乙醇-醋酸甲酯分离条件的研究

本文对溶液中各浓度醋酸甲酯和乙醇的分离性能进行了研究,主要对各浓度醋酸甲酯精馏过程中的不同实验条件进行了探究,获得了塔釜的加热温度、釜液的浓度及盐萃取剂的添加量等实验条件与塔顶液浓度之间的关系,并用计算机处理数据及绘制图表,确定了最佳的实验条件。     

醋酸甲酯水解催化反应精馏模拟

采用非平衡级速率模型对醋酸甲酯水解过程进行了模拟计算，考察了进料水酯比、回流进料比等对醋酸甲酯水解率及塔釜醋酸浓度的影响，得到了优化的工艺条件。     

从甲醇-异丙醇混合液中回收甲醇

对废液中各浓度甲醇的回收再利用进行了研究,主要对各浓度甲醇精馏过程中的不同实验条件进行了初探,得出了塔釜加热电压、塔釜液浓度、回流比等实验条件与塔顶产品浓度之间的关系,并用计算机绘制了图表,确定一组最优的实验条件,该工艺过程简单、易操作、适合工业化生产。     

板式精馏塔实验性能测试

本文对废液中低浓度乙醇的回收再利用进行了研究,主要对低浓度乙醇精馏过程中的不同实验条件进行了初探,得出了塔釜加热电压,塔釜液浓度,回流比等实验条件与塔顶产品浓度之间的关系,并用计算机绘制了图表,确定一组最优的实验条件。     

催化精馏合成醋酸甲酯的研究

以强酸型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,在直径为40 mm的填料塔内对催化精馏合成醋酸甲酯进行了研究。实验塔的三段填料高度分别为810、270、450 mm,填料段之间放置直径为60 mm、高度为175 mm的2节催化剂床层,并在塔釜放置催化剂。采用连续操作,着重考察了醇酸进料摩尔比、醋酸进料位置、甲醇进料位置和回流比对催化精馏合成醋酸甲酯的影响。在选定实验条件下,塔顶醋酸甲酯的质量分数可达到98.43%,醋酸的转化率达到99.13%。     

板式精馏塔实验性能测试及计算机绘图

本文对废液中低浓度乙醇的回收再利用进行了研究,主要对低浓度乙醇精馏过程中的不同实验条件进行了初探,得出了塔釜加热温度、塔釜液浓度、回流比等实验条件与塔顶产品浓度之间的关系,并用计算机绘制了图表,确定了一组最优的实验条件。     

醋酸甲酯水解催化反应精馏模拟及工业化试验

采用非平衡级速率模型对醋酸甲酯水解过程进行了模拟计算,考察了水酯比、回流进料比等对醋酸甲酯水解率及塔釜醋酸浓度的影响,得到了下一阶段工业化试验的工艺条件,为工业化生产提供了技术支持.并在年产35kt聚乙烯醇(PVA)生产装置中采用新型立体传质塔板(CTST)反应精馏塔板,进行了醋酸甲酯水解反应精馏塔的工业化试验.通过工业化试验,确定了生产的工艺条件:醋酸甲酯进料8m3·h-1,水酯比3.0,回流进料比3.0,转化率达75%左右.并且模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好.     

醋酸甲酯和甲醇热集成变压精馏分离工艺模拟与优化

基于对醋酸甲酯与甲醇二元共沸特性的分析,提出热集成变压精馏分离醋酸甲酯和甲醇的工艺. 利用Aspen Plus软件对该分离过程进行模拟,以NRTL活度系数方程为物性计算方法,其二元相互作用参数由气液相平衡数据回归,分析了加压塔和常压塔的理论板数、进料位置及回流比对分离效果的影响,并进行了能耗比较. 结果表明,该工艺能很好地分离醋酸甲酯和甲醇,较佳的工艺条件为：加压塔操作压力909 kPa,理论板数32,第21块板进料,回流比4.2,塔釜醋酸甲酯纯度99.8%;常压塔操作压力101 kPa,理论板数30,第20块板进料,回流比4.6,塔釜甲醇纯度99.0%. 与常规变压精馏相比,热集成变压精馏可节能达45.8%;与以水为萃取剂的萃取精馏分离工艺相比,热集成变压精馏分离工艺更适合醋酸甲酯与甲醇体系的分离.     

NKC-9离子交换树脂催化醋酸甲酯水解动力学研究

用间歇搅拌釜式反应器对醋酸甲酯在离子交换树脂NKC-9上的水解动力学进行了实验测定,考察了反应温度、水酯物质的量比和催化剂用量对醋酸甲酯水解率的影响。在消除内外扩散影响的条件下,得到了拟均相反应条件下的醋酸甲酯水解动力学方程。     

回收一塔工艺的改进

经回收一塔的回流管中加入部份工艺水，破坏了甲醇－醋酸甲酯的共沸组成，使一塔饬出中醋酸甲酯含量由７０％提高到９０％，水从一塔釜进入四塔，以醋酸钠水溶液形成式排出，使醋酸钠溶液连续稳定，提高了反应残液的合格率，每年可节约醋酸２０吨，醋酸异丙酯１吨。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.