黑川纪章在中国

黑川纪章是日本著名建筑师,其设计作品遍布日本和世界其他城市,他提出的"共生"理论更是影响了几代学人。在其事业处于巅峰的1980年代,黑川纪章来到中国,开启了他在中国20年的设计历程。通过回顾黑川纪章在中国的3个代表性作品,试图为中国和日本当代建筑研究提供新的材料和佐证。     

The uncanny side of the fairy tale: post-apocalyptic symbolism in Terunobu Fujimori's architecture

Having first established himself as an architectural historian, Terunobu Fujimori (b. 1946) is now more famous for his design work than for his academic publications. He has even been praised as ‘the most influential architect in Japan’ by the critic Kenjiro Okazaki (2006). Fujimori's popularity is attributable in particular to the fairy tale-like image of his architecture, which tends to appear playful as well as natural and nostalgic. However, this research focuses on the other side of the ‘fairy tale’—specifically, the strangely unfamiliar, even unsettling, feeling that his architecture evokes. Using Freud's and Vidler's notions of ‘the uncanny’ for analysis, this study identifies the contradictory sentiment residing in the hidden clashes between the natural and artificial qualities of his design. Arguably, the uncanny aspect of Fujimori's architecture stems from a post-apocalyptic sensibility imprinted in the Japanese unconscious, which is haunted by the trauma of ruin, whether caused by natural or man-made disaster. This research focus can lead to a broader cultural discourse beyond the scope of a single architect's work, relevant to all ‘modern unhomely’ societies.     

黑川纪章的哲学建筑思想——从“新陈代谢”到“共生”

通过对黑川纪章从“新陈代谢”到“共生”的建筑哲学思想的阐述,以及对黑川纪章经典的规划设计作品的评析,分析了黑川纪章的建筑思想的哲学根源及其在实践中的运用,并指出对建筑设计与城市规划工作的启示与指导意义。     

Shatotto: Architecture for Green Living (Rafiq Azam)

Rafiq Azam, based in Dhaka, Bangladesh, has produced interventionist architecture in Dhaka city's unchallenged urbanity where owner-developer profits tightly dictate the terms of engagement. His designs for apartment buildings are regarded as compelling revisions of given typologies. In his urban projects, Azam has dematerialised the obtrusive and anti-urban boundary wall that characterises the city with new layerings of gardens, plantings and other architectural fragments such as gardens in the air. His contribution to the ‘greening’ of apartments is original and clearly an achievement in the rigid mathematics of the market. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重理而倾情 冯纪忠先生与中国现代建筑思想的滥觞与发展

作为中国现代建筑理论、建筑教育和建筑创作的先行者.冯纪忠先生在融会中西方文化的自身背景和中国古典文化的诗意情怀的双重影响下,基于对现代主义建筑的理解、诠释和创新,合“理性的浪漫”与“诗意的现实”于一体,对现代主义建筑思想在中国的启蒙、传布和发展起到了重要的历史性作用。文章简要回顾了冯纪忠先生在建筑教育思想、设计方法、设计实践等方面的相关思想与论述。     

Arup Associates

A specialist architectural division of the wider Arup group, Arup Associates has a unique composition and ethos. In its studios, teams of architects, structural engineers, environmental engineers, urban designers and product designers work alongside each other on the design of buildings from a project's inception. It is an interdisciplinary approach that the practice pioneered in the 1960s, and which has been reinvigorated in the last few years by a new emphasis on ‘unified design’ – a radical wholeness in thinking and execution. Here, Jay Merrick talks to Arup Associates' principal Declan O'Carroll and considers his vision of an architecture capable of addressing complexity and sustaining humanity in the face of modernity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Architecture is the pattern of human mind in space: Claude F. Bragdon and the spatial concept of architecture

‘Space’ has held a central position within the architectural discourse throughout the twentieth century and a number of twenty-first-century publications suggest interest in this notion is not to be diminished any time soon. Seen from our contemporary perspective, the association between architecture and space could therefore seem ordinary and self-evident. However, existing scholarship has dated the adoption of the term ‘space’ in architectural vocabulary—as a fundamental category of architecture—no earlier than the 1890s. This early phase has been strongly associated with the German language and nineteenth-century German aesthetic philosophy, whereas, by contrast, the adoption of the term in architectural discourse in the English language is considered to have followed several decades later. This paper discusses the largely unknown case of the American Claude Fayette Bragdon (1866–1946), an English-speaking architect who adopted the notion of ‘space’ as early as the 1890s: concurrently with his German contemporaries. Through analysis of existing scholarship, archival material and Bragdon's published writings mainly up to the appearance of his book The Beautiful Necessity in 1910, it throws light on the main sources of Bragdon's ‘spatial’ concept of architecture and demonstrates connections to transcendental aesthetics and ground-breaking advances in nineteenth-century mathematics.     

Hitler's ‘Generalsiedlungsplanung Ost’: a case only for Poland? A forgotten dimension of national-socialist spatial and town planning in the former Czechoslovakia

Adolf Hitler constructed his Nazi ideology as a universal worldview aimed at the German Reich's eastward expansion; the ‘Generalsiedlungsplanung Ost’ programme was officially launched in 1940. The forcible establishment of multiple administrative units in 1938/1939 created the conditions for an architecture that would serve the totalitarian regime. Thus began an enormous planning process and the targeted institutionalization of urban development and spatial planning and research. This programme included not only German government agencies and research institutions specifically established or reorganized for this purpose, but increasingly also involved communal politics and independent or government architects. The author pursues the thesis that this Germanization concept, formulated within the framework of the ‘Generalsiedlungspläne Ost’, allowed the relevant agencies to increase their influence or eliminate any opponents. From this basis, the study identifies the role that GBI (Generalbauinspektor) for Berlin Albert Speer, his architects, and local architects played in the planning process in Czechoslovakia and Poland, and analyses the architectural evidence of the Nazi rulers’ Germanization and colonization policies. The initial comparison of the urban planning models applied in ‘Großreich Deutschland’ with those in the annexed regions in today's Poland and Czech Republic offers relevant arguments related to this far-reaching sociological and architecture–historical topic.     

Rahul Mehrotra Associates

Rahul Mehrotra maintains a diverse and active role as an architect, urban activist, writer and teacher. His book Bombay: The Cities Within (1995), with Sharada Dwivedi, is a major enquiry into the history and sociology of India's vivacious and contentious urbanism. He finds his city of practice - Mumbai - a mine for quarrying architectural ideations and languages. Unlike most regions in India that may have to adhere to a conformist cultural agenda, Mumbai offers a conceptual freedom in traversing the traditional and contemporary as the city has its particular plurality in the intertwining epochs, attitudes and ‘coming together and moving apart of the past and present’. Multiplicity is thus axiomatic in Mehrotra's interpretation of the city, although this is transferred in his architecture as a dialogical juxtaposition of public and private, exteriority and interiority, natural and industrial materials, and the traditional and contemporary. Interiority, arising both from reasons of climate and urban conditions, is an abiding theme in Mehrotra's work and is articulated through reified courtyards and walls that also retain an intimate conversation with the larger landscape. From residences to large complexes, he uses these elements with great craft and finesse to create dramatic spaces with changing palettes of materials, colours and phenomenally modulated differences between the exterior and interior.‘In our projects, the approach has been to abstract and interpret spatial arrangements as well as building vocabulary,’ he says. ‘The idea is to combine materials, to juxtapose conventional craftsmanship with industrial materials and traditional spatial arrangements with contemporary space organisation. In short, to give expression to the multiple worlds, pluralism and dualities that so vividly characterise the Asian landscape.’ Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论安藤忠雄与光影空间从木材到混凝土

醉心于混凝土材料的运用和光空间的塑造．从不同的角度来看待传统与现代,这就是安藤忠雄的独特的建筑视角。他主张质朴简约,强调建筑由可靠的材料,完全的几何形式和自然三要素组成。同时,他探求的是日本文化中深层次的意识,期望通过自己的设计与人们心目中的美相暗合。从住吉的长屋到“冥想之庭”都体现着他这种不懈的追求。     

思想与实体的碰撞,一场光影的戏剧——路易斯·I·康的建筑哲学与自然光设计之“光之刃”

光是路易斯·康的建筑哲学与设计作品的交汇点。随着近年来对自然光的研究逐渐升温,康一直是这个主题中不可逾越的部分。康的作品展现出极高的精神性。他的建筑哲学形成完整的理论体系,而建筑作品更是作为他的建筑哲学中不可或缺的一个部分,与他的思想相伴相生。文章对路易斯·康的建筑哲学中关于光的理论与其在建筑作品中自然光设计的关系进行阐释,并选取"光之刃"作为"光的过滤器"的一例进行分析,以为当代自然光设计提供借鉴。     

探索日本建筑文化的吸纳与重生

日本建筑在当今世界建筑中独具一格,是东方建筑的典型代表。在不同历史阶段日本在在对待外来建筑文化上,是基于一定的模式进行吸收和采纳,并与自身本土民族性的建筑文化发生交织与碰撞,使建筑跳脱出单一的仿造和复制,而是发生质变产生全新的内涵。日本建筑得以重生,在于建筑师找到了民族性与外来文化共生的发展途径,大胆创新,形成富有意蕴的新建筑。文章纵观日本建筑史,结合建筑实例进行分析,对中国现代建筑文化如何把握有很好的借鉴意义。     

Gathering,Disposing and the Cultivation of Judgement in Sir Henry Wotton's: The Elements of Architecture

Employing a hermeneutic approach to Sir Henry Wotton's seventeenth century text on architecture, this paper discloses the discourse on judgement that lies at its heart. Wotton's conception of judgement is Aristotelian, and refers to Aristotle's Ethics; specifically his discourses on practical reasoning, legislation and political wisdom. Addressed to the aristocratic amateur architects of Jacobean England. The Elements of Architecture seeks to provide a ‘rule’ to guide the cultivation of good judgment in architecture. Nuances of the relationship between ‘rule’ and ‘example’ in Wotton's conception of judgement are examined, highlighting a consonance with the play between logos and ethos that is characteristic of Aristotelian ethics. This play, it is argued, is crucial to Wotton's conception of both judgement and architectural making     

Post-War Modernism: Maxwell Fry's buildings at the University of Liverpool

This paper considers the architecture and design process of Liverpool University's Veterinary School and Civil Engineering building, designed by the modernist pioneer architect, Edwin Maxwell Fry (1899–1987) in the period 1955–60. The architecture of Britain in the aftermath of the Second World War marked a departure from the modernism associated with the International Style, ‘white cubes’ and ‘primitive functionalism’, and there was a move amongst architects and reports in the architectural press that sought to review architecture through the agendas of ‘expressive’, ‘formal’ and even ‘vernacular’ design. Both of Fry's buildings initially appear as subscribers to the functionalist doctrine, adopting a sombre, even aloof exterior, but a closer inspection reveals that they are not just the routine, clichéd modern buildings that became so prevalent and scorned throughout the 1950s. They demonstrate some of the wider concerns architects had at that time, namely: monumentality, the use of art and murals as a means of conveying meaning, and a concern for context within a functional-vernacular tradition. These notions were also astutely tracked through the architectural journals along with ‘formalism’ (leading to Brutalism) and perhaps most significantly through Nikolaus Pevsner's determination to bind the English picturesque tradition with the lineage of Modernism.     

What is life? Exploring Mies van der Rohe's concept of architecture as a life process

From his popular motto ‘less is more’ to his concept of architecture as ‘the spatially apprehended will of the epoch’, the aphorisms of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) remain one of his most memorable legacies. Despite being less well known, other such statements promoted by Mies are also important to clarify the philosophy that sustained his works. This paper investigates one of these less known yet highly revealing statements: ‘Building-art is only understandable as a life process’. Considering the broader context of Mies's discourse, philosophical readings and architectural projects, this paper argues that Mies used the term ‘life process’ to refer to a larger changing reality that united the material and the spiritual realms of life. According to Mies, the recognition of this material-spiritual unity was necessary to recover architecture's status as ‘building-art’ [Baukunst] amid an overly technological and individualistic modern age. This view of life and modernity is consistent with the writings of Rudolf Schwarz, Max Scheler and Alfred North Whitehead, which, as this paper shows, were highlighted by Mies not as sources of his thought, but as key references that could especially illuminate the significance of his work and architectural philosophy.     

Ito Chuta and the narrative structure of Chinese architectural history

This article examines the intellectual and political environment that gave rise to the basic narrative structure in the writing of Chinese architectural history during the formative stage of the discipline through the career and works of the Japanese architectural scholar Ito Chuta (1867–1954). The author argues that the heavy emphasis on pre-Tang history in the early literature on Chinese architecture was a result of the power shift in late-nineteenth to early-twentieth-century East Asia, namely, the decline of China and the rise of Japan. By analysing the textual and visual information in Ito's major scholarly works, this article reveals the political agenda behind the methodological discrepancy between Shina kenchikushi and Shina kenchiku soshoku: the former is more historical and the latter is more anthropological, which echoes the cultural contradictions in Japanese colonialism, and shows how Ito's scholarships on Horyuji helped to identify such a shift in the mantle of East Asian tradition from ancient China to modern Japan.     

READING,VOICE AND VOWEL: L PETER KOLLAR'S ARCHITECTURAL THEORY AS RHETORIC

L. Peter Kollar is best known for his proto-Platonic architectural theory and, for those who have heard him speak, for the way he delivers his concepts. Drawing upon the story of the ancient Greek maiden Phrasiklea as a rhetorical figure whose name equates with ‘famous-for-her-thoughts’, related by Jesper Svenbro in his book of the same name, Kollar's architectural theory is subjected to a structural then a rhetorical analysis. The structural analysis is tentatively proposed around his extensive use of triads, trichotomies and other multiples of three. The rhetorical analysis is proposed as a 'rhetoric of architecture' parallel with Lawrence J. Prelli's ‘rhetoric of science’, but primarily in three (!) discourses: the invented, the addressed, and the reasonable. A weak construction of architectural theory as a rhetorical practice is put forward following on from arguments offered in my book, The Theory of Architecture. Kollar's theory is proposed as a masterful, yet orthodox, weak rhetorical practice which is largely unadmitted as such. Because it claims reasonableness as the basis for its appeal and its closure, Kollar's theory leaves itself open to an interpretation that belies its claims to universality. In the largely tough-minded, pragmatic environment of architecture, Kollar is a lender-minded theorist using tough-talking to try to insinuate delicate and subtle ideas.     

浅析赖特对当代日本建筑师隈研吾的影响

赖特的建筑深受亚洲哲学与日本文化的熏陶,身为日本建筑师的隈研吾对赖特的建筑思想自然十分熟悉和赞同。赖特宣扬有机建筑观念对隈研吾有着很深的触动;他的织理性建构方法也在隈研吾的作品中有清晰的体现。本文针对隈研吾建筑作品中继承赖特的建筑思想和特点进行了简要分析,说明赖特对隈研吾产生的影响。     

Commemorating and celebrating Raymond Unwin (1863–1940)

The 150th anniversary of Raymond Unwin's birth in 1863 provided an opportunity for reviewing his contributions to town planning and housing in their international context. His socialist values derived from John Ruskin, William Morris and Edward Carpenter provided the basis for democratizing design, aided by the visualization of his ideals provided initially by Barry Parker, his partner in architectural practice from 1896 to 1914. Evolution of housing design themes and space standards enabled demonstration of their efficacy in the context of his master plans for Garden City communities. The influence spread through his tract, ‘Nothing Gained by Overcrowding’, and the 1919 Housing Act, which required Garden City standards for public housing, administered by Unwin in the Ministry of Health. During the 1920s, he initiated a transatlantic dialogue with planners and housing officials in the USA, where he died in 1940.     

Gordon Culham: living a ‘useful life’ through the professionalization of Canadian town planning and landscape architecture

Gordon Joseph Culham (1891–1979), a landscape architect and town planner, was instrumental in the professionalization of both his disciplines in Canada. He helped lead the disorganized practitioners of the 1930s into the modern age and enabled them to assume their professional role in the improvement of Canada's urban centres. The discovery of an archive of Culham's papers provides a previously unavailable insight into the conceptualization and creation of the professions of landscape architecture and town planning in Canada. Culham characterized this as leading a ‘useful life’. He prepared, practiced and enjoyed the power associated with the professions he helped found in leading this useful life. He was a Harvard graduate who worked with the greatest landscape architectural firm in America, the Olmsteds and with the premier British town planner, Thomas Adams. Culham returned to his homeland on the eve of the Depression with an unrivalled reputation. He brought with him a strong sense of professionalism and helped elevate a small, dispirited community of Canadian landscape architects and town planners into one united organization for almost two decades. Professional specialization was an inevitable outcome but Culham continued to bridge the divide between his chosen fields throughout his ‘useful life’.