监控量及其控制限;计算各独立元的监控量均值,以此判断其非高斯性强弱,对每个强非高斯独立元进行单独监控,对弱非高斯部分采用主元分析法进行监控。在Tennessee Eastman过程上的仿真结果说明,相比于KICA故障检测方法,所提方法不需要排序独立元和选取主导独立元数目,避免了其对故障检测时间的影响,能够有效利用过程信息,缩短故障检测的延迟时间。     

基于主元分析和核密度估计的多变量统计过程监控及在工厂聚丙烯催化剂反应器的应用

Abstract Data-driven tools, such as principal component analysis （PCA） and independent component analysis （ICA） have been applied to different benchmarks as process monitoring methods. The difference between the two methods is that the components of PCA are still dependent while ICA has no orthogonality constraint and its latentvariables are independent. Process monitoring with PCA often supposes that process data or principal components is Gaussian distribution. However, this kind of constraint cannot be satisfied by several practical processes. To ex-tend the use of PCA, a nonparametric method is added to PCA to overcome the difficulty, and kernel density estimation （KDE） is rather a good choice. Though ICA is based on non-Gaussian distribution intormation, .KDE can help in the close monitoring of the data. Methods, such as PCA, ICA, PCA.with .KDE（KPCA）, and ICA with KDE,（KICA）, are demonstrated and. compared by applying them to a practical industnal Spheripol craft polypropylene catalyzer reactor instead of a laboratory emulator.     

基于MKECA的非高斯性和非线性共存的间歇过程监测

多向核独立成分分析（multiway kernel independent component analysis,MKICA）在监测间歇过程非高斯性和非线性方面取得了广泛应用,其仅仅是将线性独立成分分析（independent component analysis,ICA）方法利用核主成分分析（kernel principal component analysis,KPCA）白化扩展到非线性领域,但数据经KPCA白化后只考虑数据信息最大化未考虑数据簇结构信息的不足,为解决此问题,采用核熵成分分析（kernel entropy component analysis,KECA）代替KPCA白化的过程监测方法。该方法首先利用AT展开方法将过程三维数据变为二维数据;其次用KECA进行白化处理的同时解决数据的非线性;然后建立ICA监测模型用于非高斯生产过程监测;最后将该方法应用到青霉素发酵仿真和实际的工业过程并与MKICA方法进行对比,验证该方法的有效性。     

Multivariate statistical process monitoring using an improved independent component analysis

An approach for multivariate statistical monitoring based on kernel independent component analysis (Kernel ICA) is presented. Different from the recently developed KICA which means kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) plus independent component analysis (ICA), Kernel ICA is an improvement of ICA and uses contrast functions based on canonical correlations in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. The basic idea is to use Kernel ICA to extract independent components and later to provide enhanced monitoring of multivariate processes. I² (the sum of the squared independent scores) and squared prediction error (SPE) are adopted as statistical quantities. Besides, kernel density estimation (KDE) is described to calculate the confidence limits. The proposed monitoring method is applied to fault detection in the simulation benchmark of the wastewater treatment process and the Tennessee Eastman process, the simulation results clearly show the advantages of Kernel ICA monitoring in comparison to ICA and KICA monitoring.     

基于平稳性能不确定信息盲源信号提取的过程监控方法

针对工业过程中的信息不一定平稳,提出了一种基于平稳性能不确定信息盲源信号提取的过程监控方法,并利用该方法提取过程盲源信号,采用k-近邻法进行分类,从而实现对过程性能的监控.通过对简单AR(1)过程和双效蒸发过程的仿真研究表明,这种方法是可行的.为了与基于传统独立成分分析(ICA)和多元统计过程控制(MSPC)的过程监控方法相比较,还作了相应的对比研究.结果表明,该方法比基于传统ICA的过程监控方法具有更少的误报率和漏报率,而比基于MSPC的过程监控方法具有更少的误报率,从而说明了该方法不仅是可行的,而且是有效的.     

A Kernel Time Structure Independent Component Analysis Method for Nonlinear Process Monitoring

Kernel independent component analysis (KICA) is a newly emerging nonlinear process monitoring method, which can extract mutually independent latent variables called independent components (ICs) from process variables. However, when more than one IC have Gaussian distribution, it cannot extract the IC feature effectively and thus its monitoring performance will be degraded drastically. To solve such a problem, a kernel time structure independent component analysis (KTSICA) method is proposed for monitoring nonlinear process in this paper. The original process data are mapped into a feature space nonlinearly and then the whitened data are calculated in the feature space by the kernel trick. Subsequently, a time structure independent component analysis algorithm, which has no requirement for the distribution of ICs, is proposed to extract the IC feature. Finally, two monitoring statistics are built to detect process faults. When some fault is detected, a nonlinear fault identification method is developed to identify fault variables based on sensitivity analysis. The proposed monitoring method is applied in the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process. Applications demonstrate the superiority of KTSICA over KICA.     

Fault detection and diagnosis in a non-Gaussian process with modified kernel independent component regression

Quality-related fault detection and diagnosis are crucial in the data-driven process monitoring field. Most existing methods are based on principal component analysis (PCA) or partial least squares (PLS), which will miss high-order statistical information when the industrial process does not satisfy a Gaussian distribution. Meanwhile, the traditional contribution plot is difficult to directly apply to nonlinear processes in some cases due to its limitation of convergence. As such, a modified kernel independent component regression (MKICR) model, which considers high-order statistical information, is proposed for quality-related fault detection and faulty variable identification. First, the relationship between the independent components and quality variables is established by kernel independent component regression, and the correlation matrix is obtained. Then, the kernel independent components can be suitably divided into quality-related and quality-unrelated parts. Finally, an analysis of the contribution of each variable to the statistics based on Lagrange's mean value theorem is presented. In addition, a numerical case and the Tennessee Eastman process (TEP) demonstrate the efficacy and superiority of the proposed method.     

Fault detection of non-Gaussian processes based on modified independent component analysis

In this paper, some drawbacks of both the original independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm and the FastICA algorithm are analyzed as follows: the order of the independent components is difficult to be determined; because of using the Newtonian iteration, FastICA method often leads to local minimum solution, and the suitable source signals are not isolated. To solve these problems, a modified ICA algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) called PSO-ICA is proposed for the purpose of multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM). The basic idea of the approach is to use the PSO-ICA algorithm to extract some dominant independent components from normal operating process data. The order of independent components is determined according to the role of resumption of the original signal. The proposed monitoring method is applied to fault detection and diagnosis in the Tennessee Eastman process. Applications indicate that PSO-ICA effectively captures the independent components.     

独立元分析方法(ICA)及其在化工过程监控和故障诊断中的应用

引　言近年来 ,多元统计过程控制 (multivariatestatisti calprocesscontrol,MSPC)作为一种基于多元统计投影理论的过程性能监控和故障诊断技术受到了学术界和工业界的广泛重视 ,并在化工生产过程中得到了成功应用[1] .MSPC中 ,人们采用主元分析方法(PCA)从过程观测数据中提取统计无关主元 ,通过构造各种信息统计量对过程运行状况进行统计分析 ,判断过程运行是否偏离了正常的操作区域并诊断引起状态偏移的原因 ,其结论成立的前提是要求观测数据服从正态分布[2 ] .然而 ,实际的工业过程数据大都不满足正态分布条件 ,传统的PCA必然导致…     

A quality relevant non‐Gaussian latent subspace projection method for chemical process monitoring and fault detection

Partial least‐squares (PLS) method has been widely used in multivariate statistical process monitoring field. The goal of traditional PLS is to find the multidimensional directions in the measurement‐variable and quality‐variable spaces that have the maximum covariances. Therefore, PLS method relies on the second‐order statistics of covariance only but does not takes into account the higher‐order statistics that may involve certain key features of non‐Gaussian processes. Moreover, the derivations of control limits for T² and squared prediction error (SPE) indices in PLS‐based monitoring method are based on the assumption that the process data follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution approximately. Meanwhile, independent component analysis (ICA) approach has recently been developed for process monitoring, where the goal is to find the independent components (ICs) that are assumed to be non‐Gaussian and mutually independent by means of maximizing the high‐order statistics such as negentropy instead of the second‐order statistics including variance and covariance. Nevertheless, the IC directions do not take into account the contributions from quality variables and, thus, ICA may not work well for process monitoring in the situations when the quality variables have strong influence on process operations. To capture the non‐Gaussian relationships between process measurement and quality variables, a novel projection‐based monitoring method termed as quality relevant non‐Gaussian latent subspace projection (QNGLSP) approach is proposed in this article. This new technique searches for the feature directions within the measurement‐variable and quality‐variable spaces concurrently so that the two sets of feature directions or subspaces have the maximized multidimensional mutual information. Further, the new monitoring indices including I² and SPE statistics are developed for quality relevant fault detection of non‐Gaussian processes. The proposed QNGLSP approach is applied to the Tennessee Eastman Chemical process and the process monitoring results of the present method are demonstrated to be superior to those of the PLS‐based monitoring method. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 485–499, 2014     

INTRODUCTION OF DYNAMICS TO AN APPROACH FOR BATCH PROCESS MONITORING USING INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Use of independent component analysis (ICA) in developing statistical monitoring charts for batch processes has been reported previously. This article extends the previous work by introducing time lag shifts to include process dynamics in the ICA model. Comparison of the dynamic ICA-based method with other batch process monitoring approaches based on static ICA, static principal component analysis (PCA), and dynamic PCA is made for an industrial batch polymerization reactor and a simulated fed-batch penicillin fermentation process. For both case studies, it was found that the dynamic ICA approach detected faults earlier than other approaches, with less ambiguity, and was the only approach that detected all the faults.     

INTRODUCTION OF DYNAMICS TO AN APPROACH FOR BATCH PROCESS MONITORING USING INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Use of independent component analysis (ICA) in developing statistical monitoring charts for batch processes has been reported previously. This article extends the previous work by introducing time lag shifts to include process dynamics in the ICA model. Comparison of the dynamic ICA-based method with other batch process monitoring approaches based on static ICA, static principal component analysis (PCA), and dynamic PCA is made for an industrial batch polymerization reactor and a simulated fed-batch penicillin fermentation process. For both case studies, it was found that the dynamic ICA approach detected faults earlier than other approaches, with less ambiguity, and was the only approach that detected all the faults.     

基于ERT传感器和数据挖掘技术的空气水两相流空隙率测量(英文)

Based on an electrical resistance tomography(ERT) sensor and the data mining technology,a new voidage measurement method is proposed for air-water two-phase flow.The data mining technology used in this work is a least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM) algorithm together with the feature extraction method,and three feature extraction methods are tested:principal component analysis(PCA),partial least squares(PLS) and independent component analysis(ICA).In the practical voidage measurement process,the flow pattern is firstly identified directly from the conductance values obtained by the ERT sensor.Then,the appropriate voidage measurement model is selected according to the flow pattern identification result.Finally,the voidage is calculated.Experimental results show that the proposed method can measure the voidage effectively,and the measurement accuracy and speed are satisfactory.Compared with the conventional voidage measurement methods based on ERT,the proposed method doesn’t need any image reconstruction process,so it has the advantage of good real-time performance.Due to the introduction of flow pattern identification,the influence of flow pattern on the voidage measurement is overcome.Besides,it is demonstrated that the LS-SVM method with PLS feature extraction presents the best measurement performance among the tested methods.     

基于ICA混合模型的多工况过程故障诊断方法

针对工业过程数据的多模态和非高斯特性,提出一种基于独立元混合模型（independent component analysis mixture model,ICAMM）的多工况过程故障诊断方法。该方法将独立元分析与贝叶斯估计结合,同时完成各个工况的数据聚类和模型参数求取,并建立基于贝叶斯框架下的集成监控统计量实时监控过程变化。在检测到故障后,针对传统的变量贡献图方法无法表征变量之间信息传递关系的缺点,提出基于信息传递贡献图的故障识别方法。该方法首先计算各变量对独立元混合模型统计量的贡献度,进一步通过最近邻传递熵描述故障变量之间的传递性,挖掘故障变量之间的因果关系,从而确定故障源变量和故障传播过程。最后对一个数值系统和连续搅拌反应釜（CSTR）过程进行仿真研究,结果验证了本文所提出方法的有效性。