Modernism sustained: Bucharest in the 1930s and 1990s

During the 1930s the social life of Bucharest rivalled that elsewhere in Europe. Culturally and artistically Bucharest embraced dynamic, innovative and avant-garde attitudes, which were prompted by the establishment of a Greater Romania after the end of the first World War. The artists Brancusi, Janco, Mary, the composer Enescu, the philosopher Eliade, were recognised internationally. The development of Bucharest was based on progressive theoretical ideas and over a period of ten years its appearance was transformed by modernist buildings. The individual villas and apartment buildings which formed the bulk of this transformation were achieved by private enterprise and represented an innovative architecture of social equilibrium which was entirely modernist; quite unlike the modernist social housing programmes elsewhere in Europe which were the products of state intervention and industry. By contrast, state and civic building programmes in Bucharest realised an architecture which retained classical conventions to become austere, sombre and repetitive. Since 1989, Romania has had to adjust to the rigours of market economics. The intervening fifty years of totalitarianism kept the achievements of the inter-war years under wraps, but these are now being rediscovered by a generation for whom they are the nearest representation of democracy on Romanian territory. The new-found democracy of the market place brings this period of cultural achievement into sharp focus, in the hope that it may act as a catalyst for the resolution of today's extensive urban deprivations.     

Unequal spatial distribution of retrofits in Bucharest’s apartment buildings

This paper argues that the current spatial patterns of energy retrofits in post-socialist apartment buildings are unequally distributed across municipalities in Bucharest, Romania. In addition to the dominant techno-economic and social framing of this type of retrofit action, an institutional and political perspective can provide useful insights into why this occurs. By drawing on secondary analysis of statistical data, grey literature and 20 semi-structured interviews in Bucharest, three important findings emerge. First, the institutional complexity of energy retrofit of apartment buildings in Romania is underestimated and the interaction between various institutions is poor, explained by lack of trust and collective action. Second, the spatial distribution of the retrofit of apartment buildings is unequally distributed across Bucharest’s six municipalities. Third, current action for retrofit does not reach municipalities with the greatest need and potential. A more bottom-up and decentralized institutional landscape exists than is currently acknowledged in public policy and the research literature. Findings show an unequal and unfair spread of retrofit action within and between cities – raising wider implications for the potential shortcomings of European Union retrofit programmes in Central and Eastern Europe.     

Housing Models and Inequality: Perspectives on Recent Irish Experience

Different housing models can be identified in Europe and elsewhere, which vary in terms of the relative emphasis placed on market or non-market provision. In market-dominant models, housing is strongly commodified and geared to those with the ability to pay, while social housing is relegated to a residual role. An examination of the position in Ireland in recent years shows that housing provision has been overwhelmingly via the market, which is underpinned by tenure-biased policies and state subsidies. This is reflected in the erosion of social-housing production to low levels and the failure to provide for the housing needs of a whole range of social groups. This model has generated a number of problems, including an escalation in house prices and rents, and inequalities. While for some, the Irish housing system is an engine for wealth generation, others face increasing affordability problems in accessing housing or are excluded from housing altogether.     

建筑方言符号构建研究 ——以贵州遵义地区为例

本文以贵州遵义地区为例,在 梳理符号学理论和研究各历史时期影响 遵义的典型建筑的基础上构建了地方建 筑“方言原型”的符号类比和设计方法, 以期在符号学的特殊视角下梳理传统建 筑符号,并建立地方建筑回归自身语言体 系的清晰逻辑,解决现代主义运动所带 来的归属感缺失等问题。     

现代主义建筑的经典——白天鹅宾馆

白天鹅宾馆是我国在改革开放后建设的大型公共建筑物.在全面接受现代主义建筑思想设计的同时,将岭南文化与现代建筑进行了完美结合.通过对建筑空间、型体、细部进行分析研究,对现代主义建筑形式中蕴含的审美(文化)现代性意义进行了解读.     

论勒·柯布西耶的自由平面及其现代意义

对现代建筑及现代主义建筑作了简要论述,对现代主义建筑的发展背景进行了说明,并结合实例就勒.柯布西耶及其自由平面作了叙述,同时归纳了自由平面的现代意义,从而满足人类对建筑的需求。     

Modernity in tradition: Reflections on building design and technology in the Asian vernacular

Vernacular buildings across the globe provide instructive examples of sustainable solutions to building problems. Yet, these solutions are assumed to be inapplicable to modern buildings. Despite some views to the contrary, there continues to be a tendency to consider innovative building technology as the hallmark of modern architecture because tradition is commonly viewed as the antonym of modernity. The problem is addressed by practical exercises and fieldwork studies in the application of vernacular traditions to current problems. This study investigates some aspects of mainstream modernist design solutions and concepts inherent in the vernacular of Asia, particularly that of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). This work hinges on such ideas and practices as ecological design, modular and incremental design, standardization, and flexible and temporal concepts in the design of spaces. The blurred edges between the traditional and modern technical aspects of building design, as addressed by both vernacular builders and modern architects, are explored.     

历史与理论

历史与理论课的设置使学生们能够对当代建筑学的发展与矛盾有较为深刻的理解。据信这是通过历史及不同学说来了解建筑学的一个良好的方法。我们用这种方法从充满现代主义语汇的建筑工程开始，发现这种方法被再次以狭隘的方式表现出来，并据此研究那些具有特殊意义的现代主义建筑师。它概括了到今天为止建筑理论的发展历史。该课程考虑了理论上各种不同的观点，并将他们渗透到各个层面的分析当中。另外，由历史与理论专业提供的这门课，鼓励学生从资秩学院和研究生院的课程中选修其他课程，并充分利用校内在晚间举办的各种讲座和其他活动，扩大学生的知识领域。在第二学期结束的时候，学生要提交份15000字的论。在进一步的完善之后，经过研究、写作、讨论会及个别辅导，论大纲在第三学期提交给特邀的建筑师和评审团成员。第四学期由个人最终完成论。     

City profile: Berlin

Berlin is a German city and federal state, situated in the heart of Europe. It has been the capital city since 1991, and is the largest city in the country with around 3.4 million inhabitants. This profile explains Berlin’s historical development and emphasizes changes which took place during the 20th century (the Weimar period in the 1920s, followed by the Nazi takeover in 1933 and the city’s destruction during World War II, then the division of the city into West Berlin and East Berlin, until its final reunification in 1990 after the Wall fell down). After reunification, Berlin experienced a new period of urban redevelopment in which many new buildings were constructed. This profile also outlines some recent positive changes in terms of Berlin’s economic growth and its transformation into the capital of innovative new companies in the digital, culture and media industries.     

衰退与繁荣当代爱尔兰建筑简述（2010-2013）

文章简要介绍了当代爱尔兰建筑的发展与背景,以及爱尔兰建筑师面对当代社会、经济和文化发展带来的剧烈变化,以深深根植于现代主义建筑传统和爱尔兰本土文化的、实用、理性的设计策略,取得的令人瞩目的成就。     

以研究为导向的建筑教育

不断细分的专业和分工、创新性的概念和新技术的流入、方兴未艾的全球化和互联网,这一切都已经改变了建筑实践,并且决定了建筑教育必须改革.欧盟同意彻底改革教育界,以便师生们在院校和国家之间流动.所有的普通课程都围绕学士/硕士模式来设立:3年制的学士、2年制的硕士,以及最后阶段3年制的博士课程.这个架构,为在本科阶段加强设计的科学性,以及在硕士阶段把研究和教学相结合的提供了可能性.在博士阶段,众多学校则能安排研究课程,来探索建筑学和建筑设计作为一门科学的可能性.     

浅谈不同时期南非政府办公建筑的发展特征

南非的社会发展经历了殖民主义统治时期，种族主义统治时期和民主政府统治时期3个历史阶段。社会体制的变化深深影响了南非建筑的发展。尤其体现在政府办公建筑的形式上，本文按照历史发展的顺序，通过列举实例的方式，分别对这3个时期政府办公建筑的风格与布局牲进行了的探讨。     

理查德·纽特拉设计风格转变研究——现代建筑的形式基础

本文以美国现代主义建筑师理查德·纽特拉两幢不同时期的住宅为例,讨论了他两个不同阶段的建筑作品中典型性的形式特征和变化,以及它们分别代表的设计风格。本文以历史结构演变的视角,分析了建筑师风格转变的原因,试图说明,现代建筑的形式基础可能是在许多不同的层面被分别建构的,也正是这些因素,影响了整个形式体系在演进过程中的变革和连续性。     

Modernism Made Vernacular: The Brazilian Case

From its early acceptance in the 1940s and 1950s, modern architecture in Brazil has become the vernacular, adapted and adopted by the middle class with the help of contractors and unskilled laborers. Even the poorest favelas are constructed using modernist principles on a scale unmatched in developed nations. The Brazilian case highlights a number of issues regarding the relationship between modernism and vernacular architecture, a topic insufficiently explored in architectural scholarship outside Europe and North America.     

新型VIP真空隔热板在节能建筑中应用

近期在欧洲建筑保温材料市场出现一种隔热性能优异新型VIP真空隔热板,尤其适用于寒冷地区保温要求较高的节能建筑。本文简要介绍了建筑用VIP真空隔热板的结构和性能;概述了它在节能建筑领域的应用现状;例举了德国VIP板用于节能建筑保温的工程实例;希望能为我国北方区域低能耗建筑的发展提供信息。     

Modern housing estates and the production of the Brazilian city (1937–1960)

ABSTRACT

The social issue of housing has been a focal point in the criticism of Brazilian modernity, and it still plays a central role in the balance of Brazilian democracy. This paper discusses the investments in modern housing made by the welfare system in Brazil and which are related to the country's transition toward an urban society in the late 1930s. The analysis concludes in the 1960s, when these investments ended. The relationship between housing and the industrial economy characterized urban development in Brazil in this period. The latter saw direct state intervention in overseeing the building of houses for urban workers. This process started during Brazil's authoritarian regime [1937–1945], just as the cycle of Brazilian industrial democracy began in the mid-forties. The state housing policy worsened the urban crisis while also increasing the real estate market. It triggered several major controversies including an imbalance in urban classes associated with exclusively rich and poor neighbourhoods. The extension of the housing policy and social benefits to all citizens triggered tensions. These findings explain the challenges of political process, the changes in the housing policy and the swelling of Brazilian urban society.     

Post-War Modernism: Maxwell Fry's buildings at the University of Liverpool

This paper considers the architecture and design process of Liverpool University's Veterinary School and Civil Engineering building, designed by the modernist pioneer architect, Edwin Maxwell Fry (1899–1987) in the period 1955–60. The architecture of Britain in the aftermath of the Second World War marked a departure from the modernism associated with the International Style, ‘white cubes’ and ‘primitive functionalism’, and there was a move amongst architects and reports in the architectural press that sought to review architecture through the agendas of ‘expressive’, ‘formal’ and even ‘vernacular’ design. Both of Fry's buildings initially appear as subscribers to the functionalist doctrine, adopting a sombre, even aloof exterior, but a closer inspection reveals that they are not just the routine, clichéd modern buildings that became so prevalent and scorned throughout the 1950s. They demonstrate some of the wider concerns architects had at that time, namely: monumentality, the use of art and murals as a means of conveying meaning, and a concern for context within a functional-vernacular tradition. These notions were also astutely tracked through the architectural journals along with ‘formalism’ (leading to Brutalism) and perhaps most significantly through Nikolaus Pevsner's determination to bind the English picturesque tradition with the lineage of Modernism.     

Intergenerational support for autonomous living in a post-socialist housing market: homes,meanings and practices

Abstract

This paper explores housing trajectories of young adults and practices of intergenerational support in Romania drawing on narratives of a group of people aged 25–39 living (quasi-) autonomously in Bucharest, and those of kin that support them. It describes three housing arrangements in which family (parental) resources and property play an important role, and argues that in this context of high interdependence, unequal relationships develop between parents and adult children marked by professed entitlement on the part of children and controlling generosity on the part of parents. It shows how interdependent practices of homemaking and material support combine to shape housing trajectories and define the boundaries of ownership over homes that are shared, gifted or given in use within kin networks, sheltering young adults from the vagaries of the market.     

当代建筑创作中的情感思维探索

当代建筑思潮突破现代主义理性束缚后所呈现出的活力与情感思维在建筑创作中所占比重的增加有着密切的联系。建筑创作是情与理的结合．其中的“情”从广义思维角度可以称之为情感思维。情感思维是在建筑创作思维中融入更多的情感因素,使建筑创作因情而生、传情而终,随情而动、因情取舍。情感思维中的创作主体往往处于一种超常状态中,这种超常状态具有一种互渗性,能够将隐藏在主体潜意识中的内容充分调动起来。情感思维还具有非线性、超逻辑性和潜意识的特征。     

康乐园历史建筑形态演变分析

随着我国历史保护建筑研究的不断完善和发展,近代学校历史建筑作为一种文化遗产开始受到越来越多的关注。该文探讨了岭南大学和中山大学时期康乐红楼的建筑形态演变,对校园的整体结构以及建筑平面模式进行、抽象和分类。同时,依据风格不同将红楼分为折衷主义风格、中国古典复兴式风格、仿苏式风格、现代主义风格四种,以实际案例对其进行分析和总结。为有针对性的建筑保护和修缮提供了有价值的资料,并为维护校园的历史延续性和文脉提供了参考依据。